ArcticNet ArcticNet -- Theme 4Theme 4

Adapting to Change in the Canadian Arctic: Adapting to Change in the Canadian Arctic:

Knowledge Transfer, Policies & StrategiesKnowledge Transfer, Policies & Strategies

General objectives of ArcticNet:

• Build synergy among existing Centres of Excellence in the natural, human health and social arctic sciences (90 NIs from 22 Universities & 6 Federal Departments in Canada).

• Involve northern communities, Inuit organizations, industries, governments, and international agencies as partners through bilateral exchange of knowledge, training and technology

• Contribute to the training of the next generation of young arctic specialists (including Northerners)

• Consolidate international collaborations in the study of the Canadian Arctic (over 50 PIs from 12 countries).

• Contribute to the development and dissemination of the knowledge needed to formulate policies and strategies to adapt to change in the Arctic

IRIS IRIS –– Climate ChangeClimate Change

ChangesChanges ConsequencesConsequences

ResponsesResponsesCausesCauses

Theme 4 ObjectiveTheme 4 Objective

to provide information to aid decision makers in the to provide information to aid decision makers in the development of policies and strategies for adapting to a development of policies and strategies for adapting to a changing Arctic environment. changing Arctic environment.

Key FindingsKey Findings

Theme 4 results according to:Theme 4 results according to:

Natural and Environmental SciencesNatural and Environmental SciencesHealth SciencesHealth SciencesSocial SciencesSocial SciencesEach contributes to:Each contributes to:

changes, consequences, responses changes, consequences, responses –– and causesand causesAll present regions All present regions –– to all IRISto all IRIS

Natural and Environmental SciencesNatural and Environmental SciencesProjects: Projects:

4.1 Projecting into the Future: the Canadian Arctic 4.1 Projecting into the Future: the Canadian Arctic Environment, Tomorrow to 2100 Environment, Tomorrow to 2100 –– BarberBarber

4.3 Vulnerabilities & Adaptation to Meteorological 4.3 Vulnerabilities & Adaptation to Meteorological HazardsHazards -- StewartStewart

Both projects cover and provide information to all regionsBoth projects cover and provide information to all regions

Natural and Environmental SciencesNatural and Environmental Sciences

Four regional scale models:1. Baffin Bay 2. Beaufort Sea 3. Canadian Archipelago 4. 1. Baffin Bay 2. Beaufort Sea 3. Canadian Archipelago 4. Hudson BayHudson Bay

Examine:Sea ice, ocean climate and responses to temperature increase. Sea ice, ocean climate and responses to temperature increase.

Ice algae & plankton dynamics under iceIce algae & plankton dynamics under ice--covered subcovered sub--arctic conditions. arctic conditions.

DeepDeep--water currents to simulate deepwater currents to simulate deep--water renewal. water renewal.

Carbon coupling in iceCarbon coupling in ice--cover, freshwater discharges and water circulation.cover, freshwater discharges and water circulation.

Key FindingsKey Findings

A warmer atmosphere (4°C):IceIce--free arctic at the summer minimum as early as 2050.free arctic at the summer minimum as early as 2050.

Advanced spring seaAdvanced spring sea--ice melting by over 3 weeks in Foxe Basin, ice melting by over 3 weeks in Foxe Basin, 6 weeks in 6 weeks in James Bay.James Bay.

Extended iceExtended ice--free periods further accelerating melting rates.free periods further accelerating melting rates.

Highest rises in summer surface temp. in Highest rises in summer surface temp. in SE coast of Hudson Bay & James Bay.SE coast of Hudson Bay & James Bay.

James Bay sea surface warming over 7James Bay sea surface warming over 7°°CCwhile air temperature forcing was 4while air temperature forcing was 4°°C. C.

Foxe Basin and N. Hudson Strait lessFoxe Basin and N. Hudson Strait lessaffected by air temperature warming.affected by air temperature warming. Change in mean summer sea surface

temperature 4°C warmer air temperature(Saucier et al).

Key FindingsKey Findings

In fall, stored heat is released over a longer time, due to addeIn fall, stored heat is released over a longer time, due to added d thermal energy. Delayed freezing results in thinner seathermal energy. Delayed freezing results in thinner sea--ice cover.ice cover.

