Ard 2008

Tutorial Overview

This tutorial will introduce you to the fundamental design components of Advanced Road Design (ARD) for:

creating and editing typical cross sections (templates) creating a Road with a typical cross section (template) applied editing the vertical grading and viewing cross sections extracting volume information plotting long and cross sections

The design represents a typical road construction project where there are few design constraints. A series of projects in Tutorial 5 will focus on road reconstruction techniques within ARD, however information learned in the previous tutorials is assumed for the Tutorial 5 projects

Goals

Time required: 60 minutes

Project Data Introduction

Before you Start - Please start Civil 3D 2008 and open the drawing file C:/CADAPPS Training Data/Civil 3D 2008/ARD2008/Simple_Road_Design.dwg.

This project data includes a surface and a collection of alignments to control Road centrelines as well as offsets of different parts of the road cross sections. The overall Site Plan is shown below:

Tutorial 1 - Simple Road Design

Road Design Tools Outputs Become familiar with the ARD user interface Create and apply a typical cross section (template) including

pavement layers and slope conditions Create a Road Use the Vertical Grading Editor to design the Road centreline

Generate Road design outputs including: obtaining volume reports displaying the road extents (batter lines) in the drawing creating a surface model of your design obtaining cross section and vertical curve reports

Plot long section and cross sections of your design

Highlighted in this screen image is Marin Street - this alignment (Marin) will be used to generate a simple road design.

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Surface Data

A single surface named NS exists in the drawing. All alignments are inside the extents of this surface

Alignments

Alignments have been created in the drawing, as follows:

Note: All Road centreline alignments have the prefix of 'r-' in the Alignment Description. The Marin alignment is to be converted into a Road. MarinREB alignment will be used to widen out the right edge of the road pavement.

Running Commands - Menus and Toolbars

As discussed in the introduction, there are two common points of access to the ARD commands; menu or toolbars.

For the purposes of these tutorials, almost all commands are available from the Roads-Main toolbar, shown below:

Creating a Typical Cross Section (Template)

As part of creating a Road, designers must apply a Template (or typical cross section) to the Road to describe the shape of the cross section. A template normally forms the 'backbone' of your road design and describes the typical shape and arrangement of the cross section - designers then perform local adjustments to the cross section to suit specific design conditions.

It is important to understand how to create, modify and apply templates.

Whilst creating a Template can be done prior to creating a Road, we will explore the tools in the software for creating and editing typical cross sections before creating a Road.

Opening the Template Editor

There are two main access points for opening up the Template Editor:

By clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Settings]-[Create/Edit Templates] from the Menu By clicking on the icon on the Vertical Grading Editor. (Note: This will be discussed later in this tutorial)

To open the Template Editor:

Step 1: Click on the icon (from the Roads-Main toolbar) or select [Roads]-[Settings]-[Create/Edit Templates] from the Menu.

Crossing Roads

As part of the 'initialisation' of the software, all alignments in the drawing with 'r-' in the alignment description are checked for intersections. Immediately the designer is alerted to the intersections in the software where alignments cross over, as shown below:

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Step 2: Using the pick list, set that the 'Side Road Alignment' is SYDNEY. Then click on OK.

Special Note: This form is only displayed where the software detects alignments that are crossing in the drawing.

Viewing and Editing Templates

The Template Editor will be displayed:

The current Template (Local Metric Road) is noted at the top of the form.

This form requests the designer to designate which alignment will be the Side Road when roads are created. The Side Road always changes levels to match the shape and levels of the Main Road.

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A Template includes the following elements:

Labels - these are named by user. The label geometry is defined by a distance and either slope or vertical distance relative to the next label toward the C.L. Some label names are important for intersection design - click here for more information.

Sections - these connect between Labels and include a top surface and subgrade layers. A 'kerb' is a collection of Sections with a non-parallel subgrade.

Slopes - these connect the last Label of the Template to the surface. The designer determines what default slope conditions to apply.

Navigation and Display Controls

You can review other templates for editing by using the Select Template button and selecting the template from a list, or you can use the Next and Previous buttons to cycle through the templates.

A view of the template is shown below the (pink and green) data entry grid - this view is automatically updated to reflect changes you make to the surface, slopes or subgrade. You can change the vertical exaggeration by clicking on the pick box in the frame entitled Display Controls. Buttons also enable

Pan, Zoom to Extents and Zoom to Window for the view window. The Offset and Level are reported as the mouse pointer is moved inside the cross section view window.

The Cut/Fill Display Controls at the top right control the display of the slope conditions applied (in cut or fill) to a user defined depth below or above the C.L. Click on the radio button for Show Fill Conditions to see the subgrade and batter slopes in fill.

Create and Edit Controls

Designers can create or delete templates by clicking on the button.

Adding or editing the geometry for the cross section is best managed via the following controls:

This collection of tools enable creation and editing of the cross section components:

Create Batter Conditions - assigns the default slope conditions to apply to the template. Create Section - use this to create either:

a single section between two labels, with subgrade layers a 'kerb' section consisting of multiple labels, including subgrade

Edit Subgrade for Section - use this to edit the subgrade layers for sections or kerbs in the template

To change the offsets or slope/vertical conditions, simply overtype values in the data entry grid.

Widening a Typical Cross Section (Template)

Step 3: For the first line (Leg 1), click in the cell under the Column entitled Horizontal Distance on the left side and change the value to 3.5m. As soon as you move to another cell you will notice that the cross section viewer updates to show the change in pavement width on the left hand side of the template. Make the same adjustment to the Horizontal Distance on the right hand side (the green cell).

You have just created a 7.0m wide road (measured pavement to pavement edge) by editing the Local Metric Road template.

Note: Designers can create Local or Public Cut/Fill Display Controls at the top right control the display of the slope conditions applied (in cut or fill) to a user defined depth below or above the C.L. Templates. Here are the differences:

Local Template: this template resides with the current project only and is able to be used in the current project. You use Local templates to provide typical cross sections to your road.

Public Template: this template resides in the ARD 'common' path and is always available to view, edit or copy in ANY project. These templates are your permanent library of typical cross sections. A public template CANNOT be applied to a particular project, but a Local copy can be made.

Creating a New Template

Let's create a new template for Marin Street.

Step 4: Click on the button Template Options to display a list of Template controls. From the List select the option New Local and click OK.

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The following form will display

Creating a New Section

Step 5: To create a new Section, click on the button Create Section. This will open the following form:

Step 6: As highlighted, set up a new Section with the following parameters:

Top Surface Geometry: Label name: EB (the software will automatically put a prefix of L or R on the label when it is created, to define it on the left or right side of

the C.L.) Width of Leg: 3m Applied Slope %: -3%

Subgrade Layers:

Step 5: Type in a new template name of Marin 6m and click OK.

The Template Editor will now display the new Local Template Marin 6m.

This form provides a simple interface for creating each segment of the template, with the subgrade layers being defined at the same time as setting the geometry of the top surface.

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Fill in the table as shown. Type in a Depth for each layer and use the pick box to assign a material (click here to find out more about creating your own materials)

Leave the default to apply this new Section to Both sides of the Template and tick On the option to Plot Label.

The Plot Label option specifies whether: the label will be shown on the cross section views in the Template Editor, Vertical Grading Editor or Design Data form, and offsets and levels are plotted on the cross sections for this segment label

Tick it ON to plot the label or Off to hide the label.

Note: By default the subgrade layers are set to be parallel to the segment and stops/starts at the extents of the segment with a vertical line. The Subgrade Layer Adjustments tools enable the user to extend the subgrade out in fill conditions, change the vertical slope at the extents, have non-parallel layers and also extend the subgrade to match the sampled surface. These tools are explored in Tutorial 5.

Special Note: You can use the command button Edit Section to adjust the subgrade conditions for any selected segment.

Step 7: Click on OK to create the new section.

Users can readily adjust the offset (horizontal distance), slope or vertical distance and whether it is set to Plot.

Note: Since the subgrade layers are 'connected' to the label pairs, adjusting the label name will cause the subgrade to be removed from the affected section/s.

