Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Flies in...

Country Strategy Paper

Area-Wide Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Flies in South and SE Asia Project

LAO People’s Democratic Republic

National IPM Programme in Lao PDR

February 2011

Country Strategy Paper for Area Wide Fruit Fly IPM Programme in Laos

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Project Information

“Area-wide Fruit Fly Integrated Pest Management in South and Southeast Asia” is a regional

project funded –through the Global Horticulture Initiative (http://www.globalhort.org/)- by

Taiwan’s ICDF and implemented by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) (www.ait.asia). The

project focus is on adaptation and adoption of fruit fly IPM practices among vegetable and

fruit smallholder using Farmer’s Field School (FFS) in the Mekong river basin countries. Project

implementing partners include: Bio-Control Research Laboratory (BCRL;

http://www.pcilindia.com/bcrl.html), Bangalore, India, and the FAO Regional IPM Programme

(http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/) whereas the project is implemented in the various

Mekong River Basin countries by the National IPM Programmes in Lao PDR, Cambodia and

Vietnam; Department of Agriculture Extension (DoAE) in Thailand, and Ministry of Agriculture

and Irrigation (MAI) in Myanmar. The project is intended to test, promote and socialize

among smallholder farmers a range of novel IPM options for fruit fly management within the

context of ongoing IPM farmer training and action research programmes in the Mekong basin

countries. More information on the project can be seen from its website http://ipm.ait.asia

Contact in Lao PDR

The national office of the project is housed at the Plant Protection

Centre in Salakham and hosted by the Lao National IPM Programme,

Vientiane, Lao PDR. Further information on the project could be

obtained from the following contact:

National IPM Programme in Lao PDR FAO ICP for IPM in Vegetables – Country office Lao PDR P.O. Box 1640, Vientiane, Lao PDR Tel: (856-21) 812142, Fax: (856-21) 812130 Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

Contact person: Mr. Thongsavanh Taipangnavong

http://www.globalhort.org/

http://www.ait.asia/

http://www.pcilindia.com/bcrl.html

http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/

http://ipm.ait.asia/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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Table of Contents

Project Information ................................................................................................................................. 2

Contact in Lao PDR .................................................................................................................................. 2

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3

1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Fruit flies in Lao PDR .......................................................................................................................... 6

3. National IPM Farmer Education .......................................................................................................... 7

4 Fruit Fly IPM Project Intervention Design ............................................................................................ 7

4.1 Selection of the project implementation site based on GIS mapping .......................................... 8

4.2 Overall Development Objectives .................................................................................................. 9

4.3 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 9

4.4 Expected Outputs and Indicative Activities .................................................................................. 9

5 Results Utilization Plan ....................................................................................................................... 11

Annexes: ................................................................................................................................................ 11

Annex 1: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR FRUIT FLY IPM PROGRAMME IN LAO PDR ................................ 12

Annex 2: Work plan and timetable ....................................................................................................... 18

Annex 3: Budget plan ............................................................................................................................ 20


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1 Background

The Lao PDR is primarily an agricultural economy, with this sector contributing 51 percent of the

GDP. Recently (2008) the Lao PDR conducted a major agricultural census which provides an

excellent overview of the basic nature of Laos' agricultural system. The results of this survey indicate

that 79.7 percent of the total population is engaged in farming. The average land holding is 1.62

hectares with 27 percent of households having 2 hectares or more and 36 percent having less than 1

hectare. About 93 percent of the area is devoted to, mostly glutinous, rice production, a subsistence

crop used primarily for home consumption. About 23 percent of farmers grow mango trees, 17

percent coconut trees, 17 percent banana trees, 11 percent jackfruit trees, and 11 percent tamarind

trees in their local backyards. Only 6 percent of farmers sell their total output, while 35 percent sell

some of their farm output. This means that the majority of farmers (59 percent) are engaged solely

in subsistence agriculture. In terms of agricultural production, the top six crops in Laos in order of

importance are rice, maize, fruits, vegetables and leguminous crops, and sugarcane.

Since 2000, among these 6 leading crops, production of vegetables and beans has grown very fast.

