Archiv für Diplomatik Schriftgeschichte

Siegel- und Wappenkunde

Begründet durch

EDMUND E. STENGEL

Herausgegeben von

WALTER K O C H und THEO KOLZER

50. Band ,2004

BOHLAU VERLAG K O L N . WEIMAR. WIEN

The Study of Caroline Minuscule 1953-2004

by

D A V I D G A N Z

The achievements of the Carolingian renaissance were rooted in a tremen- c lws expansion of the production and dissemination of books during the Course of the ninth century. CLA and its supplements and addenda havc 1953 entries for manuscripts dating bcfore 800, Bernhard Bischoff's Kata- log at least 7200'. (There is, of Course, overlap, and the first volurnc of the Iiatalog includes CLA items, and at least 20 manuscripts which could have been included in CLA.) For every book that has survivcd from thc eighth ien tury we know of at least ten ninth century books. So it is possible to anal'-se the growth of Caroline minuscule scripts in far morc detail than an!- earlier scripts. The origin developrnent and dissemination of Caroline rninuscule is one of the true problems palaeographers have to resolve, and ,-an measure our usefulness.

Since 1930 all attempts to describe and evaluate those Carolis~gian rnanuscripts which have survived have been dependent on the unsurpassed learning and generosity of Bernhard Bischoff. Bischoff's authority depen- ded o n an unrivalled first-hand knowledge of survivin, western manu- i i r ip t s copied before the end of the first millenium, and an unrivalled x~isual memory of the scripts of these manuscripts. The sophistication of bis monograph o n the writing centres of South-eastern Germany ('Die iüdostdeutschen Schreibschulen und Bibliotheken in der Karolingerzeit') 52s no t been acknowledged: it was the first attempt to lnap the develop- ment of the range scripts in a region, rather than in a single scriptorium. Bischoff was able to describe the evolution of Caroline minuscule within 2ifferent scriptoria, as one generation of scribes succeeded another or as a ~ ~ i t i n g master taught new conventions to his ~ u p i l s . From the 1950s he „j conceived the project of a catalogue which would date and localize all

B. BISCHOFF, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jaht-hundei-ts - - r .\;isnahrne der wisigotischen) I : hachen-Lanibach (1998). 1: Laoii-Paderborn 1203.1).

surviving continental manuscripts copied e'lst of the I'!.rcnecs in the iiinth century: the proper successor to CLA. Since scarcel!- an'. earl!. meciie\-.il manuscripts offer direct cvidence '1s to their origins, students of thosc manuscripts have tried to localize them in the ~ n ~ j o r scriptoria arid libr'i- ries of great religious houses on the basis of their scripts. A small nuniher have been seen as the products of royal or irnpcrial patronage, chiefl!- because of their decoration. Many Carolingian manuscripts can on1'- be grouped or dated by their script, which may have distinctive features not yet attributable to a particular centre; these groups may displa!. the skills

0 on of a single scribe rather than a school. Bischoff's Katalog - dependin, an unequalled palaeographical investigation of each rnanuscript or trag- ment - provides an analysis of surviving Carolingian manuscripts as deep as it is wide-ranging. His Katalog securely distinguishes manuscripts

w e r s copied in the ninth century from earlier arid later books: most catalo, tended to date many such manuscripts to the tenth century.