SeaSea--ice thickness in SE Hudson Bay and James Bay was reduced ice thickness in SE Hudson Bay and James Bay was reduced by over 35% in winter season. by over 35% in winter season.

Mean monthly sea ice concentration (Jun & Dec)

normal conditions (left) 4°C warmer air temp (right)

(Saucier et al)

In models, deficit of sea ice In models, deficit of sea ice production reached 700 kmproduction reached 700 km³³ ((-- 30%).30%).

Reduction of seaReduction of sea--ice generates a ice generates a deficit of melt waters in spring. deficit of melt waters in spring.

BuoyancyBuoyancy--driven circulation and driven circulation and freshwater outflow toward Hudson freshwater outflow toward Hudson Strait & Labrador Sea is affected.Strait & Labrador Sea is affected.

Key FindingsKey Findings

Change (%) in maximum mean sea ice thickness with 4°C rise in air temperature (Saucier et al)

Natural and Environmental SciencesNatural and Environmental Sciences

Field projects in three regions:1. Iqaluit 2. 1. Iqaluit 2. PangnirtungPangnirtung 3. Baffin Island3. Baffin Island

Examine: LargeLarge--scale and local atmospheric conditions conducive to scale and local atmospheric conditions conducive to generating hazardous weather conditions.generating hazardous weather conditions.

Critical weatherCritical weather--related hazards in the Canadian Arctic.related hazards in the Canadian Arctic.-- strong, variable surface winds strong, variable surface winds -- heavy snowfall heavy snowfall -- freezing precipitationfreezing precipitation

Regional strong storms and their effect on the community scale.Regional strong storms and their effect on the community scale.

Key FindingsKey Findings

Evaluation of atmospheric hazards over the eastern Arctic hasEvaluation of atmospheric hazards over the eastern Arctic hasdetermined:determined:

Some of the greatest impacts are linked with sustained periods oSome of the greatest impacts are linked with sustained periods of f strong winds enhanced in the Arctic by topographic conditions.strong winds enhanced in the Arctic by topographic conditions.

Persistent high wind situations are often linked with slowing doPersistent high wind situations are often linked with slowing down wn of synoptic systems that deepen over open water.of synoptic systems that deepen over open water.

Such winds at many locations (Iqaluit) are also associated with Such winds at many locations (Iqaluit) are also associated with lowlow--level jets having hazardous wind shear aloft for aviation.level jets having hazardous wind shear aloft for aviation.

Key FindingsKey FindingsTrends in occurrence and variability of hazardous strong wind evTrends in occurrence and variability of hazardous strong wind events ents at various locations are generally inconclusive.at various locations are generally inconclusive.

Differences in hazardous Differences in hazardous conditions between Iqaluit conditions between Iqaluit airport and a nearby airport and a nearby portable weather station portable weather station show variability in hazardshow variability in hazard’’s s strength down to small strength down to small spatial scales. spatial scales.

Community Contributions:Research shared through seasonal lectures during Iqaluit field wResearch shared through seasonal lectures during Iqaluit field work; ork; Relationships formed with Clyde River community; Relationships formed with Clyde River community; Major field experiment conducted in collaboration Nunavut partneMajor field experiment conducted in collaboration Nunavut partners;rs;Participation of Participation of AklavikAklavik, NWT & Old Crow, YT residents to convey , NWT & Old Crow, YT residents to convey weather impacts and perceptions of changing weather patterns.weather impacts and perceptions of changing weather patterns.

Scientific Contributions:

Few studies detailing weather hazards in the Canadian Arctic havFew studies detailing weather hazards in the Canadian Arctic have e previously been conducted. previously been conducted. Project work comprises nearly 50% of journal articles in ECProject work comprises nearly 50% of journal articles in EC’’s, s, National Atmospheric Hazards Project.National Atmospheric Hazards Project.

Health SciencesHealth Sciences

Projects: Projects:

4.4 Climate change, key traditional food species and 4.4 Climate change, key traditional food species and community health in the Arctic community health in the Arctic -- Furgal, ChanFurgal, Chan

4.5 Surveillance & Management of Northern Climate 4.5 Surveillance & Management of Northern Climate Change Impacts: Implications for Northern Public Change Impacts: Implications for Northern Public Health Policy & Infrastructure Health Policy & Infrastructure -- GosselinGosselin

Both projects cover and provide information to all regionsBoth projects cover and provide information to all regions

Health Studies / SciencesHealth Studies / Sciences

Community projects in: Community projects in: Yukon, NWT, Nunavut, Yukon, NWT, Nunavut, NunavikNunavik

Examine: Examine: Climate change impacts on health in Arctic communities Climate change impacts on health in Arctic communities relative to traditional food (TF) consumption:relative to traditional food (TF) consumption:-- nutrition and changes in nutrient intake;nutrition and changes in nutrient intake;-- exposure to contaminants;exposure to contaminants;-- vulnerability to environmental impacts;vulnerability to environmental impacts;-- levels of foodlevels of food security.security.