Special Note: For this tutorial, the labels LEB and REB are used for connection of kerb returns, cul-de-sacs and knuckles.

Creating Kerb and Channel

Step 8: Although this can be done via other means, there is a single command button to create a Kerb section. To create new Kerb and Channel, click

on the button Create Kerb. This will open the following form:

The new sections are displayed in the cross section viewer.

The data entry grid documents the geometry of the top surface for this segment.

This form provides a simple interface for creating kerb and channel

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Step 9: As highlighted, set up a new kerb and channel with the following parameters:

Top Surface Geometry: Fill in the table under Define Kerb Shape Parameters as shown for the Invert, Top and Back of Kerb

Subgrade Layers: Fill in the table as shown under Define Sudgrade Layers.

Leave the default to apply this new Section to Both sides of the Template.

Special Note: Use the command button Edit Kerb to adjust the subgrade conditions for a selected Kerb section.

Step 10: Click on OK to create the new kerb and channel:

Users can readily adjust the offset (horizontal distance), slope or vertical distance and whether it is set to Plot.

The data entry and resulting view output have been highlighted for clarity.

Creating Naturestrip and Footpath

The kerb and channel is created from the addition of three new Sections, including assignment of subgrade layers. Note the .15m extension behind the back of kerb, as specified.

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Step 11: Create a naturestrip and footpath using the same process as for creating the pavement sections:

Creating Slope Conditions

The typical cross section includes default slope conditions to match up with the sampled (natural) surface.

Step 12: To create slopes for the template:

Naturestrip 1. Click on the Create Section button 2. New Label: FPI (Footpath Inner) 3. Width of Leg: 1m 4. Applied Slope (%): 5% 5. Tick ON the option Plot Label 6. Leave all other defaults and click OK

Footpath 1. Click on the Create Section button 2. New Label: FPO (Footpath Outer) 3. Width of Leg: 2.5m 4. Applied Slope (%): 2.5% 5. Tick ON the option Plot Label 6. Under Subgrade Layers

1. Layer 1 Depth: 0.1m 2. Material: Concrete

The cross section template is complete except for batter slopes.

Left Side Batters

Click on the button Left Side to create slope projections for the left side of the template.

Right Side Batters

Click on the button Right Side to create slope projections for the right side of the template.

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Note: The Cut/Fill Display Controls at the top right control the display of the slope conditions applied (in cut or fill) to a user defined depth below or above the C.L.

The Template is now complete and is displayed below:

Slopes are being displayed to a depth of 2m in Cut. Use the toggle in the Cut/Fill Display Controls at the top right to change the depth of cut displayed or to show the template in fill conditions.

Step 13: Click on OK on the Template Editor to exit the form.

Creating a New Road

To create your first road, follow the following steps:

Step 14: Start the command by clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Create/Edit Road] from the menu.

At the command line you will be prompted to Select required road alignment. Click on or around the alignment of Marin Street.

Note: Advanced Road Design (ARD) finds the alignment by searching for the one nearest to the selected point. It is not essential to snap to the alignment, and a list will be presented if more than one alignment is found within a reasonable offset from the selected point.

This displays the Add Road form:

Using the pick box, the designer can set the type of slope/daylighting conditions to apply. Leave this at Single which is the default

Type in a Cut Slope 1:1 and a Fill Slope 1:1. Then click on OK to apply the batter conditions.

Fill in the form as shown above and click OK.

The Alignment Name is used for the Road Name and is displayed at the top of the form.

Leave the Road Type to the default.

Using the pick box next to Select Template, choose Marin 6m to define the cross sections applied to the Road.

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Designers can select any Civil 3D surface as the 'Sampling Surface' for the Road - this will be treated as the 'natural' surface levels in the Vertical Grading Editor (below). Leave the Select Sampling Surface to the default.

The general cross section sampling is controlled by changing the spacing across the Tangents, Arc Segments and Spiral Segments along the alignment - for now accept the defaults. Note: The software will automatically include a cross section sample at the geometry points.

Click on Set Section Widths to change the width displayed in the Cross Section Display window on the Vertical Grading Editor.

Click on Use Layers to add cross section sampling based on the start/end of lines in the drawing on the layer AR-Chainages. Note: This command button will ONLY be displayed if the layer AR-Chainages exists in the drawing

Step 15: Click on Add Extra Sampling to change the cross section sampling over a selected chainage range and to add individual cross section sample points:

Improve the cross section sampling between Chainage 80 and 120 by reducing the Spacing to 2m, as shown above. Click OK to exit this form.

Special Note: There are other settings that control the behaviour of the Road - click here for more information.

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Step 16: Leave all other options to the defaults and click on Create/Update to create the Road. This will

exit the form and display yellow lines on the screen at the sampled cross section location; and open up the Vertical Grading Editor for you to do a vertical grading on the Road centreline

Creating a Vertical Alignment

The Vertical Grading Editor (VGE) will be immediately displayed with a fitted vertical grading (design profile):

This is the Vertical Grading Editor (VGE) with the model view in the background. In the drawing, the green marker 'tracks' the location of the mouse pointer in the VGE. The yellow lines represent the cross section sampling along the road.

The VGE is the central interface for designing the vertical grading (profile) in ARD for any and all Roads, Kerb Returns, Cul-de-sac, Knuckles, Roundabouts and Profiles. This screen provides complete information about the vertical grading and provides a comprehensive design interface for creating and editing your design vertical grading.

The software has automatically done a 'first pass' design to generate a best fit grading matching closely to the samples surface levels. Design IP's (yellow dots) are created with tangents between (yellow lines) and parabolic vertical curves (cyan curves) across the IP's. The sampled (NS) surface is represented by a green line.

Viewing Your Cross Sections

Step 17: To view your cross sections click on the Display Cross Sections icon located on the left hand side of the VGE:

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Cross Section Viewer Display Controls

The cross section view can be resized and repositioned by using the command buttons at the bottom left corner of the VGE. By default, the cross section viewer will display to the right of the VGE.

Display different cross sections by right clicking in the VGE window. There is also a pick list showing the current cross section chainage, to select the cross section you want to view.

Cross Section details include:

Design surface - shown blue Natural surface - shown green Design labels Cross Section grades (toggle on the box next to the % symbol, as shown above Offsets and levels when the mouse pointer is inside the cross section viewer

Cross sections automatically and dynamically update as you make changes in the Vertical Grading (profile).

Note: You can edit the applied template and create more templates by clicking on the Create/Edit Templates button.

Cross Section Design

An appropriate cross section was designed prior to and applied at the time of creating the Marin Road, inclusive of batter slopes. You can control what templates and slope conditions are applied to the road via the Design Data Form.

Step 18: From the VGE click on the Design Data form:

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The Design Data Listing area displays all the applied data to the cross sections.

The viewer down the bottom shows the actual cross section for the selected chainage. You should use the pick box under the Display Controls heading to toggle through the cross sections to view the output of the applied design data.

Only one Template has been applied. You could add more by clicking on the heading Template Data in the data listing and then the Add/Remove Data button. For the moment leave the current controls as they are - we will revisit this area of the software in Tutorial 2 to initiate local adjustments in the cross sections.

Step 19: Click Save and Exit to exit the Design Data form and return to the VGE.

Step 20: Save and exit the VGE by clicking on OK. This will return you to the drawing window of Civil 3D.

Congratulations! You have just completed your first simple road design.

Changing the Vertical Alignment

It is imperative that you become familiar and proficient with the various IP editing tools available in the Vertical Grading Editor (VGE). Whether creating a Road, Kerb Return, Cul-de-sac, Knuckle or other road object, the Vertical Grading Editor enables editing of the vertical geometry (as well as the cross sections)

This tutorial will form an introduction to the various tools available to design the vertical grading to suit your requirements.

Opening the Vertical Grading Editor

Step 21: To open the Vertical Grading Editor click on the icon or select [Roads]-[Create/Edit Road] from the menu.

Note: You can also click on the icon to obtain an immediate list of available roads to open.

The command prompt will read:

Step 22: Click on the Road alignment for Marin Street. Alternatively, press Enter to obtain a list of all Road objects created. Select the Road from the list.