Major commercial vegetable production is centered on the large urbanized areas of Vientiane capital

and Savannakhet. Vegetables are also grown at higher elevation areas (at 150 - 200 meter altitude

and above) in Vientiane province and on the Bolaven plateau (at close to 1,000 meter elevation) in

Salavan and Champasack province. The remaining vegetable production areas are located along the

Mekong River and its tributaries from north to south. In general, pest and diseases of commercially-

produced vegetables are managed with frequent application of chemical pesticides. Given its

subsistence nature, Lao agriculture has not played a major role in the country's foreign trade. That

said, there is a sizable production of export commodities, including cabbages and melons, for export

to Thailand and China.


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Table1. Fruits and vegetable production in Lao PDR in 2009

No. Crops Planted area (Ha) Productivity (T\Ha) Production (T)

1 Vegetables 118,705 8.73 1,035,825

2 Fruit tree 13,121 8.04 91,120

3 Banana 13,590 12.80 173,900

4 Pineapple 3,827 12.14 45,780

5 Papaya 1,810 8.86 16,045

6 Water melon 6,370 18.02 114,780

7 Lemon 531 6.16 3,050

8 Cantaloupe and musk

melon

105 12.24 1,285

Source: Crop statistics: Planning Division, Department of Agriculture, MAF (2009)

Table 2: Export of vegetables, fruit vegetables and other cash crops from Lao PDR (DoA/MAF,GOL,

2009)

No. Crops type Quality ( t) Destination

1 Water melon 114,780 China, Vietnam

2 Pumpkin 2,535 Thailand

3 Cabbage 13,369 Thailand

4 Chinese cabbage 138 Thailand

5 Cassava 17,427 China

6 Sweet potatoes 2,021 Vietnam

7 Sugarcane 645,460 China, Thailand

8 Maize 650,000 Thailand

9 Coffee 27,500 Europe


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2. Fruit flies in Lao PDR

Fruit flies are considered one of the most serious pests of fruits and vegetables in the world

and in Lao PDR they attack a wide range of crops such as mango, guava, jujube, bitter gourd,

cantaloupe, water melon, cucumber and others. No significant research and development activities

have been carried out so far in Lao PDR related to management of the fruit flies.

Although there is a lack of data, fruit flies are known to attack fruit crops and vegetables in

Lao PDR throughout the year and cause substantial yield loss. In 2008, the Department of

Agriculture’s Plant Protection Centre conducted surveys on the prevalence of fruit fly species in

some localities in Vientiane capital and to date 13 species have been reported from different crops.

B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae are common species reported from fruit crops and melons, respectively.

Other reported species are, B. correcta. B. carambola, B. scutellaris, B. caudata, B. tau, B. apicalis, B.

verbascifoliae, B. albistrigata, B. nigrotibialis, B. cilifera, and B. dorsalis.

Fruit flies damage fruits by laying eggs in or on the fruit. Larvae emerge from the eggs and

immediately burrow into and feed on the flesh of the fruit. Microbial infection introduced by fly

oviposition then results in partial or complete fruit loss. Larvae emerge at the surface of the fruit and

drop to the ground where they pupate in the soil until they emerge as adults. The fruit fly life cycle

varies according to species and environment conditions. Both Melon Fly and Oriental Fruit Fly (B.

cucurbitae and B. dorsalis) have many generations per year. The life cycle can be completed in three

to five weeks in favorable conditions. Fruit fly egg-laying also results in disfigured fruits, e.g. jujube

fruit and some fruiting vegetables.

Up to present, there is no information on the occurrence of fruit flies and estimates on yield

losses due to fruit fly damage in the country. As per rough estimate 25-30% losses in some fruit

crops are caused by the fruit flies but in some seasons it could be much higher as well. Up to

present, there is no recommendation from the official Plant Protection/Extension Service on fruit fly

management. Control measures for fruit fly are mainly use of insecticides (Cypermethrin and

abamectin) with cover sprays 8-10 times per one crop season. Use of such pesticides is expensive,

toxic to the applicator and environmentally polluting.