Qualitative research described key relationships between Qualitative research described key relationships between environmental factors:environmental factors:

warming temperatures (late freeze, early ice break up); warming temperatures (late freeze, early ice break up); weather (winds, snow conditions);weather (winds, snow conditions);changes in species migration (presence of polar bears);changes in species migration (presence of polar bears);

and their influence on TF harvest:and their influence on TF harvest:

availability (distribution and number); availability (distribution and number); accessibility (ability to reach animals via travel); accessibility (ability to reach animals via travel); quality (wildlife health, fat content, food safety).quality (wildlife health, fat content, food safety).

Key FindingsKey Findings

Variations in times for fishing and hunting are now observed:Variations in times for fishing and hunting are now observed:Arctic Char swimming up river earlier; Arctic Char swimming up river earlier; Snow geese staying longer in fall; Snow geese staying longer in fall; Decrease in Rock ptarmigan and in bird eggs available on islandsDecrease in Rock ptarmigan and in bird eggs available on islands..

Changes in quality of foods: Changes in quality of foods: different taste of caribou meat;different taste of caribou meat;abnormalities in Arctic Char flesh; abnormalities in Arctic Char flesh; thinner layer of fat on seals and caribou.thinner layer of fat on seals and caribou.

Changes attributed to: Changes attributed to: warmer temperatures; warmer temperatures; changing species ecology and consumption behavior;changing species ecology and consumption behavior;presence of contaminants in the environment.presence of contaminants in the environment.

Key FindingsKey FindingsAverage daily energy intake from TF Average daily energy intake from TF in Inuit diet:in Inuit diet:

caribou = 45% caribou = 45% ringed seal = 8% ringed seal = 8%

Caribou harvest drop of 10% or 50% = 5% or 25% decrease Caribou harvest drop of 10% or 50% = 5% or 25% decrease of protein, zinc, iron for region, sex & age groups. of protein, zinc, iron for region, sex & age groups. Ringed seal drop of 10% or 50% = 1% or 10% decrease of Ringed seal drop of 10% or 50% = 1% or 10% decrease of protein, protein, ωω--3 and minerals.3 and minerals.

ObservationObservation ConsequenceConsequence Country Country FoodFood

Nutrients AffectedNutrients Affected

►► thin icethin ice use boat earlieruse boat earlier ↑↑ fishfish vitamin D, protein, vitamin D, protein, ωω--3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids

►► ↑↑ snowsnow ↓↓ access to access to vegetation for vegetation for animalsanimals

↓↓ cariboucaribou iron, zinc, proteiniron, zinc, protein

Health SciencesHealth Sciences

Public health surveillance case studies in four regions: Public health surveillance case studies in four regions: Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut, Inuvialuit. Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut, Inuvialuit.

Research recognized:limited capacity for disease surveillance in Inuit health limited capacity for disease surveillance in Inuit health systems impacted by environmental changes;systems impacted by environmental changes;necessity for preparedness;necessity for preparedness;need to project forward to potential impacts.need to project forward to potential impacts.

Methods:obtain community health status (baselines);obtain community health status (baselines);assess public health surveillance capacity and environmental assess public health surveillance capacity and environmental monitoring among 4 regional case studies;monitoring among 4 regional case studies;engage novel methods to enhance capacity and adaptability.engage novel methods to enhance capacity and adaptability.

Key ResultsKey Results

2007 2007 NunavikNunavik case study was finalized and disseminated. case study was finalized and disseminated. 2008 2008 NunatsiavutNunatsiavut, Nunavut and Inuvialuit case studies to be , Nunavut and Inuvialuit case studies to be published.published.