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The Vertical Grading Editor for Marin will immediately open:

The Vertical Grading Editor - Interface

The VGE is the design centre for your roads - from here you can edit the vertical grading and make all adjustments to the cross sections such as: create/edit and apply templates, adjust batter slopes, very cross section widths/slopes, widen onto alignments and more.

A view of the VGE is shown below, with notations highlighting the different design components within the editor window:

The details of the VGE are fully covered in the Vertical Grading Editor command within this Help system.

General Navigation and Display Controls

By default, the vertical alignment is shown from the start to the end of the alignment. The software also undertakes an automated vertical grading 'best fit' inclusive of vertical curves.

You can navigate within the vertical grading design window using the following command icons in the VGE:

The VGE form can be resized vertically and horizontally simply by grabbing an edge of the form and dragging to the preferred location. The entire window and also be moved around by clicking and dragging the top bar. The window can also be minimised and set to full screen using the buttons at the top right.

The Zoom Road icon will zoom the AutoCAD drawing to show the entire road. The VGE form does not preclude you from zooming, panning or even running commands in Civil 3D.

Controlling the Display of Information

Certain information within the VGE can be turned on and off and can be resized. Control of the information displayed is from the Active Drawing Settings when the Road is created. To change the information displayed click on the icon at the top left. The Profile Editor Settings form will

, Zoom in and out by a fixed ratio

Put the whole road length in the VGE

Zoom to a window

Pan around (it is easier to hold down and drag the middle mouse button to pan)

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display:

Creating a Vertical Grading

Getting Started

At this stage, the 'best fit' vertical grading is applied to Marin Street and includes vertical curves and IP's to best match the existing surface levels.

Step 23: Remove the 'best fit' design by clicking on the button. This will remove all the IP's and reinstate an IP at the start of the Road and an IP at the end, both matching to the sampled surface.

Creating IP's

Let's add some design IP's to improve the design:

Step 24: Click on the Create IP icon.

For this exercise, experiment by toggling on and off different display items in the form and clicking OK.

The Maximum Grade for Warning and Minimum Grade for Warning will highlight when grades to the left and/or right of an IP are outside of these grade limits. When the grade display box is RED, the minimum or maximum grade limit has not been met.

For this tutorial, the settings shown (left) are to be applied to the VGE window.

At the prompt to select a location for the new IP, click somewhere on the VGE window near Chainage 80 and close to the sampled surface (green line).

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The following form will display:

An IP is inserted on screen with the chainage, level and vertical curve specified. The vertical curve is represented in cyan, with tangents displaying yellow. All level information in the VGE is updated to reflect the new vertical grading. Additionally, if displayed, the vertical curve length will also be displayed in the design window.

Special Note: The Maximum Length displays the largest vertical curve length that can be specified without overlapping other IP's or other vertical

Step 25: Confirm that you are happy with the Chainage and Level - as the designer you are able to set whatever Chainage and Level suits. Enter a Vertical Curve Length of 40m and click OK.

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curves. The K Length displays the minimum vertical curve length to be applied to achieve the minimum K value set in the Profile Editor Settings form.

If a vertical curve is not required then leave the vertical curve Length set to 0.01.

Step 26: Add another IP by clicking on the Create IP icon.

This time the IP will be created to ensure a grade of 0.7% from the IP just inserted to this new IP. To do this:

Two new IP's have been created, with a -.7% slope between, as specified.

It is always helpful to note the grades between IP's and the IP levels. The grade information in the design window will identify grades between IPs. Designers can also hover their mouse pointer in the drawing to obtain specific details on the IP in the VGE window, immediately above the OK button:

Step 27: Set the following parameters:

Chainage: 130m. Set the chainage where the IP will be inserted Vertical Curve Length: 40m Under Grade Selection

tick ON the option Set In Grade: This will grey out the Level field and enable the In Grade field. The level will be adjusted when the IP is created to guarantee the specified incoming grade to the IP, THEN

In Grade: -0.7%. The incoming grade to the IP will be -.7%

Click on OK to create the next IP.

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Note here the details of IP number 2 (the second IP from the left) is shown and describes the Chainage, Level and Grades (left and right of the IP). The colour of the boxes identify if the IP is within (green) our outside (red) specified maximum and minimum grade tolerances (set in the Profile Editor Settings form).

Step 28: Time to experiment. Add an additional IP near the end of Marin Street to generally match the sampled surface. Either use the Create IP command or try one of the following alternatives for creating an IP:

Don't worry about making any mistakes - a range of IP editing tools are covered below.

Editing and Deleting IP's

The IP editing tools are all collected together on the VGE window:

Step 29: If not currently displayed, click on the Display Cross Sections icon located on the left hand side of the VGE to show the cross section viewer.

GRAPHICAL EDITS

Step 30: Graphically edit your IP at chainage 80 by clicking on the Free Move Icon. At the prompt select the IP near Chainage 80 and graphically move the IP - it will move anywhere until the vertical curve will overlap another IP or vertical curve. If you right click on the VGE window while moving the IP to see the nearest cross section - note how the cross section dynamically updates as the IP is moved.

Click on the IP again to complete the command and store the new location of the IP.

Step 31: Explore the other GRAPHICAL editing tools by clicking on the icon, then clicking on the IP. Simply click on the IP again to complete the command:

NUMERIC EDITS

Step 32: To change and IP by numerical input, click on the Edit IP icon and select and IP on the screen to edit:

Step 33: Explore some of the other NUMERIC editing tools by clicking on the icon and following the prompts.

Insert IP on the Surface at a Cross Section: Click near a sampled cross section to create a new IP with level matching the sampled surface level

Insert IP on the Surface: Click to create a new IP with level matching the sampled surface level

Move IP left/right only and constrain vertical movement

Move IP up/down only and constrain horizontal movement

Slide IP on grade. Select left or right of the IP to slide the IP along the grade (left or right, pending which side of the IP is selected) line.

All the fields that are not greyed out can be edited.

This is exactly the same form displayed at the time of creating the IP. Designers must use this form to edit the Vertical Curve Length.

Make any changes as desired and click OK.

Click on an IP to set its level by ensuring that the design passes through a point defined by a chainage and level (set by you).This will enable the raise/lower of all IP's in the design by a specified amount

This will raise/lower all IP's by a fixed amount to achieve a specified overall volume of cut or fill for the road

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DELETING IP's

You can delete IP's at any time by clicking on the Delete IP icon and selecting the IP on screen.

Undoing Mistakes

If a mistake is made, use the Undo icon to restore the vertical grading back.

Outputs From the Vertical Grading Editor

You can obtain outputs from your road design as you are editing. Once you have created a first pass or make a change to the vertical grading you can:

Show Design Extents

Step 34: Click on the Draw Batters In Plan icon to draw the batter extents in the drawing window. This will show there the slope projections match to the sampled surface.

Create a Design Surface

It is often desirable to see the output of your design as a surface model. With ARD this is a single button click exercise.

Step 34: Click on the Create Road Contours icon to create a Civil 3D surface model of the current road design:

Note: This creates a single road model. To obtain a trimmed model accounting for intersections designed, use the following commands:

Auto Model: Creates a single trimmed model of all Roads, Kerb Returns, Knuckles and Roundabouts. Auto Model Datum: As above, but models the datum (bottom of the subgrade) as a Civil 3D surface

Your surface contours should show with two shades of blue.

Create a Volume Report

Volume reports can be generated at any time for the road you are designing. The volume report includes stripping volumes, pavement volumes, and cut and fill volumes for the road being designed. A breakdown for the different subgrade pavement layers is included.

This will raise/lower IP's by a fixed increment - type in the increment value required.

Note: Subject to ticking on the option Show Volumes on the Profile Editor Settings form, a volume table will be displayed and updated as you move the IP up and down.

The surface is created in Civil 3D, including trimming the boundary edges.

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To generate a report:

Step 35: Click on the Compute Volumes icon from the VGE:

Use the X at the top right of the Wordpad form to close the Volume Report - if this is not done, then the volume report will not be updated if you run the Compute Volumes command again.