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3. National IPM Farmer Education

Under the Lao National IPM Programme, some 36 district and provincial staff were trained through

season-long Vegetable IPM Training of Trainers (TOT) and numerous shorter-duration IPM refresher

courses, workshops, and study tours during the 2002-2008 period. A total of 162 Farmer Field

Schools on leafy vegetables (Cabbages, Chinese kale, head mustard, Packchoi) and fruit vegetables

(cucumber, water melon, yard long beans, tomato) were conducted in six provinces (Luang-Prabang,

Vientiane Capital, Vientiane, Savannakhet, Champasack, and Salavan). Some 7,000 farmers

participated in -and graduated from- these season long IPM training courses. For full details on IPM

training accomplishments in Lao PDR (see http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/Countries/laos.htm

To date, the Lao National IPM Programme has not carried out fruit fly IPM related activities. In other

words, fruit fly IPM training curricula, FFS, TOT and training materials are not available and will need

to be developed.

4 Fruit Fly IPM Project Intervention Design

In the light of the above discussed facts i.e. lack of basic information on fruit flies,

information on crop losses, training curricula for the farmer’s field schools, capacity within the IPM

and government extension system, IPM options for fruit fly management, the national IPM

Programme in Laos will strive to strengthen these areas. Therefore, using this project resource, the

Lao national IPM programme would like to prioritize the following key interventions:

Identification of the species and areas of occurrence of fruit flies and melon flies;

Participatory action research leading to assembly of IPM package for area-wide application

based on various innovative trapping and baiting techniques, sanitation etc;

Development of training curricula for the IPM trainers and their capacity building through

intensive training of trainers;

Farmers’ training on fruit fly IPM using FFS;

Development of extension brochures, posters and other awareness raising materials

http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/Countries/laos.htm


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4.1 Selection of the project implementation site based on GIS mapping

Based on the available information on crop acreage, purpose of crop growing, presence of

fruit fly species, outreach of the IPM programme (availability of experienced IPM trainers),

estimated losses due to fruit fly species (as there is no validated field data on losses available) GIS

assisted maps were prepared (see http://ipm.ait.asia/?page_id=399). Considering other criteria like

possible backstopping support and easy transportation two provinces namely Vientiane capital and

Vientiane province were selected as sites for project implementation (see fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Project implementation sites in Lao PDR

http://ipm.ait.asia/?page_id=399


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4.2 Overall Development Objectives

To enable smallholder farmers to grow profitable, healthy and safe fruit and vegetable crops

through enhanced knowledge and skills on fruit fly diagnosis, ecology and management.

4.3 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives are:

1. To survey and assess the current status of fruit fly occurrence, host-range and pest

management efforts in order to develop GIS assisted maps of the fruit fly infected areas

leading to selection of project implementation sites and compilation of basic crop

management practices;

2. To test, adapt, and assemble effective fruit fly IPM strategies for area-wide control of fruit

flies in selected crops and pilot areas in Lao PDR;

3. To train IPM trainers in TOTs and educate farmers using Farmer’s Field School (FFS) on fruit

fly IPM ;

4. To develop training and extension material on FF management.

4.4 Expected Outputs and Indicative Activities

No. Objectives Outputs Indicative Activities Remarks

1 To conduct baseline

survey and assess the

current status of fruit fly

occurrences, host-range,

pest management efforts

as to develop GIS assisted

maps of the fruit fly

infected areas leading to

selection of project

implementing sites, and

compilation of basic crop


1.1 Country Strategy

Paper developed

1.2 Crop calendar

available

1.3 Site and farmers

selected , GIS map

available

-Develop Country

Strategy Paper and

Planning for the project

Develop Cropping

calendar


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1.4 baseline analysis

available

Develop Baseline survey

format

Carry out the survey on

the current status of

fruit fly occurrence, and

host-range

2 To test, adapt, and assemble effective fruit fly IPM strategies for area-wide control of fruit flies in pilot areas in Lao PDR;