In general Bischoff's laconic prose requires exegesis. The descriptions are terse - but Bischoff was always terse. While he had the visual gifts to perceive very fine distinctions, palaeography has not yet established a vocabulary to describe such distinctions. He described hands as 'anspruchs- los' (Gottweig 499), 'diszipliniert' (Chigi F rag 9), 'fest' (Cologne 29), 'gleichmässig' (Cambrai 164), 'hart' (Karlsruhe Aug. Perg. 108), 'länglich' (Kiel K.B. 144), 'streng' (Brussels II 2206), 'leicht' (Cambrai 471), 'regel- mässig' (Einsiedlen 347), 'rundlich' (Colmar 49), 'spröde oder schlecht geschlossen' (Hague 130), 'etwas unausgeglichen' (Colmar Fragm. 274), and 'unruhig' (Karlsruhe Aug. Perg. 11 I). We may contrast T. A. M. Bi- shop's characterization of English Caroline scripts as calligraphic, unpre- tentious, rapid, deliberate, fine, precise, firm, energetic, and plain. Some of Bischoff's descriptions offer more clues: specific letter-forms mav be noted, especially Open a and round d (which suggest an early date), the shape of g and the forms of ligatures with r. Bischoff's way of describing the homes of manuscripts reflects a similar degree of sensitivity to his material, hampered by our lack of historical knowledge about scriptoria. Thus manuscripts are attributed to 'Reims', 'Reims oder Umkreis', 'Reims, Umkreis' and 'Reimser Einfluss'. In the first volume of the Katalog the scriptoria of Arras, Cambrai, Cologne, Corbie, Fleury, Freising, Fulda, Lorsch, Lyons, Mainz, Murbach, Reichenau, Reims, St Amand, St Denis, St Gall, St Germain, Tours, Verona, Werden and the court of Louis the Pious each have more than ten surviving manuscripts. In the second volume Corbie, Freising, Fulda, Lyons, Rei~ns and Tours retain their pre-eminente, with Bobbio, St Emmeram Regensburg, Salzburg and Würzburg joining the list.

Thc Srud!- ot (:.~t-oline hl i i i i ic~ilc iYji- ' iI iI-i 389

Bischoff's Katalog is a tribute to liis niaster\. ot C , ~ r o l i n ~ i ' ~ ~ l III,IIIU-

scripts, but because it deals with over 7000 m,i~iuscripts kicwed bv hin1 o\-er nlore than half a centur); it cannot provide the k i ~ i d of refercnce n-hich CLA has Set us. In his e'lrlier publicatiorls Iie achieved the detailed description and analysis of developnlents withiri a scriptoriurn o r a region n-hich have shown how to understand the nature and the diversity of Caroline minuscule scripts. Bischoff a1wa.s stressed the diversity of forms n-ithin the canon of Caroline rninuscule and the variety of local develop- rnents, often moving at different speeds. That diversity of' forms was stressed bi- Lowe 'The script has never been clearl? defined and a simple definition is irnpossible'. To remind ourselves of the advaiitages of the new script let us look at a page f rom the Gregorian Sacrainantary copied for Hildoard of Carnbria in 81 1/2, the 2 2 ' 1 ~ year of his episcopate. This was a d e luxe copy of new liturgical text with Rold ink and purple parchiiieiit for title and opening of the text. The prolongation of the tongues of tlie letters empha- sizes the line of writing, and tliere is clear word divisioii. As a commentary I offer the reflections of T. A. M. Bishop 'In a calligraphic forni the Caroli- . - ne minuscule, which of its nature taxes to their liniits the scribe's resources and compels him to find his own personal solutions to its probleins, offers special difficulties to the production of a M. S. de luxe by closely collabo- rating ~ c r i b e s ' ~ .

I t is a matter of great regret that Bisliop did not live to publish his work o n Corbie: he had the finest eve fo r a scribe of anv Carolingian palaeo- -

g a p h e r . Bishop o n Corbie and.our colleague Herrard Spilling working o n Fulda have made the most significant contributions to the s tudy of the morphology of Caroline minuscule3, others have surveyed its develop- m e n t in Laon", St Gallen5, St Denis", St Germain des Pr6s7, Tours8, Trier9,

' Cnpublished Lyell Lectures on The Script of Corbie, given in Oxford in 1985. ' H. SPILLISG, Angelsächsische Schrift in Fulda, in: A. BRALI (Hg.), Von der Klosterbi-

Siiothek zur Landesbibliothek (1978) S. 47-98; I».. Das Fuldacr Skriptorium zur Zeit des x r a b a n u s r\.laurus, in: Hrabanus Maurus. Lehrer, Abt und Bischof, ed. R. Ko?.TJE/H. Z I & ~ - T.r;rc\:.iss (1982) S. 165-181; ID., Die frühe Phase Karolingischer Minuskel in Fulda, iri: Klo- 5:s: Fulda in der Welt der Karolinger und Ot tonen , ed. G. SCIIRI\IPF (Fuldaer Studien 7, : 496,s . 249-284.

