ARC’s Multi-modal LOS Analysis Highway Capacity Manual
Transcript of ARC’s Multi-modal LOS Analysis Highway Capacity Manual
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
ARC’s Multi-modal LOS Analysis
Highway Capacity Manual…a Level Playing Field…
Bruce W. Landis, P.E., AICP
Vice President
Sprinkle Consulting, Inc.
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
What gets “measured” gets “done”…• Artifacts provide the evidence:
– Highway Capacity Manual
– Federal Reporting by States (HPMS, etc.)
– AASHTO (Roadway Geometric Design)
Manuals
– Congestion Measures
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
A New Game….
• Complete Streets
• Livability
• Sustainable “Whatever”
• Economically-Efficient Corridors
• More to Come….
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Reliable Measures
• Fuel Savings
• Emissions / GHG
• Health Savings
• Economic Effects
• Motor Vehicle LOS
• Bicycling LOS
• Pedestrian LOS
• Transit LOS
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures – how progress is marked
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• Multi-modal LOS for Arterials
• Evaluated Bicycling & Walking Conditions Methods
• Established the Best Measures / Models
• Acknowledged Superiority of Bike/Ped Measures’
Approach to the Traditional MV LOS
• Tested then Intertwined all Modes’ Methods
• Created First Inter-translation QOS/LOS
• Established Simultaneous Reporting
National Cooperative Highway
Research Program NCHRP 3-70
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Nationwide Testing & Surveying
Oregon
Texas
Illinois
Virginia
California
Georgia
Florida
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Metro Atlanta NCHRP 3-70 Test Corridors
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• Auburn Avenue (Jesse Hill, Jr. Dr. to Peachtree St.)
• 17th Street (Northside Dr. to Market St.)
• Bullsboro Drive (Amlajack Blvd. to Greison Tr.)
• Buford Highway (Druid Hills Rd. to Clairmont Rd.)
• Cobb Parkway (Frey’s Gin Rd. to Allgood Rd.)
Metro Atlanta NCHRP 3-70 Test Corridors
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
National Cooperative Highway
Research Program NCHRP 3-92
• Update of the HCM
• Incorporate NCHRP reports, reliable
peer-and agency-reviewed methods
• Places Bike, Ped, Transit QOS/LOS
measures on par with MV measures
• Acknowledges the “new” approach of
asking “customers” for performance
measures
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures – how progress is marked
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
(Chapters 16 & 17 - “Complete Streets LOS”)
New Highway Capacity Manual
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
CompleteStreetsLOSFDOT’s Quality / Level of Service Handbook 2002 (and 2009 update)
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Highway System Structure
• Points
• Segments
• Facilities
• Corridors
• Areas
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Arterial Bicycle LOS Model
Bicycle LOS = a1(Seg) + a2(exp(Int)) + a3(Cflt)Where
Seg = length weighted avg. Segment Bicycle LOS Model
exp = exponential function
Int = average Intersection Bicycle LOS Model
Cflt = number of conflicts per mile (e.g., driveways, unsig. Int.)
a1, a2, a3 = coefficients
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Bicycle LOS Model
Seg = 0.507 Ln (V/(4*PHF*L)) + 0.199SPt*(1+10.38HV)2 +
7.066(1/PC)2-0.005(We)2+ 0.760
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Ln = natural log
PHF = Peak Hour Factor
L = total number of directional through lanes
V = Directional motorized vehicle volume (V>4*PHF*L)
SPt = Effective speed factor = 1.1199ln(S-20)+0.8103
S= Average running speed of motor vehicles (mph)
HV = Proportion Heavy Vehicles
PC = FHWA’s five point pavement service rating conditions
We = Average effective width of the outside through lane
Seg = 0.507 Ln (V/(4*PHF*L)) + 0.199SPt*(1+10.38HV)2 +
7.066(1/PC)2 - 0.005(We)2+ 0.760
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Effective Pavement Width Effects….
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
MV Volume Effects….
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pavement Condition Effects….