2.1

FFS curricula developed

2.2. Extension brochures

for farmers available in

local language

Participatory Action

Research to develop

locally suitable IPM

package: Trial design

developed and

experiment set up, data

collection, analysis and

interpretation

Extension brochures

development &

distribution

3 To educate farmers using Farmer’s Field School (FFS) on locally adapted fruit fly IPM

3.1 Session guides/

curricula available for

a) training technical staff

and for

b) training farmers

Organize short TOT on

Fruit fly IPM to the

extension workers

carried out

(Session guides/

curricula developed and

adapted )

3.2 FFS diary developed

and field days / trainings

carried out for technical

staff, farmers and Plant

protection officers

Setting up FFS

Organizing Farmer’s field

day to inform other

farmers in the locality

Participatory training

carried out, including

information collection

from farmers lead to the

assembling of locally

suitable IPM package

including translated

extension material


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Develop AESA

Carry out cost and

benefit analysis

4

Fruit fly IPM management

strategies integrated into

farmers’ practice

M&E data of adapted

practices available to

prove that farmers have

integrated IPM package

into their common

practice

M&E before and after

the intervention (Regular

check with farmers at

field level by extension

staff)

5 Results Utilization Plan

Once the project is completed, the key outputs e.g. GIS mapping, data on current status of fruit fly

occurrences, host-range and crop losses, FFS curricula, session guides, and adapted fruit fly IPM

management strategies will be used for future farmer training and awareness raising. Training

materials and case studies on impact of training and successful area-wide management of fruit flies

will be documented and made electronically available (in Lao and English) and posted on website(s)

for use by the Lao Government and other development partners.

Annexes:

Annex 1: LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR FRUIT FLY IPM PROGRAMME IN LAO PDR

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable

Indicators of achievement

Sources and means of

verification

Assumptions

Overall

objectives

To enhance knowledge on fruit fly ecology and integrated pest management among smallholder farmers to be able to grow healthy and safe fruit and vegetable crops by sustainable practicing IPM with least emphasis on high toxic chemical pesticides leading to food safety and food security, and improved income in the project areas (Some selected districts of Vientiane Capital and Vientiane Province)

a) Current status of FF in Laos known and

validated by respective available GIS

maps of worst affected Fruit fly and

Melon fly areas in 2 provinces) locally

adapted IPM package for FF in 2

provinces available;

2 provinces;

c) Four Field studies (Two for fruits and

two for vegetables) on FF management

practices;

e) 3 FFS/year , 180 farmers trained at

least 40 % of these being female;

f) Govt. & Plant Protection officials

exposed to FF; and

g) gender aware FFS training curricula

developed and translated into Lao

a)Three-monthly report;

b) Six-monthly report; and

c) Final report.

a)Smallholder fruit and vegetable

farmers remain interested and fruit

fly continue to occur as pest for

fruits and vegetables;

b)Continue support & understanding

from the donors.

Specific

objectives

1. To assess the current status of fruit

fly occurrences, host-range, past

country logframes and work plans

available, baseline survey data validate

previous assumptions; crop calendars

Initial Country report &;

Country strategy paper log-

frame, workplan, baseline

-Availability of in-depth quantitative

and qualitative information ; (In case

of Laos limited information is


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management efforts

2. To develop GIS assisted map of the

fruit fly infected areas leading to

selection of project implementing

sites, and compilation of basic crop


3. To adapt, assemble and translate

into Lao local fruit fly IPM strategies

for Laos.

4. Capacity building of IPM trainers;

5. To educate farmers using IPM FFS

approaches;

available

GIS map for Lao PDR showing fruit fly

vulnerable area available

Translated (into Lao) training and

extension materials on FF management

available curricula for TOT and FFS

available including data from field studies

data and crop calendars

GIS assisted fruit fly maps

for Lao PDR

Summary field study report,

Curricula for the TOT and

FFS for the selected crops

Extension brochures on key

learning; FFS report and

diary

available) -Availability of

quantitative and detail information

on seasonality, occurrence, host-

range and other needed

information;

-Occurrence of fruit fly and melon fly

continues; interest of the trainers

and farmers in the programme;

-

-Successful adaptation of IPM

package and its integration into

farmers’ practices is wanted by

farmers..

