8/9/2019 AreaNav

1/36

RNAV OPERATIONS

IN

B-RNAV

P-RNAVRNP-RNAV

8/9/2019 AreaNav

2/36

RNAV is a method of navigation which permits aircraftoperation on any desired flight path within the coverage of

station referenced navigation aids or within the limits of

the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of

these.

2D RNAV relates to RNAV capabilities in the horizontal

plane only.

3D RNAV includes a guidance capability in the vertical

plane and 4D RNAV provides an additional timingfunction.

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)

8/9/2019 AreaNav

3/36

The RNAV concept represents a fundamental

change in philosophy. Where aircraft used to fly toand from specific navaids, using each navaid as a

source of data, many may now obtain data from a

number of different navaids in order to fix their

positions along a route.

Originally introduced with respect to specific navaids

such as VOR/DME and, more recently, DME/DME

and GNSS, the RNAV concept is widening to include

airborne navigation systems that are capable ofusing multiple sources of navigation data and

operating within very closely defined limits of

accuracy, availability, integrity and repeatability.

RNAV CONCEPT

8/9/2019 AreaNav

4/36

An RNAV-capable aircraft can automatically determine its

position, from one or more of a variety of inputs, from such

navaids as VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR), Distance

Measuring Equipment (DME), LORAN-C, Global Navigation

Satellite System (GNSS) and Inertial Navigation Systems(INS) and Inertial Reference Systems (IRS). Single-sensor

RNAV systems only use one source of navigation data,

such as DME stations, while multi-sensor RNAV systems

monitor a number of navaid systems to determine the bestsource of navigation data.

RNAV PERFORMANCE...

8/9/2019 AreaNav

5/36

The RNAV system has access to a sophisticated on-board

navigation database containing details of the pre-

programmed routes, the airspace through which the routes

pass, the navaids servicing this airspace and thedeparture,destination and planned diversion aerodromes.

The system identifies the next waypoint on the planned

route, selects the most appropriate navaids to determine

the aircraft position and usually provides steering inputs tothe autopilot.

RNAV PERFORMANCE...

8/9/2019 AreaNav

6/36

Multi-sensor systems use a process known as Kalman

filtering to integrate inputs from different sensors and

determine the best position estimate based upon a number of

factors. In the event of GNSS unavailability or where

insufficient DME stations are available for update, forexample, some systems apply a fixed downgrading schedule

from DME/DME to VOR/DME to IRS or from DME/DME to

IRS to VOR/DME.

Other systems apply the Kalman filter process to the

remaining sensor inputs before downgrading to DME/DME,

VOR/DME or IRS only.

RNAV PERFORMANCE

8/9/2019 AreaNav

7/36

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)

A method of navigation which permits

aircraft operation on any desired flight

path.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

8/36

NAVIGATION

PERFORMANCE ACCURACY

Total navigation accuracy based on thecombination of the navigation sensor error,

airborne receiver error, display error and

flight technical error. Also called systemuse accuracy.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

9/36

REQUIRED NAVIGATION

PERFORMANCE (RNP)

A statement of the navigationperformance accuracy necessary

for operation within a defined

airspace.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

10/36

RNP CONCEPT

RNP concept applies to navigation performance

within an airspace and therefore affects both the

airspace and the aircraft. RNP is intended to characterize an airspace

through a statement of the achieved navigation

performance accuracy to be achieved within the

airspace.Contd..

8/9/2019 AreaNav

11/36

..RNP CONCEPT

The development of the RNP concept

recognizes that the current aircraft

navigation systems are capable of achievinga predictable level of navigation

performance accuracy and that a more

efficient use of available airspace can berealised on the basis of this navigation

capability.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

12/36

DEFINING RNP AIRSPACE

RNP may be specified for a route, a number

of routes, an area, volume of airspace or

any airspace of defined dimensions which

an airspace planner or authority chooses.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

13/36

Some potential applications of

RNP include.. A defined airspace, such as MNPS airspace;

A fixed ATS route, such as between Sydney,

Australia and Auckland, New Zealand;

Random track operations, such as between

Hawaii and Japan; and

A volume of airspace, such as a block altitudeon a specified route.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

14/36

RNP ROUTES

Fixed RNP Route - Permanent, published

ATS routes.