Note: the volume report can include allowance for stripping material and compaction factors on cut and fill material. This is explored below. For a more comprehensive report you can open the Volume Report ([Roads]-[Reports]-[Volumes]) tools. See below for more details.

Allowance for Strip Volumes and Compaction Factors

Many designers need to allow for stripping of topsoil from the site prior to road construction and also to account for bulking factors on cut and fill materials. These can be set from the Design Data form:

Step 36: From the VGE click on the Design Data icon:

Step 38: Click on the button Add/Remove Data to add a new stripping condition

Step 39: At the form the displays, click on the button Add Entry.

Now the data editor opens for you to determine the stripping conditions required:

A message will be displayed to confirm that the report has been created, as well as the saved location.

A Wordpad file is generated (shown left) detailing the volume of cut and fill and the material volumes for the subgrade layers.

Step 37: Add a Stripping Data condition by first clicking on the row named Stripping Data

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Step 40: The data editor on the right will display. Type in a Start Chainage and End Chainage to apply the stripping, as well as a Strip Depth at the start and end.

Step 41: Click on Update Current Data to add this data entry. It will be listed as a row of information under the Stripping Data heading.

Step 42: Follow Steps 37-41, with the following differences:

Highlight Volume Factors as the design data type Apply the following bulking factors with parameters as shown, right (or other bulking factors, as desired)

Note: On update of the data the summary list on the left will include an entry under the heading Volume Factors. Simply click on the entry on the left to see and edit the detailed data on the right.

Step 43: Click on Save and Exit to exit the form.

Step 44: Click on the Compute Volumes icon and note the adjustments in the volume report

The Total cut and Total fill quantities are also affected by this removal of material prior to cut, fill and compaction of material for the road pavement.

Balancing Earthworks

It is often desired to balance earthworks for each Road. To achieve this for a particular road:

Note the Stripping Volume - this represents 100mm of material removed from the surface prior to construction works commencing.

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Step 45: From the VGE click on the icon. The following form will display:

You should notice all the IP's move up or down to achieve the requested volume output.

Step 46: Click on the Compute Volumes icon to generate a new volume report - in the final summary the cumulative volume will be zero (or very close to zero):

Important Note: As part of the automated intersection design tools, the software will automatically set IP levels to match the cross section of any main roads - if IP's in the vicinity of the main road are edited, the edits will be overwritten when the intersection levels are recomputed.

Step 47: Make any other adjustments to the vertical grading as desired, then click on OK to exit the Vertical Grading Editor.

The next steps are to generate plotting outputs and analyse other reports.

Plotting Long Sections

Initiating a Long Section Plot

Step 48: Click on the Plot Long Sections icon to create a long section output of the road. At the prompt, click on the Marin alignment.

This will open the following form:

Type in 0 (zero) as the cumulative cut/fill volume and click on OK

You can control which long sections will plot by creating a list of sections to plot.

To do this click on the Edit Selected Sections List button.

Here you can select which sections will be used for Setout, Cross Section and Long Section plotting.

Note: By default, the Extra Sections added in at the time of creating the road

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Leave as defaults and click on Apply and Exit.

This will return you to the form to select the section list to plot:

Click on Selected Sections in this instance to proceed with the plot.

are set to not plot.

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Use the icon to draw a 'window' around the area of interest in the PlotPreview layout. Before selecting the window you can use your wheel mouse button to zoom and pan around the drawing. To zoom the entire plot preview layout click on the icon. Use the pick list to preview different pages that will be generated for the long section - the software automatically splits the long section over multiple sheets as required.

Saving your Plot Styles

One of the most important functions within the Long Section plot form is the ability to SAVE your plot style configuration for re-use. The functionality to save and recall saved plot style is contained in the lower portion of the Long Section plot form

Output Controls

There are a wide variety of options to change the output details of the long section plot. You are strongly encouraged to explore the options available to meet your drafting standards.

For this Tutorial we will make adjustments in selected areas of the Long Section plot by accessing some of the tabs at the top of the form. Details in the General, Fonts and Surfaces tabs will be adjusted to change the output plot:

Step 48: Click on the General tab and input the following details:

Change the horizontal scale (X Scale 1:) to 250. Change the vertical scale (Y Scale 1:) to 50. Change the Bottom Margin to 20. Select the Title Block 'A1 Title' from the pick list. Note: See below for details on adding your own Title Blocks.

General Tab

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Click on the button Update Display to view the changes

The profile now spans over two sheets and is contained inside a Title block.

Surfaces Tab

The Surfaces tab contains all the controls for displaying row data at the bottom of the long section, as well as the vertical grading lines showing the levels along each feature (defined as an offset from the C.L, a String/Profile or Label). Here we will add vertical curve and grade information for the design centreline, extra rows for the Cut/Fill depths and display the left and right edge of bitumen levels. The table lists the applied row/profile data - the Add Rows/Bands data area enables you to add extra row/profile data. You can also re-order the rows using the Move Up and Move Down buttons:

Step 50: Add Vertical Curve and Grade information to the profile for the Design C.L. by:

Clicking on the last line in the table representing the profile assigned to the Design C.L. Clicking on the Edit button Using the pick box below highlighted above and changing it to Show VC and Grades. This will identify that the VC and Grade information should

be displayed for the design C.L. You could also change the Heading as desired - this controls the name for the row displayed Next to Plot Selection, use the pick box to assign the LPLOT-DESIGN-CL layer to display the design centreline profile Click OK to apply the changes.

Step 51: Change the assigned layer for the Existing surface profile by:

Clicking on the second line and clicking on the Edit button Using the pick box next to Plot Selection to assign the LPLOT-EXIST-CL layer to this profile and click OK

The data list will appear as follows:

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Step 54: Add a row for the Left Edge of the Road by clicking on the button located under the Add Rows/Bands heading:

Fill in the details as shown and click OK.

Step 55: Add a row for the Right Edge of the Road by clicking on the button located under the Add Rows/Bands heading:

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Fill in the details as shown and click OK.

Step 56: Add a row for the Cut/Fill depth by clicking on the button located under the Add Rows/Bands heading:

Step 57: Exit the Profile bands form by clicking OK. Click on the Update Display button to refresh the plot preview. Note the extra rows of data and the new long section lines.

Tick ON to apply a Profile and use the pick list to select Marin as the profile to obtain Cut/Fill levels.

Set the Heading as desired and click OK.

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Many of the permanent components of the long section plot can be set to particular layers.

To achieve this, simply use the pick box to change the Text Layer and Line Layer for the different components.

In this case, set the Profile Grades and Profile VC Length to use the layer LPLOT-GRADE-TEXT.

Click OK to exit the form and then Update Display to review the changes.

Note how the grade text information is adjusted based on the colour and linetype of the selected layer.

Note: See below for more information on setting up the plotting layers.

Updating the Display

Click on the button Update Display to apply all the changes to the long section plot:

Fonts etc Tab

This step will alter the colour of the grade line and Vertical curve information.

Step 58: Click on the Fonts tab and input the following details:

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Saving and Loading Plot Styles

At the bottom of the Long Section plot form are the options to Save Style and Load Style.

Step 59: Click on the button Save Style and provide a name - you can now use the option Load Style at any time to recall this style of long section plot display.

Plotting the Long Section

Step 60: Once you are happy with the display click on the Plot to Layout button to plot the long sections to a series of sheets (Layouts) in the drawing - the software will automatically create as many sheets as necessary to cater for the length of the road, horizontal scale and plottable area on each sheet. A plan view of the long section is also automatically created in the upper section of the layout - this can be deleted or modified pending user requirements.

Before Changes

After Changes

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Note the output is to a standard Layout in AutoCAD, enabling full drafting control

Plotting Cross Sections

Initiating a Cross Section Plot

Step 61: Click on the Plot Cross Sections icon to create cross section outputs for the road. At the prompt, click on the Marin alignment.

Use the icon to draw a 'window' around the area of interest in the PlotPreview layout and click on the icon to zoom to the entire extents.

Use the pick lists under Display Control to preview different pages or different sampled chainages that will be generated for the cross section.