Expected

results

1. Status of the FF management in

provinces of Laos identified;

2. GIS map on occurrences of Fruit flies

Active participation in the planning

process at national and regional level;

GIS map for planning of project

Country report,

presentation, country

strategy paper and log

frames

GIS maps available for the

-Interest of the Plant Protection

Officials, farmers and trainers for the

programme;

-Availability of in-dept quantitative


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on some fruit and vegetable crops,

areas and seasons developed for Lao

PDR;

3. monitoring and implementation on

fruit fly management strategies is

known by IPM trainers and passed on

to farmers during FFS;

4. Availability of training and extension

materials on the FF IPM

implementation areas;

Number of PAR conducted using

innovative IPM strategies;

IPM FFS training curriculum for fruit fly

and/or melon fly developed;

Number of FFS, crops, area covered,

number of farmers trained and exposed

to FF IPM FFS, behavior changes, of the

farmers, cost-benefit analysis of using FF

IPM FFS;

Some locally tested training materials

and extension brochures on FF IPM are

available and distributed.

Lao PDR

Summary report of the PAR,

Curricula, FFS & monitoring

and evaluation plans

FFS report and diary

including information on list

of farmers exposed

Extension brochures

and quality information;

-Occurrence of fruit fly and melon

fly; interest of the trainers and

farmers for the programme;

-Occurrence of fruit fly and melon

fly; interest of the trainers and

farmers for the programme;

-Achievement of successes in

managing FFS and interest of local

communities in having more

information.

Activities The key activities to be carried out are:

1. Baseline surveys on the current

status of fruit fly occurrences, host-

range, and develop GIS map;

2. Project planning workshop;

3. Participatory Action Research on

The means required for implement these

activities are:

Personnel, equipment, training, studies,

operational facilities, supplies etc…

-What pre-conditions are required

before the action start?


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Fruit fly management (PAR);

4. Intensive TOT on IPM Fruit fly

management;

5. Fruit fly IPM Farmer Field

Schools.

Specific

Objective1

Act.1: Current status of fruit fly, crop

hosts, losses, seasonality and past pest

management practices and future

possibilities

Act.2: Detail implementation plan,

collaborativemechanism, backstopping

needs and other details developed

Personnel, operational facilities,

equipments, training, supplies

Project planning and implementation

meeting organized

Report

Meeting Report

-Interest of the Plant Protection

Officials, farmers and trainers for the

programme.

Specific

Objective2

Act.1: Identification of key fruit fly

endemic areas

GIS map for fruit fly available

Report with Regional and

national GIS maps

-Availability of the quantitative

information pertaining to the crop,

season, occurrences etc… on fruit fly

Act.2: Site selection for the project

implementation

sites for setting up adaptive research

and TOTs selected

Report -Interest of the country and

Government support to the project

Act.3: Current status of the crop

management practices in relation to

the fruit fly occurrences, seasonality,

losses, farmer knowledge etc.

baseline survey report submitted and

compiled by AIT with a summary section,

indigenous ideas on management

identified, regional report (on Vietnam

and other countries) baseline report

baseline survey report -Interest of the country and

Government support to the project


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compiled by AIT

Specific

Objective3

Act.1: Monitoring of FF population

using AESA method for fruit fly IPM FFS

number ??? of farmers trained, 35 %

female farmers; 25 Vietnamese IPM

trainers (30 % female) trained in AESA

application

FFS report -Occurrence of the fruit fly and

interest of the farmers and trainers

Act.2: Adaptive research for

assembling locally suitable IPM

package

adaptive research carried out in Vietnam

to validate and assemble IPM package

Report -Occurrence of the fruit fly and


Act. 3. Training of trainers course

25 Lao trainers have been trained, 30 %

female

ToT report Occurrence of fruit flies, availability

of the proven and working options

for fruit fly IPM and interest of

farmers and IPM trainers

Sp. Objective

4

Act.1. Six (6) FFS will be conducted and

total 6x30 = 180 farmers will be trained

in FF IPM in Laos

180 farmers trained during 6 FFS in Laos FFS Report and diary for

each season

Occurrence of the fruit flies and


Act.2. Exposure to 400 additional

farmers through field-days (4 field

days)