Contingency RNP Routes - published ATS

routes during limited time periods (Hours,

Days, Seasons). They may also be

established to meet unusual, temporaryrequirements arising at short notice.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

15/36

CONTAINMENT VALUE

The containment value is the distance from

the intended position within which flights

would be found for at least 95% of the total

flying time.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

16/36

RNP TYPE

The RNP type is based on a navigation

performance accuracy value which is

expected to be achieved at least 95% of the

time by the population of aircraft operating

within the airspace.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

17/36

RNP TYPES

Accuracy - 95% position accuracy in the

designated airspace.

RNP1 + 1.0 NM (+ 1.85 km)

RNP 4 + 4.0 NM (+ 7.4 km)

RNP 12.6 + 12.6 NM (+ 23.3 km)

RNP 20 + 20.0 NM (+ 37 km)

8/9/2019 AreaNav

18/36

RNP TYPESThe RNP types specify the navigation performance accuracy of all

the user & nav system combinations within an airspace. RNP typescan be used by airspace planners to determine airspace utilization

potential & as an input in defining route widths & traffic separation

requirements.But RNP by itself is not a sufficient basis for setting a

separation standard.

Accuracy requirements are based upon a 95% confidence level :

ACCURACY One-Dimensional Probability

expression

3 Sigma 99.7 %2 Sigma 95.0 %

8/9/2019 AreaNav

19/36

P-RNAV

Precision Area Navigation (P-RNAV) is being introduced toRNAV applications in terminal airspace. It requ ires aircraft conforto a track -keeping accuracy of+ 1 NM for at least 95% of the fligh t titogether with advanced functionality, including, high integrity navdatabases, path coding per ARINC 424 or equivalent and the aut

selection, verification and where appropriate deselection of navaids

P-RNAV can be ach ieved using inputs from DM E/ DM E o(also IRS in reversionary, timebound mode). P-R NAV SIDs, STAinitial Approach segments will be published where the Authoritie

determined that benefits can be gained from the use of RNAV in teairspace.

P-RNAV requirements may also be published for selected prts ofthe Enroute stru cture where capacity benefits can be identified.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

20/36

RNP-RNAV

Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is a statement of thenavigation performance accuracy necessary for operation within

defined airspace.

The RNP type defines the total navigation system error (TSE) that isallowed in lateral, longitudinal and in some cases, vertical dimensionwithin a particular airspace. The TSE takes account of nav-systeerrors RNAV computation errors, display errors and flight technica

errors (FTE). The TSE must not exceed the specified RNP value for 95of the flight time on any part of any single flight.

RNP-RNAV combines the accuracy standards laid out in the ICAOmanual (DOC 9613) with specific containment integrity and continuitrequirements as well as functional and performance standards for th

RNAV system to meet future ATM requirements. The flight paths oaircraft must be both predictable and repeatable to the declared levels oaccuracy.

To date instrument procedure design criteria are only available forRNP 0.3 & route spacing criteria have only been established for RNP-4.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

21/36

RNP Types DescriptionRNP Type

.3/ 125

Requ ired Accuracy

95% Containment+ 0.3NM /+ 125

Proposed for RNAV/ VNA

Approaches using BAROALT inputor SB AS.

.3 + 0.3NM Supports in itial / in termediateApproach 2D RNAV Approach &Departure. Expected to be the mos

common application.10 + 10NM Supports reduced lateral and

longitudinal separationmin ima &enhanced operational efficiency inoceanic & remote areas where the

availability of navaids is limited.

RNP-RNAV is expected to be mandated by year 2015 although fewRNP-RNAV procedures are expected to be introduced before 2005.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

22/36

BASIC RNAV

+ 5 NM ( + 9.26 km )

(95% CONTAINMENT VALUE)

B-RNAV Operations commenced in

Europeanairspace on the 23rd of April, 1998.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

23/36

RNP COORDINATE SYSTEM

ICAO has chosen World Geodetic System (WGS)-84 asthe common world geodetic datum as there is a need to :

convert coordinates of airport key positions and

ground-based navigation aids to a common geodetic

reference datum; ensure that all such locations are surveyed to a common

standard which provides optimum accuracy, such as

that obtained by GNSS surveying techniques; and

ensure that all FMS software is referenced to a commongeodetic datum.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

24/36

EUROCONTROL STANDARD

The carriage of B-RNAV equipment approved for

RNP5 operations is mandatory on the entire ATS

route network in the ECAC area includingdesignated feeder routes (SIDs & STARs) in / out

of notified TMAs.

RNP5 (B-RNAV) - effective 23rd April, 1998.