Saving your Plot Styles

Click on Selected Sections to proceed with the plot.

Note: By default, the Extra Sections added in at the time of creating the road are set to not plot.

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One of the most important functions within the Cross Section plot form is the ability to SAVE your plot style configuration for re-use. The functionality to save and recall saved plot style is contained in the lower portion of the Cross Section plot form

Output Controls

There are a wide variety of options to change the output details of the cross section plot. You are strongly encouraged to explore the options available to meet your drafting standards.

For this Tutorial we will make adjustments in selected areas of the Cross Section plot by accessing some of the tabs at the top of the form. Details in the Options, General and Crossfalls tabs will be adjusted to change the output plot:

Options Tab

Step 62: Click on the Assign Plotting Layers button to assign layers to feature objects in the cross section plot. Use the pick lists under the headings Text Layer and Line Layer to assign the ARD defined layers to the selected objects. Change the line and text layers for the Items as noted below:

Note: Users can create their own layers to apply on the cross section plots. From the Options tab, click on the Set Plotting Layers button to create new or edit existing layers. See below for more information on setting up the plotting layers.

Step 63: Click on OK to exit this form.

General Tab

Step 64: Click on the General Tab and set to match below:

Crossfalls Tab

Step 65: Click on the Crossfalls Tab and set to match below:

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Updating the Display

Step 65: Click on the button Update Display to apply all the changes to the long section plot:

Note: The colours have been adjusted and cross section details are now displayed on the cross section.

Saving the Plot Style

Step 66: Click on the button Save Style and provide a name - you can now use the option Load Style at any time to recall this style of long section plot display.

Plotting the Cross Sections

Step 67: Once you are happy with the display click on the Plot to Layout button to plot the cross sections to a series of sheets (Layouts) in the drawing - the software will automatically create as many sheets as necessary to cater for the cross section widths, horizontal and vertical scale and plottable area on each sheet.

Before Changes

After Changes

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Note the output is to a standard Layout in AutoCAD, enabling full drafting control

Information - Setting Up Your Plotting Layers

Users can set up their own layers for the different components of the Long Section and Cross Section Plots. These settings can be made globally (to affect all future projects) or locally (for just the current project). The process is as follows:

Click on [Roads]-[Settings]-[ Set Plotting Layers] command:

On clicking OK the user is then able to customise layer names, colours and linetypes.

Once you have set the layers for the current project then they can be applied at the time of plotting.

Users can set up the layers for either the Cross Section or Long Section plotting.

Use the option This Project to set layers for the current project only. Use the option Project Defaults to set the layers you want as the default layers in new projects.

Simply type in a Layer Name for the drawing. Click on the Colour cell to set the colour for the layer and click on the Line Type layer to set the linetype.

Note: Users can set up the list of linetypes from the command [Roads]-[Settings]-[ Edit Plot Plan Feature Line Settings].

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Information - Adding a Title Block

At the time of plotting, users can simply use a pick box to select a Title Block to use as a frame and to set the plotting area of the long and cross sections.

The full details of creating a Title Block for use in ARD is covered elsewhere in this Help System, however the general process is as follows:

1. draw your title block (.dwg), with the lover left corner at 0,0, and save it to the ARD Common folder. 2. Start the command [Roads]-[Settings]-[Edit Title block Settings]. This will open up a simple text file that specifies ,on two lines, the name of the

title block (Line 1) and the plotting extents (Line 2)

The sketch to the left indicates how the software operates. You reference in a drawing file and set the plottable area with the bottom left corner (x1,y1) and top right corner (x2,y2). This is expressed in the file as follows:

Setout

Step 68: Start the command by clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Setout] from the menu.

At the command line you will be prompted to Select required road alignment. Click on or around the alignment of Marin Street. The following form will display:

The setout form will then display for you to control the method of setout and drafting controls.

Output Controls

Step 69: Click on Selected Sections to proceed with the setout.

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The tick boxes mid left control what you want to include in the setout, both in the drawing and in any table/s or external file.

The mid left area is dedicated to controlling the size and location of text and lines created as part of the setout.

The top right area enables the user to choose the spacings for the setout.

The bottom right area is used to select the Setout Method.

Step 70: Make the following adjustments as shown, left

Set Out Point: LEB and REB Offset to Text: 10 units left and right (this will offset the setout point label from the actual marker location) Tick on the following options

Draw Offset - draws an arrow from the label to the marker Show PN - will display the point number as the label Circle Number - will circle the point number Save to File - makes an external file of the points Text Table - puts a simple table in the drawing of the setout

Font: Set to ICOCP.shx.

Step 71: Leave all the other settings to the defaults and click Create Setout.

Setout Output

The points for the LEB and REB label, at each section in the Selected Sections list, are now drawn. Point numbers are applied by the software, working from the Initial Point No of 1. A simple table is also created, which the user can shuffle around the drawing where desired.

Use the top left pick boxes to select the cross section features (labels) to set out.

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Getting More out of Setout

There is a methodology for outputting the setout into Civil 3D as Civil 3D point objects. This has significant benefits in drafting control of the output. Please click here for more information.

Reports

There are a wide variety of reports available and users are encouraged to investigate the options:

A subset of the reports will be applied as part of this Tutorial.

Volume Report

Step 72: Start the command by clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Reports]-[Volumes] from the menu.

Step 73: Road Selection heading - note that the report option is to obtain a volume report for all created Roads. Leave this as default.

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Step 74: Under Output Options tick on the following:

Subgrade by chainage Subgrade by material totals Section by Section Report for bulk earthworks

Step 75: Click on OK to create the report

Here is a sample of the file.

Displayed up the top is the bulk earthworks calculations.

Displayed centre is the subgrade by chainage

Displayed at the bottom is the materials totals.

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Cross Section Listing

Step 76: Start the command by clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Reports]-[Cross Section Listing] from the menu.

To control the listing, select items from each of the frames.

By Chainage lists all the selected surfaces at the one chainage together.

by Surface list each surface individually.

If you don't have any surfaces toggled on under Select Surface the software will list the chainages, centreline co-ordinates, bearing and radius only.

Step 77: Choose By Chainage, show the Natural Surface and Design Surface, leave the Chainages and Show data as default and click OK.

A Wordpad document is created for designer review.

Vertical Curve Listing

Step 78: Start the command by clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Reports]-[Vertical Curve Listing] from the menu.

The Wordpad report displays the IP levels and Vertical Curve lengths for the Road.

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Congratulations!

You have now completed a simple road design including documentation of your design.

Other Drafting Outputs

Plot Plan Features

It is often desired to plot the road layout in the drawing, with the opportunity to set layers based on the labels of the cross section elements. To do this:

Step 80: Click on the icon or start the command [Roads]-[Plot Plan of Road].

Step 81: At the command prompt, click on the Marin Road alignment.

Note the lines drafted in the drawing on different layers and with different colours.

Note: The user can control the layers that are used for each label - please see the command Edit Plot Plan Features Line Settings for more information.

Quick Drawing Cleanup

Step 82: It is easy to quickly tidy up drafting in the drawing that has been created by ARD (such as the cross section sample lines). To do this click on the icon or start the command [Roads]-[Utilities]-[Clean Up]. The following form will display:

For clarity in the picture (left) the surface display has been turned off.

Step 83: Tick on the drafting you want to delete from the drawing. Tick on the options shown.

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Step 84: Click OK to delete the selected drafting lines.

Step 83: Use the AutoCAD menu command [File]-[Save] to save your drawing. You can use this same drawing for Tutorial 2.

Summary

In this tutorial you have learnt

Before After

Road Design Tools Outputs The main components of the ARD user interface How to create and apply cross section templates How to create a Road Methods to design the Road Centreline Profile via the Vertical

Grading Editor

How to generate a Volume summary report That you can display the road extents (batter lines) of the design

at any time How to create a Civil 3D surface of the road design The controls to plot

long sections cross sections

How to set out the design data for drafting presentation and upload to survey equipment

About some of the different design reports for the road

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Tutorial Overview

In green field sites where there are few or no constraints, road design often includes a constant cross section shape running the full length of the road.