- J. COLTRENI (but see now BISCHOFF. Katalog 2 for his views on the Laon manuscripts). : .I. BRLCKNER, Scriptaria medii aevi Helvetica 2-3 (1937): W. ARLT and S. RqsaIs.

ir:i:jbibliothek St. Gallen Codices 181 & 381 (1996). J. ~-EZIS, Hincrnar de Reims et Saint-Denis. A propos de deus nianuscrits du De trini-

- - - % ,.e a e Saint Hilaire, in: Revue d'histoire des textes 9 (1979) S. 289-298; lu., Les n~anuscripts

: -,zi&j a St Denis en France I 'ipoque carolingienne, in: Paris et Ile de France 32 : 43 1 ; 5. 273-287: Y.-M. Dcv.~i . L n rriple tral-ail de copie effectui i Saint-Denis au IXe

::s;is s t sa diftusion a travers I'Europe caroliiigienne et nieditlale. X propos de quelques C. jxmenta i res sur ies petits prophktes de saint JbrOme. in: Scriptorium (1984) S. 3 1 9 .

390 Ilavid Ganz

Mainz and Rome'! General accounts of the spread of thc script, thc links between the scripts of books and chartcrs and the uscs of writing in thc Carolingian world are on thc bibliograph.

So what is involved in talking about Caroline minuscule? The Eiiglish calligrapher Stan Knight dcscribes it as 'a disciplined and formal hand. It is uniform, even to the extent of maintaining consistent heights for ascenders descenders and body of the letter. It einploys a natural, slanted pen angle as opposed to flattened angle of half-uncial and most later uncial scripts. As for the individual letters, the rounded half-uncial form of a was soon replaced by the uncial form. The looped g is used. Arched strokes as in rn and n are often written without pen lifts"'. The scribe interprets the alpha- bet according to his or her personal ductus and experience.

We also need to reflect on the nature of a minuscule script. It offers speed and savcs space. During the eighth century we find minuscule scripts of greater or lesser elegance crcated and developed, in an effort to establish a book script with sotne of the advantages of the cursive scripts used for informal writing and for annotations12. This involved a reduction in the nurnber of ligature and a simplification of the letterforms. Leopold Delisle, adrniring the superb rapid and informal cursive half uncial used to copy - texts by Augustine in a fifth century fragment from Fleury, suggested that half uncial was the script which inspired these de~elopments '~. It is worth considering how far the high quality minuscule scripts used by Angle- Saxon scribes in continental centres, or sup~ ly ing copies of the works of Bede for continental houses, Set a standard for sorne of the scribal conven- tions adopted by those who created Caroline minuscule.

' B. BISCHOFF, in: Der Stuttgarter Bilderpsalter. Bibl. Fol. 23 Württembergische Landes- bibliothek Stuttgart (1968) S. 49-62.

M. HEI.LMANN, Die Auszeichnung der Textstruktur in einer biographischen Sammele- dition der Karolingerzeit am Beispiel des ,Weissenburger Martinellus', in: Scripturus Vitam. Festgabe für Walter Berschin zuin 65. Geburtstag, hg. von D. WALZ (2002) S. 243-262.

I. KNOBLICH, Dic Bibliothek des Klosters St. Maximin bei Trier bis zum 12. Jahrhundert (1996).

'' F. MUETIIERICH, Manoscritti romani e rniniature carolingia, in: Roma e l'eti carolingia. Atti delle giornate di studio 3-8 maggio 1976 (1976) S. 79-86; A. SCHMID, Roms karolingi- sche Minuskel iin neunten Jahrhundert (2002). " S. KNIGHT, Searching for the roots. The Origins of Caroline Minuscule, in: Letter Arts

Review 14 (1999) S. 35. " For a generai overview cf. B. BI~CHOFF, Palaeogra~hie des römischen Altertums und des

abendländischen Mittelalters (1986) S. 113-122. For the script of annotations P. GAS- NAULT/J. VEZIN, Docunients comptables de Saint hlartin de Tours i I'epoque mirovingien- ne (1975). " L. DEI-I~LF.. Memoire sur 1'6~0le calligraphique de Tours au IXe sikcle (1886) S. 29-56.

