Are We There Yet?Women’s Economic Status and

Participation in Corporate Leadership in New Hampshire

Presented July 19, 2007by Katie Merrow, Executive Director

Two Delta Drive, Concord, NH 03301 491-0959All our reports are available at www.nhwpi.org

The Economic Status of Working Women in NH Authored by Ross Gittell, UNH Whittemore School of Business,

Allison Churilla UNH Department of Sociology and Carsey Insitute, and Ann McAdam Griffin of UNH Whittemore School of Business

Based on 2000 Decennial Census, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample 450,804 full-time workers in New Hampshire (weighted estimate). US Census, Small Business Ownership Data, 1997 and 2002.

Institute for Women’s Policy Research’s Best and Worst State Economies for Women 2006

Recent data updates from the US Census 2005 American Community Survey, by the WPI and by Allison Churilla of UNH Carsey Institute

Corporate governance data based on Securities and Exchange Commission filings, Business NH Magazine list of the Public 100, company websites, the InterOrganizational Network (ION) Reports, NH Banking Department, NH Hospitals, and NH Hospital Association.

Data Sources

NH and the nation—Women’s earnings in NH are

among the highest in the nation

WA

OR

CA

AK

NV

HI

AZ NM

UT

ID

MT

WY

CO

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

TX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

MS AL GA

FL

SC

NCTN

KY

WI

IL

MI

INOH

WV VA

PA

NY

ME

MDDENJ

CTRI

MA

VTNH

DC

TopThird (18) MiddleThird (17) BottomThird (16)

Women’s Median Annual Earnings

Note: Median annual earnings for full-time, year-round workers aged 16 and older, 2003-2005.Source: Institute forWomen’s Policy Research 2006b.Calculated by the Institute forWomen’s Policy Research.

Source: Institute for Women's Policy Research

NH 10th highest in US

NH generally ranks high on policies that support women’s

economic well-being

Economic policy environment benefits women, business ownership lags

NE

NE

NE

US

US

US

US

NH

NH

NH

NH NE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

With Health Insurance(ranked 15th)

With 4+ Years College(ranked 9th)

Living Above Poverty(ranked 1st)

Women-owned business( ranked 43rd)

32%

86%

25%

93% Data source: Institute for Women's Policy Research

But ranks among the lowest on women-owned businesses

NH also ranks high on employment and earnings

Women's Employment and Earnings, NH, New England, US

ME

ME

VT

VT

VT

MA

MA

RI

71%NH

35%NH

65%NH

ME

MA CT

CT

CT

RI

RI

77%US

59%US

36%US

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

In labor force (ranked 11th) In manager/professional jobs (ranked15th)

Earnings ratio (ranked 45th)

Median earnings: $34,00010th in US and 3rd in NE

Data source: Institute for Women's Policy Research

But ranks near the bottom on the wage gap

However, gains in earnings and economic opportunity lag behind

advances in workforce participation

58%current college 4-year graduates are women

47%labor force is female

47%managers and professionals are women

40%full-time workers are women

24.7%businesses owned by women

15% of public corporation executives are women

13%of those earning over $100k are women

9% of public corporation directors in NH are women

67%workers at or near the minimum wage in 1999 ($5.15-6.65) are female

The working women’s pyramid--women are under-represented at the top…

Low income earners are predominantly female, while men dominate high income brackets

Percent and number of men and women in the workforce by earnings levelFull-time, year-round workers, American Community Survey 2005

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

<$15

,000

$15,

000

to $

17,4

99

$17,

500

to $

19,9

99

$20,

000

to $

22,4

99

$22,

500

to $

24,9

99

$25,

000

to $

29,9

99

$30,

000

to $

34,9

99

$35,

000

to $

39,9

99

$40,

000

to $

44,9

99

$45,

000

to $

49,9

99

$50,

000

to $

54,9

99

$55,

000

to $

64,9

99

$65,

000

to $

74,9

99

$75,

000

to $

99,9

99

$100

,000

or m

ore

Per

cen

t o

f m

en o

r w

om

en

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Nu

mb

er o

f m

en o

r w

om

en

Number Male Workers

Number Female WorkersWomen

Men

This disparity is greater than in other New England states

Women's Earnings in New EnglandFull-time workers, 2000 Census Data, 2005 ACS data

NH NH

NH NH

ME ME

MEME

VT

VT

VT

MA

MAMA

CTCT

CT

CT

VTMA

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Workers earning <$25,000 in 1999

Workers earning <$25,000 in 2004

Workers earning >$100,000 in 1999

Workers earning >$100,000 in 2004

Per

cen

t o

f w

ork

ers

that

are

fem

ale

Most women don’t earn enough to support a family

Number of workers by annual earnings, compared to the livable wageNH full-time workers 2005, American Community Survey

00,000

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

<$15

,000

$15,0

00 to

$17

,499

$17,5

00 to

$19

,999

$20,0

00 to

$22

,499

$22,5

00 to

$24

,999

$25,0

00 to

$29

,999

$30,0

00 to

$34

,999

$35,0

00 to

$39

,999

$40,0

00 to

$44

,999

$45,0

00 to

$49

,999

$50,0

00 to

$54

,999

$55,0

00 to

$64

,999

$65,0

00 to

$74

,999

$75,0

00 to

$99

,999

$100

,000

or m

oreN

um

be

r o

f fu

ll-t

ime

wo

rke

rs i

n N

H a

t e

ac

h e

arn

ing

s l

ev

el

Male Workers

Female Workers

Earnings above the livable wage for single parent family or family with one wage earner.