On many jobs, however, there are environmental, financial and other constraints that need to be considered in the road design. This inevitably leads to localised adjustments to the cross sections along the road. The cross section widths may need to change, the crossfalls may need to be adjusted, retaining walls may need to be included for some sections, or batters may need to extend onto a pre-defined alignment (such as a property boundary). Footpaths may need to be set to match the existing surface levels. Saw cut points may need to be a set distance above the road surface.

In Advanced Road Design (ARD) a wide range of tools are included to make numerous adjustments to cross sections where required along the road - this tutorial will explore some of these tools.

Note: Some real-life applications of the cross section controls learnt here, as well as independent longitudinal control of the cross section labels, will be covered in the Road Reconstruction tutorials.

Goals

Understand how cross sections are applied to a road and that there are many methods to make adjustments Learn how to

Use Templates to adjust the cross sections Change slope projection conditions Remove sections from the cross section where required Locally vary the width and/or slope of part of the cross section where required Insert new sections into the cross section Stretch a section of the cross section onto an alignment Drape a label onto a surface

Time required: 30 minutes

Project Data Introduction

This tutorial follows on from Tutorial 1.

Before you Start - If required, please start Civil 3D 2008 and re-open the saved drawing file C:/CADAPPS Training Data/Civil 3D 2008/ARD2008/Simple_Road_Design.dwg.

Note: if you have not saved the drawing you can open the drawing file named Simple_Road_Design-Tutorial2.dwg

The focus of this design is on methods to locally edit the cross sections as desired for the Marin Road alignment. The current project status is shown below:

It is intended to adjust the cross sections to:

change the pavement and footpath widths near the start of the road (not shown on the sketch) change slope projection conditions along the road (not shown on the sketch) remove the footpath along a partial length of the road linearly vary the width/crossfall of the road along the road, to manually superelevate the road control the offset of the southern side of the pavement using an alignment insert a retaining wall along the northern side of the road, between the footpath and the back of kerb (not shown on the sketch) extend the batter on the southern side to match the building line (not shown on the sketch) drape the inside edge of the footpath (closest to the road) onto the surface along a partial length of the road

Design Data and the Cross Section Editor

Tutorial 2 - Simple Road Design - Adjusting the Cross Sections

Highlighted in this screen image is Marin Street with the current surface output - notations on this image indicate some of the design changes that are required for the cross sections.

Notes: Automated superelevation processes will be covered in the Rural Road Design tutorial. Table drains are covered in the Rural Road Design tutorial. Some of the Variation controls will be explored as part of the Road Reconstruction tutorials

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There are many different ways to control the cross sections along a road - each designer will have a preference for different methods, and some methods are better in certain design situations. The options covered here are to explain to you some of the core functions to make adjustments to your cross sections.

The Design Data Form is the centralised area for applying adjustments to the cross sections

Opening the Design Data Form

Step 1: Open the Vertical Grading Editor by clicking on the icon or selecting [Roads]-[Create/Edit Road] from the menu.

Note: You can also click on the icon to obtain an immediate list of available roads to open.

Step 2: At the prompt, click on the Road alignment for Marin Street. Alternatively, press Enter to obtain a list of all Road objects created. Select the Road from the list and click OK.

The Vertical Grading Editor for Marin will immediately open:


The top left form details all the data that has been added to the cross sections (known as the Data Listing). Click on a + sign to expand out each data input type and view the applied data.

The top right form is a dynamic Data Editor form - it will display the details of data highlighted on the left and enables editing of the data. Use the ? to graphically select the Start Chainage or End Chainage from the drawing.

The viewer down the bottom displays the actual cross sections resulting from application of the design data. The Display Controls include tools to navigate the viewer - the most important one is the pick box under the title Select Chainage to Display. Use the pick box to show the cross section at any sampled location along the Road.

Step 44: Click on the Save and Exit button to exit the form - we will revisit it shortly to apply some new data.

Applying Multiple Templates

One of the easiest and most fundamental methods of adjusting the cross sections is to apply different cross section Templates to the road - each template can signify a change in cross section slopes, new features (such as a median) or widening of sections of the Template. Within ARD users can apply templates wherever they need to along the Road length.

Design Concept

In this case, let's assume that the first 40 metres of the road requires widened footpaths on both sides (2.5m wide) and with a different crossfall slope off the back of kerb (10% slope instead of 2.5%). It is an easy proposition in this case to create a new Template with these features and then apply it to the right location along the road:

Create the Template

The first step is to create a different Template (typical cross section) you want to apply.

Special Notes: The Legacy commands are supported and can be displayed in the Design Data form. For this tutorial only the commands most relevant to the current version of the software are displayed.

The command button Select Display List on the Design Data form provides the designer with the ability to turn on/off any of the available commands. For a full list of the commands available refer to the Vertical Grading Editor command in the Help system.

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Step 5: From the VGE click on the icon to open the Template Editor:

Step 6: Use the Select Template button to select and display the Local Template Marin 6m, as shown above.

Step 7: Following on from what you learnt in the previous Tutorial, click on the button Template Options to display a list of Template controls.

Step 8: From the List select the option Local Copy and click OK. In this case it is going to be much easier to make a copy of the Marin 6m template than to create a new one from scratch.

Step 9: At the form, name the new template Marin 6m 2.5m footpath and click OK. A new template will be made with that name, as a copy of Marin 6m.

Step 10: Use the data entry list at the top to change:

The Slope (%) of the LFPI and RFPI labels (Leg 5) to 10% The Horizontal Distance of the LFPO and RFPO labels (Leg 6) to 2.5m

Step 11: Click on Save and Exit to save the changes to the new Template and exit the form back to the VGE.

Apply the Template to the Road

Now it is time to apply the new Template to the first 40m of the Road.


The Design Data Form will display:

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Step 13: You can do this initially or after you have inserted a new Template. Click on the data row under Template Data (you may have to click the + sign to expose this entry) and note the Design details on the right.

Step 14: Change the Start Chainage to 40m and click on the Update Current Data button. You will notice in the Cross Section Viewer down the bottom that the cross section is 'missing' between chainage 0 and 40.

Step 15: Click on the line Template Data and then click on the Add/Remove Data button:

Step 17: Fill in the details as shown below for the new Template Data entry:

The Design Data Listing will update with the new entry:

Step 16: Click on the button Add Data - it is time to put the new cross section template into the Road.

Step 18: Click on the button Update Current Data to add the data to the road cross sections.

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The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the change in the cross section between Chainage 40 and Chainage 50:

Step 19: From the VGE click on the Create Road Contours icon to create a Civil 3D surface model of the current road design including the footpath adjustments:

The output clearly shows the transition of the footpath from 2.5m to 1.5m from Chainage 40 to Chainage 50 - this represents the change between the two templates.

The creation of the surface also highlights the steeper slope on the naturestrip up Chainage 40m, then a transition to a flatter slope at Chainage 50.

Designers are encouraged to apply new Templates wherever this is the most efficient and effective way to make a change - at a time of inserting a median or a collection of new features (labels) would be an appropriate time to consider applying a different template.

In instances where there are a number of changes occurring to the cross section at different Chainage ranges, the maintenance of the templates becomes onerous - the Variation tools then come into their own (we cover those shortly).

A Longer Transition?

It may be desired to 'transition' between the two templates over more than just one cross section sample (10m). This can be readily achieved in the software by changing the Template extents and adding in an extra 'Merge' template.

Here is an example of Template Entries required to set a specific chainage range over which to merge templates:

Changing Slope Conditions

The slope projection that extends from the edge of the road design to the Sampled Surface tends to change regularly along the design for a number of reasons - the most common one is to avoid covering services and to prevent excessive fill around trees.

Chainage 0-40 - the Marin 6m 2.5m footpath template applies

Chainage 40-End - the Marin 6m template applies.

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There are three common requirements that the designer has in regards to Slope Projections:

Change the slope batter (make it steeper it or flatten it out) Set a fixed offset for the slope batter to match the Sampled Surface (sacrifice batter slope) Set the batter line to an alignment - the Variation tools will be used to achieve this (below)

The Cross Section slopes are currently being defined by the applied Templates - we can readily add data in the Batter Definition to force an override to the default slopes.