The Study ot C,iroliiie hl i i iu~cule 1053-2004 391

At St Gall, Corbie and Tours we can studv the traiisitiori from prccaro- line to Caroline scripts in the course of the cighth centurv". At St Gall thc abbey archive enables us to identifv scribes and ddte their activit. 42 mss by some 30 scribes before 800 survive, as do soine 100 charters. At Tours we have no charters, but over a dozen manuscripts copied before the scriptorium had achieved a Caroline minuscule. All are the work of several scribes using cursive minuscule, often rich in ligatures, but sometimes writ- ing separated letters and some 40 manuscripts, including several complete Bibles, copied before the death of Charlemagne. In the ninth century the abbey of Tours copied three texts on a scale which is without parallel in any other centre: 25 Gospel Books, over 50 complete Bibles and at least 18 copies of a collection of texts about St. Martin have survived. Tours 10 is a copv of the Pentateuch in a large and well proportioned Caroline minus- cule chiefly by 3 hands, without the cc a or the half uncial n, and with the g with an Open bow. It can be dated bccause its text was used by Alcuin for his Bible in 800. The style of script found in these volumes breaks with the cursive minuscule, and revives high quality uncial and half uncial. The scribes of the early Tours Bible St Ga11 75 use variant letterforms: Open and closed a , two forms of g, and ligatures between st sp ri ro and ra. Books copied at Tours were acquired by many Carolingian libraries. In the first two volumes of Bischoff's Katalog are Tours Bibles from Angers, Cologne and Monza, Gospelbooks from Metz, Prüm, Laon and Nevers, a Gregorian Sacramentary from Autun and a Liber Comitis from Chartres and other Tours volumes from Arras, Cologne, Konstanz, Laon, Orleans, the Rei- chenau and Trier, including copies of works of Bede, together with Bible fragments probably copied for export. The rapid dissemination of such calligraphic manuscripts Set a standard for book production throughout the Carolingian empire. St Amand also copied books for export, volumes copied there came to Laon, Reims Fleury and Le Mans, with Gregorian Sacramentaries copied for Chelles, Le Mans, Reims, Sens, St Denis and Tournai.

The earliest minuscule from Tours can be compared with a manuscript copied at St Denis under abbot Fardulf, the Lombard who had discovered the conspiracy against Charlemagne's life in 792 and had links with Rome. Fardulf's book uses equally simple letter forms but contrast between thick and thin stroke on m produced by slanting pen which is being turned proba- bly uncial, simple g, no variant letter forms, rt and st ligatures. Caroline minuscule was a simple script appropriate for the rapid copying of texts and

! - It is not clear to me why Bischoff refused to discuss the development of script at Corbie in this context. Was it simply that the evolution was less linear than at St Ga11 or Sours?

easily learned, by watching and irnitating the script of an expert calli- grapher. A teacher is found instructing his pupil in Verses copied into a Carolingian manuscript of Bede's grainmatical writings now in Darmstadt copied by many scribes: Pinge precor simile5 apicum, mipusio, formas / ne t e ium notis flagru petant odiis (paint the form of the letters like, lest they seek hatred)". This sort of relationship is found at Tegernsee where the master Dominicus can be Seen instructing his pupils16.

The fullest account of how writing was taught is found in the earlv ele- venth century Colloquies of Aelfryc Bata, designed to teach ~ a t . i n t o Anglo-Saxons. The master instructs his pupils 'Take this stylus and this penknife, knife and awl, these vellurn scraps (scedulas) and this prchment . Take this razor and this tablet so that every day you can learn writing when you've sung, read and recited. Here are stiff pens, good for this kind of work. Write every day following your exernplar written on your wax tablet o r your parchment scrapq7. This text also discusses writing 'Who wrote this? Who wrote this script? Who wrote this book? Who wrote this volume? Who wrote this page or this line or this alphabet or these works o r these letters? 1s the man who wrote all this still alive? The one w h o wrote this was a good scribe and had a fine hand (Bonus scriptor fuit e t

- .

bonas munus hubuit)I8. The reference to lines, alphabets and letters may suggest passages of text written as a model of the script to be used, as found at Tegernsee, Salzburg and CorbieI9. The pupil is asked to write 'a psalter or a hymnal o r an epistolary or a troper or a missal or a good itinerary or capitulary, well composed and laid out, properly written and corrected (bene digestum et ordinatam et recte scriptam et emendatam)'.