Pilot projects resulted from initial findings from case studies to address:

infectious gastroenteritis (infectious gastroenteritis (NunavikNunavik) patient visit data collection ) patient visit data collection using Palm handheld technology in place of paperusing Palm handheld technology in place of paper--based notes;based notes;

drinking water (drinking water (NunatsiavutNunatsiavut) to investigate the relationship of:) to investigate the relationship of:-- source water turbidity (prior to treatment) source water turbidity (prior to treatment) -- weather measurements (precipitation, temperature and wind) weather measurements (precipitation, temperature and wind) -- local cases of infectious gastroenteritis.local cases of infectious gastroenteritis.

Key FindingsKey Findings

Health Surveillance:

Preliminary indicators of regional comparisons revealed positivePreliminary indicators of regional comparisons revealed positivepublic health surveillance and environmental monitoring conditiopublic health surveillance and environmental monitoring conditions in ns in Nunavik over the other three regions.Nunavik over the other three regions.

Characteristics:

Available resources: Nunavik Research Centre and other research Available resources: Nunavik Research Centre and other research networks support health and monitoring and surveillance programsnetworks support health and monitoring and surveillance programs

Nunavik public health system is part of QuNunavik public health system is part of Quéébec government and benefits bec government and benefits from clarity of provincial roles, responsibilities and programs from clarity of provincial roles, responsibilities and programs

Different layers of government are involved in complex public heDifferent layers of government are involved in complex public health alth monitoring and surveillance networks for other Inuit regions.monitoring and surveillance networks for other Inuit regions.

Drawback: Nunavik has less access to Federal programs focused onDrawback: Nunavik has less access to Federal programs focused onenvironmental monitoring initiatives (sea level and permafrost menvironmental monitoring initiatives (sea level and permafrost melting).elting).

Key FindingsKey Findings

Regional comparisons using basic health status indicators revealed that NunavikNunavik’’ss population is more disadvantaged population is more disadvantaged than any other Inuit population in Canada.than any other Inuit population in Canada.

Inuit communities in Inuit communities in NunavikNunavik experience poorer levels experience poorer levels of health than other regions of Quebec and Canada inof health than other regions of Quebec and Canada inaddition to;addition to;

younger population profile; younger population profile; lower average income;lower average income;lower life expectancy; and lower life expectancy; and higher poverty rates.higher poverty rates.

Social SciencesSocial Sciences

Projects: Projects:

4.2 Reducing Human Vulnerability to Environmental Changes 4.2 Reducing Human Vulnerability to Environmental Changes -- SmitSmit

people, communitiespeople, communities

4.6 Conservation, economic development & community values: 4.6 Conservation, economic development & community values: legal, policy and ethical perspectives legal, policy and ethical perspectives -- FreemanFreeman

Polar bear conservation huntingPolar bear conservation hunting

4.7 Science4.7 Science--Policy Interactions Policy Interactions -- McBeanMcBeanformal institutions formal institutions –– municipal, territorial, Inuit, federal, internationalmunicipal, territorial, Inuit, federal, international

4.8 Strengthening climate cooperation, compliance, coherence 4.8 Strengthening climate cooperation, compliance, coherence –– Janda, Janda, KoutoukiKoutouki

Legal aspects of climate changeLegal aspects of climate change

All projects cover and provide information to all regionsAll projects cover and provide information to all regions

Social SciencesSocial Sciences

Contribute to:

understanding ways Arctic communities are affected by understanding ways Arctic communities are affected by environmental change; environmental change;

role of adaptive strategies; and role of adaptive strategies; and

role of policy in addressing vulnerabilities.role of policy in addressing vulnerabilities.

Vulnerability assessments in 4 IRIS regions:Vulnerability assessments in 4 IRIS regions:

1. 1. TuktoyaktukTuktoyaktuk 2. 2. UlukhaktokUlukhaktok 3. 3. IgloolikIgloolik 4. Arctic Bay 5. Hopedale4. Arctic Bay 5. Hopedale

Examine vulnerability to climate change through assessing:Examine vulnerability to climate change through assessing:

hunter gatherer communities (sea ice travel); hunter gatherer communities (sea ice travel); institutions (local government change & adaptation);institutions (local government change & adaptation);infrastructure;infrastructure;youth.youth.

Key FindingsKey Findings

Vulnerability research looks at the role of relevant climate strVulnerability research looks at the role of relevant climate stresses in the esses in the context of other stresses. context of other stresses.