Earnings below the livable wage for a single person

Earnings close to or above the livable wage for a family with two wage earners

Key Findings on the Economic Status of Working Women in NH

Income disparity between women and men persists, full-time working women earn 71% of men’s median earnings.

Education is not an equalizer. In contrast, in NH disparity increases with educational attainment

Family responsibilities appear to be shouldered primarily by women, and can have a cumulative negative impact on women’s earnings.

There is a marriage earnings premium for men and not for women in the state.

Occupational and industrial segregation persists. Full-time earnings in occupations and industries with predominately female workers are lower

Age: Within the state and on a national level, there is greater earnings parity between women and men in younger age cohorts.

Source: PUMS 2000, NH

78.1%

71.4%

66.7% 66.2%

83.3%

72.0%

68.2%

66.0%

50.0%

55.0%

60.0%

65.0%

70.0%

75.0%

80.0%

85.0%

24-34 years

35-44 years

45-54 years

55-64 years

New Hampshire United States

Women’s full-time earnings as a percent of men’s, by age, NH and US

Source: PUMS 2000, NH

$25,000

$20,700

$20,800

$23,600

$27,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,900

$45,000

$49,700

$23,100

$30,000

$30,000

$33,350

$39,000

$40,000

$51,000

$60,000

$85,000

$68,000

$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $90,000

No Schooling

Less than 9th Grade

9th to 12th Grade (no diploma)

High School Degree or GED

Some College (no degree)

Associate's Degree

Bachelor's Degree

Master's Degree

Professional Degree

Doctorate Degree

Women Men

Education: Full-time male workers reap greater monetary returns from education at all levels of attainment.

Median earnings for men and women with different levels of education

Marital status and family roles have a negative impact on

women’s earnings

Source: Analysis of 2005 American Community Survey data by Allison Churilla of UNH Carsey Institute

Women’s median full-time income relative to men’s in NH, 2004

Unmarried

92%

Married

70%

New Hampshire Corporate Governance

Data on publicly held corporations: Company list from Business NH Magazine, Reference USA, and Hoovers, director and officer information from annual reports and proxy statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission

Hospital data was obtained from the hospitals, the NH Hospital Association, the American Hospital Association Directory, and hospital websites.

Data on financial institutions was obtained from the NH Banking Department and institution websites.

Publicly held corporations: Women rarely make it to the top; relatively more opportunity in executive positions than in board leadership.

Preliminary Data on Publicly Traded Companies in NH

2003 2004 2005 ION States*

# % # % # %

Number of Companies 25 29 25

Number of Directors 193 229 195

Women Directors 17 9% 18 8% 18 9% 7 - 11%

Number of Executive Officers 140 168 119

Women Executive Officers 18 13% 20 12% 18 15% 8 - 11%

Women in top 5 Highest-Paid Positions 10 8% 11 8% 7 6%

Companies with no women at the top:              

No Women Directors 12 48% 16 55% 13 52% 30 - 53%

No Women Executive Officers 12 48% 15 52% 12 48% 36 - 79%

No Women Directors or Exec. Officers 8 32% 11 38% 9 36%

No Women in 5 Highest-Paid Positions 17 68% 20 69% 16 76% 68 - 79%

Companies with 'critical mass' on the board 1 1 3 *Includes only ION member states, excludes Chicago and Philadelphia; officer data reflects 2004, board data reflects 2005 activity.

Other states: Women are under-represented at the top, but are

more likely to be on boardsLeadership in NH publicly held companies compared to ION states

Percent with women in top leadership

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

NH CA FL GA MA MI WI

Pe

rce

nt

of

co

mp

an

ies

With Women Directors (2005)

With Women Executive Officers (2004)

With Women among the 5 Highest-Paid (2005)

Source: Data on other states from ION reports for 2006 and 2007; NH data from WPI analysis of in-state sources.

Female-Owned Businesses in New Hampshire

The state ranks 43rd of the 50 states in the percentage of businesses owned by females. percentage of businesses owned by females went up from 23.6 percent

to 24.7 percent between 1997 and 2002, but still below the increase nationally

Less than one quarter of businesses in the state are owned by females, compared to 28.3 percent nationally and one-third in top-ranked states such as Maryland

NH ranks in the top ten states nationally in terms of receipts for women-owned businesses, and had the greatest growth of receipts of any state in the nation between 1997 and 2002.

What would increase women’s economic status?

More Supportive Workplace Practices and Policies Enhanced system and culture in New Hampshire for working families,

including more flexible work schedules and better support of “exit” and “re-entry” for parents

Business practices and public policies supportive of family life and children, e.g., childcare, health insurance

Education and Career Mentorship and Networking Help college females enter male-dominated well-paying professions by

supporting enrollment in “non-traditional” fields (e.g., science, math and engineering).

Improve career “ladders” and support of females in high-paying fields dominated by men (e.g., physicians, lawyers, engineers)

What would increase women’s economic status?

Occupation and Industry Initiatives Increase pay in female dominated occupations and industries, including

occupations that are of great importance/value and require significant education and commitment (e.g., teaching, nursing)

Entrepreneurship and Business Ownership Promote entrepreneurship and business ownership among women with

targeted seed capital, business loan and business networking, mentorship and assistance initiatives

Governance: Board and Executive Female Representation Add females to the network used by corporations to recruit directors and

executives in the state

Looking forward…

Upcoming WPI Research:– Corporate governance—opportunities and

barriers – Benchmarks to track economic status– Economic security of older women

So…are we there yet?

Our reports are available at www.nhwpi.org