Design Concept

Apply slope adjustments

This works like an override to the default slopes on the Template, however the Batter Definition area can be used to create new slopes along the road in the instance where the Template doesn't include the slope projections.


The Design Data Form will display.

Step 21: Click on the line Batter Definition and then click on the Add/Remove Data button.

Step 22: Click on the button Add Data - it is time to apply the new batter conditions.

Step 23: Fill in the details as shown below for the new Batter Definition entry:

The Left side cut/fill slope should be set at 1:10 and the Right side cut/fill slope should be set to 1:1 to match existing conditions.

Step 24: Click on the button Update Current Data to add the data to the road cross sections.


Note: The data is stored in the list in a comma separated format - once you become acquainted with the layout of the data you will be able to interpret the details of the data immediately from this list.

The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the change in the cross section where the new batter conditions are applied.

In this case, let's assume that the batter between Chainage 140 and 180 on the Northern side should have a slope projection of 1:10 slope.

Note: The designer can easily set a 'changing' batter slope by choosing different slope conditions at the Start Chainage and End Chainage - the software will linearly adjust the slopes in between.

Chainage 0-140 and 180-End - default slopes of 1:1 Chainage 140-180 - slope override to 1:10.

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Step 25: From the VGE click on the Create Road Contours icon to create a Civil 3D surface model of the current road design and review the changes

Immediately before and after this slope override, the software uses the previous or successive sampled section to transition to the slopes.

The Batter Definition command should be to add new Slope Batters before Chainage 140 and after Chainage 180 if it desired to transition the slope change over a specified chainage range.

Variations - Editing Section by Section

A collection of editing commands are contained under the heading VARIATIONS in the design data form. The VARIATIONS command area includes a collection of tools for adjusting individual labels on the design cross section.

This is an extremely powerful aspect of the software, enabling focused cross section editing of any label (leg) of the cross section (excepting the slope conditions) over any selected chainage range.

Each edit to the cross section is made in order, from the first Variation to the last. The cross sections are processed to sequentially force overrides to the cross section.

The balance of editing commands will be made via the VARIATIONS area.

Deleting Legs of the Cross Section

It is not unusual to need to 'stop' and 'start' features, such as retaining walls, along your design.

Whilst application of different templates can also achieve this effect, using a combination of either Inserting Legs or Deleting Legs can prove a very efficient option for creating and removing components of the cross section where required.

Design Concept

Deleting Legs - Footpath



The output clearly shows the 1:10 slope projection between Chainage 140 and Chainage 180.

In this case, let's assume that the footpath on the south side of Marin Street, between Delawn Street and Adelaide Street, is not required. For the purposes of the exercise, the outer label describing the footpath (LFPO label) will be removed, from Chainage 20 to Chainage 50.

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Step 27: Click on the line VARIATIONS and then click on the Add/Remove Data button.

Step 29: Fill in the details as shown below for the new DELETE entry:

Step 30: Click on the button Update Current Data to remove the footpath from the road cross sections.


Note: Users can select any chainage values, as well as have the software add these as extra cross section sample points using the Create Chainage at START and Create Chainage at End tick boxes. If these are ticked on, clicking on the button Add Data Entry Chainages on the Design Data form will add the extra sections.

The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the deleted footpath sections.


Step 28: Select Delete Leg as the edit option and then click OK.

Note: Since the order of entries can become important to how the cross sections are processed, the user is able to select where in the order of Variations the new entry is placed. The options to select the Insert Location assist in this process.

The Move Up and Move Down buttons on the Design Data Form are also available for re-ordering the Variations.

Pick the extents of the delete using the ? or type in 20m for the Start Chainage and 50m for the End Chainage. Use the pick box to select the RFPO label for deletion.

Chainage 0-19.99 and 50.01-End - right footpath exists

Chainage 20-50 - right footpath removed.

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Note that the next outer section (in this case, the slope projections) 'snap' onto the next inner label (in this case the inside edge of the footpath, or RFPI, label).

This facility can be used to stop any feature of the cross section where required, such as a saw cut line, retaining wall, footpath or other feature.

Linearly Vary the Width and/or Slope of a section of the Cross Section

This method of adjustment enables the designer to select a feature (label) of the cross section and to override the width/slope values over a selected chainage range - because the designer can specify both the start width and slope and the end width and slope, this method allows for linear transitions in the cross section shape.

This method of adjusting the cross sections has wide ranging applications:

Transition from kerb and channel to kerb and apron Lay back the kerb to allow for driveways and pedestrian crossings Manually change the road crossfall over a selected chainage range Transition pavement width over a selected chainage range change footpath crossfalls and/or offset to the back of kerb

Design Concept

In this case, it is desired to change the crossfall of the road leading into the bend to change from a two way to one-way crossfall in order to reduce the volume of cut as well as assist motorists negotiating the bend.

Use the Cross Section viewer in the Vertical Grading Editor or the Design Data Form to confirm that most of Marin street experiences a 1 way crossfall in the sampled surface, with the south (or right) side of the road being the high side.

In order to achieve this it is proposed to VARY the slopes of the right pavement (REB) label in two steps:

VARY 1: On the approach to the curve (Slope of -3% at Chainage 40, linearly changing to a slope of +3% at Chainage 80), AND VARY 2: Continue the 1 way crossfall for the rest of the road (Slope of +3% at Chainage 80 and a Slope of +3% at Chainage 1000)

Varying Legs - VARY 1 From Two-Way to One-Way Crossfall



Step 33: In the Design Data Listing form, click on the DeleteLeg line under the VARIATIONS heading and then click on the Add/Remove Data button.

The output clearly shows the removal of the outer edge of the footpath between Chainage 20 and Chainage 50.

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Step 35: Fill in the details as shown below for the new VARY entry:

Step 36: Click on the button Update Current Data to apply the override to the crossfalls.


Note: It may be required to use the Move Up or Move Down button to rearrange entries in your jobs.

Users can select any chainage values, as well as have the software add these as extra cross section sample points using the Create Chainage at START and Create Chainage at End tick boxes. If these are ticked on, clicking on the button Add Data Entry Chainages on the Design Data form will add the extra sections.

The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the change in the crossfall for the right edge of the pavement.

Step 34: Select Vary Leg as the edit option and then click OK.


The Move Up and Move Down buttons on the Design Data Form are also available for re-ordering the Variations after creation.

Pick the extents of the vary using the ? or type in 40m for the Start Chainage and 80m for the End Chainage. Use the pick box to select the REB label for deletion.

Chainage 40-80 - linear change to crossfall for the right side pavement edge

Chainage 0-40 and 80.001-End - 'default' slopes apply

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Keeping in mind the VARY command works as an OVERRIDE to the cross sections, we need to initiate another VARY command to force the cross sections to maintain the one-way crossfall formation.

Note: for a 'traditional' pavement superelevation, each side of the road would require up to 3 VARY commands per curve. If you are faced with a large number of curves or you want automation in the pavement (and shoulder if required) crossfall adjustments please refer to Tutorial 6 or the Compute and Apply Superelevation command.

Varying Legs - VARY 2 Maintaining One-Way Crossfall

In the Design Data Listing click on the VARY command you just created. Note that it details the VARY command on the right for immediate editing as required.

Step 37: Click on the line VARIATIONS and then click on the Add/Remove Data button.

Step 38: As previously, select Vary Leg as the edit option and then click OK.

Step 39: Fill in the details as shown below for the new VARY entry:

Step 40: Click on the button Update Current Data to apply the override to the crossfall.


Note: Users can select any chainage values, as well as have the software add these as extra cross section sample points using the Create Chainage at START and Create Chainage at End tick boxes. If these are ticked on, clicking on the button Add Data Entry Chainages on the Design Data form will add the extra sections.

The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the adjusted road crossfall.


The slope linearly changes from -3% at Chainage 50 to +3% at Chainage 80 Outside of this VARY command extents (Ch 40-80) the default slope of -3% is applied to the right side of the pavement.