"Relevant" is a stress that affects some component of the commun"Relevant" is a stress that affects some component of the community's ity's livelihood, health, safety. livelihood, health, safety.

Relevant stresses are Relevant stresses are ‘‘exposuresexposures’’ (or exposure sensitivities) only if there (or exposure sensitivities) only if there are potential implications for the community (interpreted as negare potential implications for the community (interpreted as negative, but ative, but can also be an opportunity).can also be an opportunity).

Documented vulnerabilities:Documented vulnerabilities:

described relevance to communities (livelihoods, infrastructure,described relevance to communities (livelihoods, infrastructure, food food security) security)

illustrated how vulnerabilities relate to environmental change (illustrated how vulnerabilities relate to environmental change (ice ice dynamics, wildlife abundance, coastal processes, permafrost dynamics, wildlife abundance, coastal processes, permafrost degradation)degradation)identified present and future strategies to increase adaptive caidentified present and future strategies to increase adaptive capacity and pacity and address adaptation optionsaddress adaptation options

showed direct relevance to decisionshowed direct relevance to decision--makingmaking

Key FindingsKey FindingsInteractions encourage risk (stranded, losing equipment or life):

Climate change attribute (thinner, less predictable ice)Climate change attribute (thinner, less predictable ice)sociosocio--economic stresses (lack of jobs, food source, market value for teconomic stresses (lack of jobs, food source, market value for tusk) usk) resource management (first come first served policy to limit admresource management (first come first served policy to limit admin) in)

Future Future ‘‘exposuresexposures’’ relate to decreasing extent of sea ice. relate to decreasing extent of sea ice.

The new DND deep water port The new DND deep water port may provide wage opportunities may provide wage opportunities and decrease demand for tusks. and decrease demand for tusks.

The HTO and GN could reconsider The HTO and GN could reconsider allocation of allowable harvest limits allocation of allowable harvest limits to reduce the race to the floe edge.to reduce the race to the floe edge.

Social ScienceSocial ScienceResearch in all IRIS areas: ArviatArviat, Baker Lake, Clyde River, , Baker Lake, Clyde River, GjoaGjoaHaven, Haven, KugaarukKugaaruk, , QuaqtaqQuaqtaq, , TaloyoakTaloyoak, IRS and , IRS and TuktoyaktukTuktoyaktuk..

Examine:the legal, policy, administrative and ethical framework within the legal, policy, administrative and ethical framework within which polar bear conservationwhich polar bear conservation--hunting is practiced in the hunting is practiced in the Canadian Arctic.Canadian Arctic.

Key Findings

Communication and Outreach

Developed an active project list serve: www.ualberta.ca/polar/conservationhuntingwww.ualberta.ca/polar/conservationhunting

-- links researchers, northern partner organizations and over links researchers, northern partner organizations and over 30 groups and individuals, to hundreds of relevant postings 30 groups and individuals, to hundreds of relevant postings on projecton project--related topics (i.e. ca.400 research) and group related topics (i.e. ca.400 research) and group discussions. discussions.

Key Findings

Recognize the need for improved cooperation between indigenous knowledge holders and wildlife researchers and managers.

local-scale detailed indigenous knowledge has proved useful to environmental and wildlife/fishery scientists;

local knowledge has been combined with science to create a more culturally-appropriate resource stewardship / co-management arrangement;

indigenous knowledge satisfies scientific requirements for addressing other research questions.

Model predictions of climate change impacts on polar bears and other species must be perceived in terms of inherent uncertainties associated with long-term climate change predictions and associated biological and societal impacts.

Creative approaches to managing for uncertainty should be sought.

Key Findings

Project research aims to inform policy makers, politicians, the scientific community and media that highly-regulated polar bear conservation-hunting programs in Canada requires informed understanding.

Work is proceeding in cooperation with northern partners: (i.e. Alaskan Department of Fish and Game, Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress, Conservation Force, Harvard University, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Manitoba).

Research in this area is informed by novel approaches developed in the policy science arena and applied to polar bear conservation and conservation hunting.

Examine: Examine: science policy interface related to science policy interface related to Arctic climate change issues. Arctic climate change issues.

gap between science and policy and gap between science and policy and dilemma of integrating knowledge for dilemma of integrating knowledge for decision making on climate change.decision making on climate change.