RNP1 (Precision R-NAV) - to be implemented in

2005.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

25/36

B-RNAV APPROVAL

Airworthiness approval.

Operational approval.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

26/36

AIRBORNE NAVIGATION

EQUIPMENT

They encompass..

Systems which use external navigation aidssuch as VOR / DME, DME / DME, GNSS,

OMEGA / very low frequency (VLF),

LORAN-C; and

systems which are self-contained, e.g. INS, or

inertial reference systems.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

27/36

Required Functions of B-RNAV

Navigation Equipment Continuous indication of aircraft position relative to track

displayed on a navigation display to both the pilot flying

and the pilot not flying. Display of distance and bearing to the next active (TO)

waypoint.

Display of ground speed or time to the next active (TO)

waypoint. Storage of waypoints; minimum of 4.

Appropriate failure annunciation of the RNAV system,

including sensors.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

28/36

Recommended Functions of B-

RNAV Navigation Equipment

Autopilot and / or Flight Director coupling.

Present position in terms of latitude and longitude.

Direct To function.

Indication of navigation accuracy (e.g. quality factor ).

Automatic channel selection of radio navigation aids.

Navigation data base.

Automatic leg sequencing and associated turn anticipation.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

29/36

FLIGHT CREW CONTINGENCY

PROCEDURES In case of contingencies, (equipment failures, weather

conditions) crew should notify ATC about the ability to

maintain navigation accuracy, state its intentions, co-

ordinate a plan of action and obtain a revised ATC

clearance.

If unable to notify ATC, crew should follow established

contingency procedures and obtain ATC clearance as soon

as possible.

O A C A A O

8/9/2019 AreaNav

30/36

EUROPEAN CIVIL AVIATION

COUNCIL

8/9/2019 AreaNav

31/36

RNAV | B-RNAV | P-RNAV |

RNP-RNAVP-RNAV

Precision Area Navigation (P-RNAV) is being introduced to enable

RNAV applications in terminal airspace. It requires

aircraft conformance to a track-keeping accuracy of 1NM for at

least 95% of flight time, together with advanced functionality,

including, high integrity navigation databases, pathcoding in accordance with ARINC 424 (or an equivalent standard)

and the automatic selection, verification and, where appropriate,

de-selection of navaids

http://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/default.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/b-rnav/default.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/New%20Folder/default.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/RNP-RNAV.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/RNP-RNAV.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/New%20Folder/default.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/b-rnav/default.htmhttp://c/WINDOWS/Desktop/default.htm

8/9/2019 AreaNav

32/36

8/9/2019 AreaNav

33/36

RNAV SCHEDULE

A phased application of RNAV is planned.

Phase 1 : FROM 1998En-route:As on 23APR 1998 onward, aircraft ( other than State aircraft),

operating on the ATS routes, above the lowest applicable flight level

as published by the States,shall be equipped with RNAV meeting RNP5.

VOR / DME & NDB will remain available for reversionary navigation

at least until 2005. As a result, the reduced requirements as set out for

BRNAV equipment are applicable during this phase.

From 2002 it is expected that Random Area Navigation ( Free Route)

will be introduced in selected areas. In these areas there will be a

reduction in the availability of fixed routes. There will be no change in

required RNAV functionality.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

34/36

RNAV SCHEDULE

Phase 1 ( contd)

TMA:Where beneficial & practicable, national Authorities may define

mandatory B-RNAV routes providing transitions to the SIDs &

STARS in the terminal area (feeder routes).Other RNAV procedures,

including those requiring P-RNAV ( RNP 1 or better) performancemay be introduced. However they will remain optional in this

timescale & conventional SIDs, STARs & Holding procedures will

continue to be provided.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

35/36

RNAV SCHEDULEPhase 2 - 2005 or later ( date to be agreed upon by ECAC States)

as VOR (& NDB) is withdrawn, the ability to revert to conventionalnavigation will reduce ,with RNAV becoming the only means of

navigation. Radio position updating will be by means of DME / DME o

GNSS based RNAV. It is expected that on-board IRSs will continue to

augment the radio position data.

As a result of the decommissioning of radio navigation sources capable

of supporting reversionary operations, the system integrity & operationa

functionality requirements will increase. This will require the use of

equipment in conformance to RNP- ( x ) RNAV requirements oncereversion to conventional navigation ceases to be possible.

8/9/2019 AreaNav

36/36