Arctic Ocean Diversity ArcODArctic Ocean Diversity ArcOD

Regional focus – three environmentsRegional focus – three environments: : biodiversity in the Arctic sea ice, water column biodiversity in the Arctic sea ice, water column and sea floor from the shallow shelves to the and sea floor from the shallow shelves to the deep basinsdeep basins

StrategyStrategy::Compilation of existing Compilation of existing data, taxonomic data, taxonomic identification of existing identification of existing samples, new samples, new collections focusing on collections focusing on taxonomic & regional taxonomic & regional gaps. gaps.

- Pan-Arctic- Across realms- Protists, Invertebrates & Fish- recent extension into sub-Arctic- Comparison to CAML

Global Scope of ProjectGlobal Scope of Project

GIS modeling based on ArcOD data: Metridia longa, Rutzen et al.

Linking diversity to ecosystem functioning: 3 current examples (unpubl.)

Linkages between habitats: ice Linkages between habitats: ice algae control light (Gradinger in algae control light (Gradinger in

press)press)

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St. 6ACW

St. 10AW

13C

13C6.4

13C3.2

Comparing ecosystem structure – Comparing ecosystem structure – environment (Iken et al.)environment (Iken et al.)

More than presence data neededMore than presence data needed

2007 Scientific Results Tidbits2007 Scientific Results Tidbits

Changes on community Changes on community levellevel

Sirenko et al.

Immigration of new speciesImmigration of new species

2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results

Biological implications of Arctic warming

Grebmeier et al. 2006

Sirenko et al.Gradinger, Iken, Bluhm in prep

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Bottomfloe

Bottomridge

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Gradinger, Iken, BluhmGradinger, Iken, Bluhm

Refugia for Arctic taxaRefugia for Arctic taxa

Arctic DiversityArctic Diversity

invertebrates: ~ 5,000fishes: ~ 400microalgae: >400macroalgae: ~? (NAGISA)

New speciesNew species

New speciesNew species

New speciesNew species

Current inventoryCurrent inventory

Discovered in ArcOD: ~ 30To be discovered: few macro, several meio, many micro

DistributionDistribution

Origin of species: Pacific - Atlantic - Arctic/ endemisms?Least known regions/urgent questions:Diversity of deep sea regions ANDChange of ranges as a result of climate change and variability

Kosobokova et al. 2007Kosobokova et al. 2007

Euaugaptilus hyperboreus

Abundance/BiomassAbundance/Biomass

There is no such thing as THE Arctic:- Strong gradients on all trophic levels in all habitats- Great variability within shelves & basins- Less known: gradients at central ridges, seeps? Grebmeier et al. 2006

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Chukchi Shelf Slope

Spring 2002 Gradinger in pressKolga hyalina Chukchi Cap, MacDonald et al. in prep

Steps Toward Project SynthesisSteps Toward Project Synthesis

- understand linkages between small-scale / intermediate structure and species/community- capture full range of abundance & distribution e.g.: sea ice pressure ridges, sea floor depressions, ocean fronts (global phenomenon)

67.2 67.4 67.6 67.8 68 68.2

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Bluhm et al. in press

Combine community analysisCombine community analysisGIS modelingGIS modeling

Steps Toward Realm SynthesisSteps Toward Realm SynthesisData integration (ongoing):

- Collaboration on pan-Arctic scale- joint data base- input through minigrant process

Metridia longa, Rutzen et al.

Final product: Manuscripts (Special issue in 2008/09), Final product: Manuscripts (Special issue in 2008/09), symposia (2009), book (2010) symposia (2009), book (2010)

Kosobokova et al. 2007Kosobokova et al. 2007

Data Synthesis Arctic – AntarcticData Synthesis Arctic – Antarctic

Synthesis approach in book project Synthesis approach in book project

Services of a habitat and its Services of a habitat and its associated flora and fauna for all associated flora and fauna for all

stakeholdersstakeholders Book about sea ice services to be published in 2008/2009Book about sea ice services to be published in 2008/2009

- Heat budget, coastal erosion, oceanography- Heat budget, coastal erosion, oceanography-Native subsistence huntNative subsistence hunt

-Biodiversity Biodiversity -Beauty (Tourism)Beauty (Tourism)

-Resource explorationResource exploration

-Will have DVD with video clips produced by group of arts Will have DVD with video clips produced by group of arts students joining us in the fieldstudents joining us in the field

Visualization & CommunicationVisualization & Communication

Iconic graph:Prognostic biodiversity modeling based on Arctic warming impacts

aim: identify regions of maximum likelihood of diversity change

Similar to: ACIA 2005 report

Visualization & CommunicationVisualization & Communication

What are 1-2 additional “iconic” graphics summarizing the work of your project or realm that might be considered for the 2010 Synthesis?

- Map of current Arctic diversity patterns

-Map of sampling effort in the Arctic-Map all ship tracks ever conducting scientific sampling in the Arctic

3 major scientific achievements of your project- species data from past and current Arctic marine research projects incl. IPY made available- improved taxonomy of Arctic groups- (Publication of taxonomic keys)

- Student training

Science ImpactScience Impact

New speciesNew species

Baselines for… climate warming… oil and gas exploration … opening of shipping routes… ALL stakeholders

Expected Societal Impact Expected Societal Impact

Project Data Available in OBISProject Data Available in OBIS

The ArcOD data legacy:GBIF/AOOS records: 20570OBIS records: 3238

How much of that is new this year? Almost all

Total records available one year from now: >80,000

Species and depth coverage of the data.Nearshore to >3000 mFishes, zoobenthos, zooplankton, sea ice faunaTo come: phytoplankton, sea ice algae (>20,000 records)

Education & OutreachEducation & Outreach

Ocean Hall 2008IPY calendarPaintings, seminars,Images, Student training

Next StepsNext Steps

Until 2009: continue current data production2009/2010: Pan-Arctic Analysis as outlined beforeBeyond 2010: Establish and continue biological monitoring of Arctic seas on Pan-Arctic scale – involve ALL stakeholders

Zoo-plankton

Benthos

Icealgae

Phyto-plankton

Diving ducks

Walrus

Gray whaleBearded seal

Demersal fish

Zoo-plankton

Benthos

Phyto-plankton

Icealgae

Sea birds

Pelagic fish

MinkeBowhead

Modified from Carroll and Carroll 2003Modified from Carroll and Carroll 2003

Biological Monitoring Effort in EuropeBiological Monitoring Effort in Europe

Limits to KnowledgeLimits to Knowledge

Limits: Same old story: vastness of area, inaccessibility (logistical, political), current focus on processes, lack of taxonomists

Solutions: Barcoding, disappearing summer sea ice, ice breakers, ocean observing systems, imaging techniques, Involve public and industry

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Funding: DFG, NOAA, NSF, RAS, Funding: DFG, NOAA, NSF, RAS, Sloan F, and others Sloan F, and others

• Photo credit: Bluhm, Gradinger, Photo credit: Bluhm, Gradinger, Hopcroft, Iken, Raskoff, Hopcroft, Iken, Raskoff, Rogacheva, ROV Global ExplorerRogacheva, ROV Global Explorer