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Ln = natural log
PHF = Peak Hour Factor
L = total number of directional through lanes
V = Directional motorized vehicle volume (V>4*PHF*L)
SPt = Effective speed factor = 1.1199ln(S-20)+0.8103
S= Average running speed of motor vehicles (mph)
HV = Proportion Heavy Vehicles
PC = FHWA’s five point pavement service rating conditions
We = Average effective width of the outside through lane
Seg = 0.507 Ln (V/(4*PHF*L)) + 0.199SPt*(1+10.38HV)2 +
7.066(1/PC)2 - 0.005(We)2+ 0.760
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Arterial Bicycle LOS Model
Bicycle LOS = a1(Seg) + a2(exp(Int)) + a3(Cflt)
Where
Seg = length weighted avg. Segment Bicycle LOS Model
exp = exponential function
Int = average Intersection Bicycle LOS Model
Cflt = number of conflicts per mile (e.g., driveways, unsig. Int.)
a1, a2, a3 = coefficients
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Intersection Bicycle LOS
IntBLOS = - 0.2144 Wt
+ 0.0153 CD
+ 0.0066 (Vol15 / L)
+ 4.1324
Wt = total width of outside through lane and shoulder /
bike lane (if present)
CD = crossing distance, the width of the side street
(including auxiliary lanes and median)
Vol15 = volume of directional traffic during a 15-minute time
period
L = total number of through lanes on the approach to the
intersection
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
IntBLOS = - 0.2144Wt + 0.0153CD + 0.0066 (Vol15/L)
+ 4.1324
Case 3
CD
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Arterial Bicycle LOS Model
Bicycle LOS = a1(Seg) + a2(exp(Int)) + a3(Cflt)Where
Seg = length weighted avg. Segment Bicycle LOS Model
exp = exponential function
Int = average Intersection Bicycle LOS Model
Cflt = number of conflicts per mile (e.g., driveways, unsig. Int.)
a1, a2, a3 = coefficients
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS Model
Overall LOS Model:
= Worse of (Density LOS, Roadway Environ.LOS)
Density LOS = letter grade of LOS for “crowding” density ofsidewalks, walkways and street corners
Roadway-Ped LOS = letter grade of LOS for urban street based on
ped. safety / comfort factors reflecting
interaction with motor vehicles
Photo by SCI
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
From Chapter 18 of the 2000 HCM
LOS Min. Ped Space
per Person (SF)
Equivalent Max
Flow Rate per Unit
Width of Sidewalk
(peds/hr/ft)
A > 60 ≤ 300
B >40 ≤ 420
C >24 ≤ 600
D >15 ≤ 900
E >8 ≤ 1380
F ≤ 8 >1380
Pedestrian Density LOS Model
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models…modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegment + a2PInt +c) (RCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Pedestrian LOS
Seg LOS = -1.2276 ln (Wt + fp x %OSP + fb x Wb + fsw x Ws) +
0.0091(Vol15/L) + 0.0004 SPD2 + 6.0468Where:
Ped Seg LOS = Pedestrian level of service score for a segment
ln = Natural log
Wt = Width of outside lane plus shoulder / bike lane
fp = On-street parking effect coefficient (= 0.20)
%OSP = Percent of segment with on-street parking
fb = Buffer area coefficient (= 5.37 for trees spaced 20 feet on center)
Wb = Buffer width (distance between edge of pavement and sidewalk, in feet)
fsw = Sidewalk presence coefficient (= 6 - 0.3Ws)
Ws = Width of sidewalk
Vol15 = Volume of motorized vehicles in the peak 15 minute period
L = Total number of directional through lanes
SPD = Average running speed of motorized vehicle traffic (mi/h)
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Pedestrian LOS
Seg LOS = -1.2276 ln (Wt + fp x %OSP + fb x Wb + fsw x Ws) +
0.0091(Vol15/L) + 0.0004 SPD2 + 6.0468Where:
Ped Seg LOSS = Pedestrian level of service score for a segment
ln = Natural log
Wt = Width of outside lane plus shoulder / bike lane
fp = On-street parking effect coefficient (= 0.20)
%OSP = Percent of segment with on-street parking
fb = Buffer area coefficient (= 5.37 for trees spaced 20 feet on center)
Wb = Buffer width (distance between edge of pavement and sidewalk, in feet)
fsw = Sidewalk presence coefficient (= 6 - 0.3Ws)
Ws = Width of sidewalk
Vol15 = Volume of motorized vehicles in the peak 15 minute period
L = Total number of directional through lanes
SPD = Average running speed of motorized vehicle traffic (mi/h)
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Segment Pedestrian LOS
Seg LOS = -1.2276 ln (Wt + fp x %OSP + fb x Wb + fsw x Ws) +
0.0091(Vol15/L) + 0.0004 SPD2 + 6.0468Where:
Ped Seg LOSS = Pedestrian level of service score for a segment
ln = Natural log
Wt = Width of outside lane plus shoulder / bike lane
fp = On-street parking effect coefficient (= 0.20)
%OSP = Percent of segment with on-street parking
fb = Buffer area coefficient (= 5.37 for trees spaced 20 feet on center)
Wb = Buffer width (distance between edge of pavement and sidewalk, in feet)
fsw = Sidewalk presence coefficient (= 6 - 0.3Ws)
Ws = Width of sidewalk
Vol15 = Volume of motorized vehicles in the peak 15 minute period
L = Total number of directional through lanes
SPD = Average running speed of motorized vehicle traffic (mi/h)
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models…modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegment + a2PInt +c) (RCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Intersection Pedestrian LOS
Ped Int LOS (Signal) = 0.00569 (RTOR+PermLefts) + 0.00013 (crossingTrafVol x
TrafSpeed) + 0.0681 (# LanesCrossed 0.514) + 0.0401ln(PedDelay) – RTCI
(0.0027PerpTrafVol – 0.1946) + 1.7806
Where
RTOR+PermLefts = right-turn-on-red vehicles plus number of motorists
making a permitted left turn in a 15 minute period
PerpTrafVol*PerpTrafSpeed = Product of the traffic in the outside through
lane of the street being crossed and the midblock 85th percentile speed of
traffic on the street being crossed in a 15 minute period
LanesCrossed = The number of lanes being crossed by the pedestrian
PedDelay = Average number of seconds the pedestrian is delayed before
being able to cross the intersection
RTCI = Number of right turn chanmelization islands on the crossing.