Field research: Ottawa, ON and Iqaluit NUField research: Ottawa, ON and Iqaluit NU

Methodology Methodology

Qualitative tools: questionnaires, workshops, informal interviewQualitative tools: questionnaires, workshops, informal interviewss

To better understand the process by which relevant information iTo better understand the process by which relevant information is s brought to the attention of policy and decisionbrought to the attention of policy and decision--makers and makers and mechanisms for governments and organizations to likewise mechanisms for governments and organizations to likewise communicate concerns, priorities and information needs to Arcticcommunicate concerns, priorities and information needs to ArcticNet Net researchers. researchers.

Key Findings:Key Findings:

Information from community consultations and scienceInformation from community consultations and science--policy workshops has highlighted the importance of a policy workshops has highlighted the importance of a theoreticaltheoretical and and appliedapplied approach to scienceapproach to science--policy policy considerations.considerations.

Key Findings:Key Findings:

Mapping of government structures, policy processes and Mapping of government structures, policy processes and institutions that impact science policy interaction.institutions that impact science policy interaction.

Linkages between local, regional and national governments impactLinkages between local, regional and national governments impacting ing NunavutNunavut’’s climate change adaptation strategy;s climate change adaptation strategy;Role of the Canadian Polar Commission in promoting Canadian Role of the Canadian Polar Commission in promoting Canadian research in the Arctic and Antarctic research in the Arctic and Antarctic Collapse of CanadaCollapse of Canada’’s East Coast Cod Fisheries as a model s East Coast Cod Fisheries as a model demonstrating the need for a proactive approach to climate changdemonstrating the need for a proactive approach to climate change e Implications of CanadaImplications of Canada’’s S&T Strategy for Aboriginal Canadians in the s S&T Strategy for Aboriginal Canadians in the context of education and human security context of education and human security Role of traditional knowledge and science in national climate chRole of traditional knowledge and science in national climate change ange adaptation strategies adaptation strategies Arctic Council & Sustainable Development Arctic Council & Sustainable Development

Field research:Mackenzie and NunavikMackenzie and Nunavik

Examine: legal aspects of climate change.implications of a changing climate in governance;implications of a changing climate in governance;interactions with Inuit Landinteractions with Inuit Land--claims organizations;claims organizations;environmental protection and human rights; andenvironmental protection and human rights; andInternational sovereignty and diplomacy.International sovereignty and diplomacy.

Disseminate: legal and policy knowledge to stakeholders.Disseminate: legal and policy knowledge to stakeholders.

Key FindingsKey Findings

LandLand--claims agreement and Climate Changeclaims agreement and Climate Change

Integrative issue: a social science and governance applicationIntegrative issue: a social science and governance applicationof physical sciences realities of environmental change.of physical sciences realities of environmental change.

Innovative approach: accredited to integrative research linksInnovative approach: accredited to integrative research linksbetween the natural and social sciences in ArcticNet context.between the natural and social sciences in ArcticNet context.

How existing norms and institutions of the global climate changeregime contribute to the development of strategies for adaptation to climate change in the North.

Does international human rights law support and influence adaptation efforts (i.e. how a claim can be advanced that climate change violates the Inuit right to housing, on the grounds of cultural adequacy).

Key FindingsKey FindingsLand-claims project:Conflict:Conflict:Should the courts and arbitration tribunals fail to recognize Should the courts and arbitration tribunals fail to recognize and take into consideration this perception, conflicts and take into consideration this perception, conflicts concerning land claims agreements will supersede climate concerning land claims agreements will supersede climate change issues and delve into the larger cultural and legal change issues and delve into the larger cultural and legal divides that continue to separate Aboriginal Peoples and the divides that continue to separate Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian nation state.Canadian nation state.

IRIS IRIS –– Climate ChangeClimate Change

ChangesChanges ConsequencesConsequences

ResponsesResponsesCausesCauses

Theme 4 ObjectiveTheme 4 Objective

to provide information to aid decision makers in the to provide information to aid decision makers in the development of policies and strategies for adapting to a development of policies and strategies for adapting to a changing Arctic environment. changing Arctic environment.

ArcticNet ArcticNet -- Theme 4Theme 4

Adapting to Change in the Canadian Arctic: Adapting to Change in the Canadian Arctic:

Knowledge Transfer, Policies & StrategiesKnowledge Transfer, Policies & Strategies