Pick the extents of the vary using the ? or type in 80m for the Start Chainage and 1000m (beyond the end of the road) for the End Chainage. Use the pick box to select the REB label for deletion.

Chainage 80-End - constant +3% crossfall applied.

Toggle through the cross sections to confirm:

the change from two-way to one-way crossfall between Chainage 40 to Chainage 80, and;

one-way crossfall being maintained for the balance of the Road.

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The output clearly shows the changing crossfall between chainage 40 and chainage 80.

After chainage 80 the one-way crossfall is maintained.

You can return to the Design Data Form at any time and change the Start/End conditions of the VARY commands to adjust the crossfall change range as required.

Alignment Control on the Cross Section

In Civil 3D, any polyline can be readily converted into an alignment. Civil 3D also includes a rich set of tools for creating alignments using a combination of graphical and numeric controls and maintaining tangency between the elements of the alignment.

ARD provides facility to take any leg of the cross section and change its horizontal geometry to match an alignment (excluding the batter labels LBAT and RBAT, controlled by the Template and Batter Definition). The shape of the cross section (working outside from the centreline) is maintained.

Design Concept

Step 42: In the Design Data Listing form, click on the last data listing line under the VARIATIONS heading and then click on the Add/Remove Data button.

Step 44: Fill in the details as shown below for the new Widen to Alignment

The right side of the road in the area of the intersection is to be widened, in preparation for further intersection treatment. At the moment the width is 'constant' where it is defined by the Template entries.

In order to achieve a non-linear adjustment to the width of the road, an alignment has been created.

The alignment 'MarinREB' will be used to adjust the offset of the right side of the road pavement (the leg width is defined by the offset of the REB label).

Step 43: Select Widen to Alignment as the edit option and then click OK.



Set the alignment to affect the REB label for the full extents of the road by typing in 0m for the Start Chainage and 1000m for the End Chainage.

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Use the pick box to select the REB label for deletion.

Set the Widen Method. Two options are available:

Make SURE you pick MarinREB as the alignment to widen to.

Step 45: Click on the button Update Current Data to remove the footpath from the road cross sections.


Note: It may be required to use the Move Up or Move Down button to rearrange entries in your jobs.

Users can select any chainage values, as well as have the software add these as extra cross section sample points using the Create Chainage at START and Create Chainage at End tick boxes. If these are ticked on, clicking on the button Add Data Entry Chainages on the Design Data form will add the extra sections.

The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the alignment control affecting the pavement width.


Change Offset & Level: maintain the crosffall while widening the label (change level) Change Offset Keep Level: maintain the level difference while widening the label (change crossfall)

Chainage 110 - widening of the pavement to match the alignment

Scroll through the cross sections, particularly between Chainage 80 and 130, to see the significant widening out of the pavement.

Exit the Design Data Form to review the cross sections in the VGE - in this view you can scroll along the design long section and concurrently see where you are in the model.

The output clearly shows the width of the right edge of the road adjusting to match the alignment.

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Remember when we created the Road that we set Extra Spacings between Chainage 80 and 120 with a spacing value of 2m - we are now reaping the reward of this tighter spacing with a more accurate modelling of the alignment direction changes.

The parts of the cross section 'outside' of the REB label move as a collective unit - they just get repositioned to maintain their previous offset/level relationship to the REB label.

Widening to an alignment isn't just limited to the pavement! Experiment with the inside edge of the footpath or other feature - anything you need to have a non-constant offset relative to the Road centreline should be considered for widening onto an alignment you define.

Insert a new Label/Leg - Retaining wall example

It is not unusual to need to create extra 'legs' in the cross section to cater for such things as:

bus/parking bays offset road crown saw cut lines retaining walls

Any time you want another grade break in the cross sections, you either need to create and apply a new template or consider using the Insert command.

Design Concept

In order to achieve this, the user could approach the task by:

1. creating more Templates and applying them at the relevant location/s, or 2. Use the Insert command to create the top and toe of the retaining wall where required along the roadway

The Insert Leg command includes the added functionality to specify a tapering width and/or changing slope at the time of inserting the new labels/legs.

Note: Alignment and profile controls could further be applied to the retaining wall to manage the retaining wall levels and offsets for the top and/or toe of the wall.

Inserting Legs - First Insert

Offset to top of retaining wall


For this example, it is desired to have a retaining wall located 0.5m from the back of the kerb and with a 0.5m drop to the footpath, to reduce the depth of cut/fill at the property boundary on the northern side. The retaining wall will extend from Chainage 20 to Chainage 70.

Step 48: Select Insert Leg as the edit option and then click OK.

Note: Since the order of entries can become important to how the cross sections are processed, the user is able to select where in the order of Variations the new entry is placed. This is particularly important to this Insert process - if you get the order wrong the retaining wall reverse order on the legs!

The Move Up and Move Down buttons on the Design Data Form are also available for re-ordering the Variations after

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Step 49: Fill in the details as shown below for the new Insert Leg

Fill in the details as noted left. The NEW label for the cross section is named LTRW (Left Top of Retaining Wall).

Step 50: Click on the button Update Current Data to insert the new leg into the cross section between Chainage 20 and Chainage 70.


The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the affect of the inserted label.

This can be further controlled by using the Vary Leg, Widen to Alignment or other variation control (such as Use Profile and Label to Surface, which are explored later in this Help System)

creation.

Chainage 20-70 - new label for the top of retaining wall

Scroll through the cross sections between Chainage 20 and 70 to see the new label.

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Inserting Legs - Second Insert

Create the bottom of retaining wall


Step 53: Fill in the details as shown below for the new Insert Leg

Note the offset of .05m and the Vertical drop of 0.5m (resulting in a 10:1 slope face on the wall)

Step 54: Click on the button Update Current Data to insert the new leg into the cross section between Chainage 20 and Chainage 70.


The Cross Section Viewer can be used immediately to review the affect of the inserted label.

Step 52: Select Insert Leg as the edit option and then click OK.

Note: Since the order of entries can become important to how the cross sections are processed, the user is able to select where in the order of Variations the new entry is placed. This is particularly important to this Insert process - if you get the order wrong the retaining wall reverse order on the legs!


Fill in the details as noted left. The NEW label for the cross section is named LBRW (Left Bottom of Retaining Wall).

Chainage 20-70 - new label for the bottom of retaining wall

Scroll through the cross sections between Chainage 20 and 70 to see the new label.

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This can be further controlled by using the Vary Leg, Widen to Alignment or other variation control (such as Use Profile and Label to Surface, which are explored later in this Help System)


The output clearly shows the drop in the retaining wall starting at Chainage 20. A similar output is visible at Chainage 70 where the retaining wall stops.

Note how the footpath deviates to accommodate the additional width of the retaining wall, as well as changing grade in the distance from the previous cross section to Chainage 20 to allow for the 0.5m drop in the retaining wall.

You can of course readily adjust the start/end chainages via the Design Data form and the Insert Leg commands.

A bus bay would require two inserts:

First insert would be before the Top of Kerb (positioned after the Invert) and describe the back of an open dish, THEN Second insert would be before the Top of Kerb (positioning it after the NEW label for the open dish) and describe the slope/width of the bus bay

The Widen to Alignment command could then be applied to control the offsets.

Give it a go!

Extending the Batter to an Alignment

For certain sections of the road (and maybe the full length) it will be desirable to set the design extents (where the slope projection meets the surface) to use an alignment (rather than a fixed width or fixed slope). The crossfall slopes of the batter will therefore change along the road, with the match-in offset fixed by the user.

Whilst ARD doesn't specifically include tools to set the batter slopes (LBAT and RBAT labels) onto an alignment, there is a ready-made tool to Insert a new label and match to BOTH and alignment and a surface - this is the Insert With Surface command.

Design Concept

To do this a NEW leg will be inserted into the cross section, with the levels matching the surface AND using an alignment for the offset ('Marin-Right Building Line' alignment).

The 'batter' slope on the right will work from this label out to the sampled surface (so it will have zero offset).

Step 56: In the Design Data Listing form, click on the last data listing line under the VARIATIONS heading and th

Ard 2008

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