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models …modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegment + a2PInt +c) (RCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Roadway Crossing
Difficulty Factor
RCDF = Max[0.80, Min{[(XLOS#-NXLOS#)/7.5 + 1.00],1.20}]
Where
RCDF = Roadway crossing difficulty factor
XLOS# = Roadway crossing difficulty LOS Number
NXLOS# = Non-crossing Pedestrian LOS number
= (0.318 PSeg + 0.220 PInt + 1.606)
Pseg = Ped. Segment LOS number (computed per equation #20)
Pint = Ped. Intersection LOS number (computed per equation #21)
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Divert to Signal LOS
Total Ped Deviation Delay =
Ped Geometric Delay + Ped Control Delay
Where,
Ped Geometric Delay = 2/3*(block length)/ped walking speed
Ped Contol Delay = (cycle length – green time)2/(2*cycle length)
Covert to numerical LOS per HCM methodology for wait delay
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Pedestrian LOS Model
Two Roadway Environment models…modified by…
PedLOS = (a1PSegment + a2PInt +c) (RCDF)
PSeg = Segment Pedestrian LOS value
PInt = Intersection Pedestrian LOS value
RCDF = Roadway Crossing Difficulty Factor
a1, a2 = coefficients
c = constant
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
What Affects Transit Riders?
• Frequency of Service
• Speed of (Vehicle) Travel
• Passenger Load
• On-time Reliability
• Pedestrian Access
• Bus Stop
Amenities
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
National Guidance
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
NCHRP 3-70 Transit LOS (Urban Arterial
Corridor) Model
Transit LOS = 6.0 - 1.50 x Wait-RideScore
+ 0.15 x PedLOSarterial
Level of Service Score
A ≤ 2.0
B > 2.0 and ≤ 2.75
C > 2.75 and ≤ 3.5
D > 3.5 and ≤ 4.25
E > 4.25 and ≤ 5.0
F > 5.0
•TCRP Report 95
•TCRP Project A-23A
•National Transit Database
•TRL Report 593
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• “First Down” Measures – how progress is marked
• MMLOS Players & Referees
– MPOs, ARC and a State DOT
– NCHRP
– TRB’s HC & QS Committee
• The Playbook: Contents of the Highway Capacity
Manual Update
• Playing in the Game
The Game Plan…
![Page 43: ARC’s Multi-modal LOS Analysis Highway Capacity Manual](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012205/61de64825b3db261873b2f75/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
(Chapters 16 & 17 - “Complete Streets LOS”)
New Highway Capacity Manual
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Reliable Measures
• Fuel Savings
• Emissions / GHG
• Health Savings
• Economic Effects
• Motor Vehicle LOS
• Bicycling LOS
• Pedestrian LOS
• Transit LOS
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Report Output for Corridor Investments
Societal benefits:
• Fuel Savings
• CO2 Emissions
Savings
• Health Cost Savings
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
• ARC, Cobb & Fulton Counties
• NCHRP Report 616
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_616.pdf
• FDOT’s Q/LOS Handbookhttp://www.dot.state.fl.us/planning/systems/sm/los/pdfs
• www.sprinkleconsulting.com
• 888 - 462 - 3514 Peyton McLeod or Bruce Landis
• Upcoming Highway Capacity Manual
Your Resources…
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2010 Update Highway Capacity Manual
Bruce W. Landis, P.E., AICP
Vice President
Sprinkle Consulting, Inc.