400 additional farmers exposed through

awareness raising activities (e.g. 4 field

days)

FFS report and diary for

each season

interest of the other farmers from

the communities to learn about FF

IPM


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Act.3. Exposure of Ten (10) Plant

Protection officials through field visits /

training

10 Plant protection officials will be

exposed to project activities and FF IPM

methods

Field visit report Interest among plant protection

personnel on fruit fly IPM and/or

management issues

Sp. Objective

5

Act.1. Production of extension

brochures and distribution

(500 copies) bi-lingual (Lao and English)

distributed

Brochures; Need to extend FF IPM among

others in the society

Act.2. Participation and hosting

country fruit Fly IPM Network

Act. 3. Planning for adaptive research

set up and FFS

Workshop carried out

Workshop Report List of

participating persons,

address details – part of

final report

The plant protection communities

remains interested in fruit fly IPM

issues


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Annex 2: Work plan and timetable

Activities 2010 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

1. Conduct baseline surveys of

Fruit Fly on important fruit and

vegetable crops

Xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxx xxx

2. Conduct participatory action

research on Fruit Fly

management (Two attached FFS

as a part of the action research)

Output: Best-bet Fruit Fly

management strategy identified

(1-2-3 )

xxxxx

xxx

xxxxx

xxxxx

xxx

xxxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

xxx

3. Develop training materials

(TOT and FFS draft curricula)

Xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxx

4. Organize Training of Trainers

(TOT) on Fruit Fly management

xxxxx

5. Conduct 4 pilot FFS on

selected fruit and vegetable

crops

xxx Xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxxx xxx xxx

6. Follow-up field

training\action research


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activities to fine-tune best-bet

management strategies

xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxxx xxx

7. Organization of farmer forum

to present results\promote

area-wide fruit fly

management

xxx

8. Awareness raising through

posters, leaflets etc…

xxx

9. Project evaluation xxx


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Annex 3: Budget plan

Activity where who How Estimated

budget

1. Conduct baseline surveys of Fruit Fly on

important fruit and vegetable crops

Vientiane capital &

province,

NIPM and PPC staff -Using survey formats

-Sampling with traps

1,750.00

2. Conduct participatory action research

on Fruit Fly management

Output: Best-bet Fruit Fly management

strategy identified (1-2-3 )

Vientiane capital &

province,

NIPM ,PPC

staff and farmers

-Experiment design/layout

-Select the target groups of farmers

1,000.00

3. Develop training materials and

awareness raising

NIPM office

Vientiane capital &

province,

NIPM ,PPC staff

Extension staff,

farmers and trader

-Collection of information on pest (Biology,

ecology and management techniques) and

diagnostics (pest identification based on the

symptoms), local practices.

-Review with experts

-Develop posters and leaflet on fruit fly mgt

-Distribution.

2,250,00

4. Organize Training of

Trainers (TOT) on Fruit Fly management

Vientiane capital or

Vientiane province

IPM trainers, PAFO

and DAFO staff in 2

prov.

-Interactive class room lectures and field

exposure

3,500.00


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5. Conduct pilot FFS on

of selected fruit and vegetable crops

Vientiane capital and

Vientiane prov

Fruit and vegetable

farmers

-Selection of farmers

-Transfer of knowledge from master trainers to

the farmers

3,000.00

6. Follow-up field training\action research

activities to fine-tune best-bet

management strategies

Vientiane capital &

province,

NIPM team -Provide technical support to trainers and

farmers

2,000.00

7. Organization of farmer forum to

present results\promote area-wide

fruit fly management

Vientiane Prov. Trained farmers -Meeting 650.00

8. Project evaluation

NIPM office DOA,PPC,core IPM

trainers and key

farmers

-Impact Assessment /development of case

studies

-Population monitoring

-Reduce level of infestation

-Adoption of technology

-Increase marketability of produce

750.00

Total 15,000.00

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