As in ninth century Byzantium, the widespread use of rninuscule res- ponded to a tremendous need to supply books. Episcopal legislation required churches to have books: rnissals, lectionaries, antiphonaries, pas- sional, computus and penitentia120. The most popular works of Carolingi- an authors according to Bischoff's Katalog are Srnaragdus's Expositio Libri Comitis and Paul the Deacon's Homiliarium. A fragrnent now in the

'j B. BISCHOFF, Elementarunterricht und Probationes Pennae in der ersten Hälfte des Mit- telalters, in: ID., Mittelalterliche Studien 1 (1966) S. 87, Katalog 1 no. 976 S. 211.

l 6 B. BISCHOFF, Die südostdeutschen Schreibschulen und Bibliotheken in der Karolinger- zeit 1 (1940) s . 136-137. " S. GWARA/D. W. PORTER, Angle-Saxon Conversations. The Colloquies of Aelfric Bata

(1997) S. 112-1 13. '"bid. S. 134-135. l 9 For exarnples see D. GANZ, The Preconditions for Caroline Minuscule, in: Viator 18

(1987) S. 34-35. '%.g. Theodulf Capitula Episcoporum, ed. P. BRO~IMER.

archives in Os10 copied in a simple C<~roliiie rninuscule with flat topped g, sl.1nting topped insular derivative t , upright d ,ind a very simple uncial a has littlc calligraphic pretension, it may have been copied on the continent or in England, but it reminds us of the scripts palaeographers ovcrlook, the norkhorses used to copy the essential texts churches needed for the per- tormance of the liturgy.

In exploring how books circulated from one house to another in this -

period palaeographers have been slow to learn the lessons of John Con- treni's study of Laon: in 'The Cathedral School of Laon from 850 to 930' he described how a major Carolingian school survived without a signifi-

V

Cant scriptorium, procuring books from other houses and not least from the gifts of its schoolmasters. The concept of the school is new to palaeo- graphers but the 'Schulzentrum' has a significant place in this catalogue.

What was involved in the process of adopting Carolirie minuscule? Carolingian legislation was concerned with the copying of books, and sought to impose standards. In the Admonitio Generalis of 789 scribes were to copy Gospel Books and Psalters cum omni diligentia, a decree of 805 ordered scribes not to write badly, and in 816 the acts of imperial councils were to be copied clearly and aperte". If we examine an early inanuscript of royal legislation, now in Trier Admonitio Generdlis we can sec the fruits of such concern. Though the script used retains the R I liga- ture and I longa, it is well Set out.

Contemporary terminology for scripts is often more helpful than the neoLatin used on databases today. Mabillon in Chapter XI of Book I of the De re diplomatica collected classical and medieval terminology for scripts2< and he seems to have coined Carolina to denote the improved minuscule of the reign of Charlemagne. But Mabillon did not know the

V

evidence for Carolingian scribes being aware of different types of script. A manuscript linked to the Court of Charlemagne includes a brief discus- sion of the terminology for scripts. Berlin Diez. B. Sant 66 includes three treatises about alphabets, all illustrated with letter forms copied in Caroline minuscule. O n f . 346 is a text Apud Latinos Quot Genera Scribendi Esse Videntur which d i~ t in~uishes coequaria or the contemporary Caroline minuscule, antiquaria rnanus or script no longer used. Virgiliaca manus the uncials quae nunc Romae utuntur, epistularis, an informal cursive and the Scottica manus or Britannica m a n ~ s ~ ~ . Some of this terminology is also

'. L I G H Capitularia Regni Francorum, ed. A. BORETILS S. 121,339. ':J. MABII-LON, D e re diplomatica libri sex (1681) S. 43-53. '' B. BISCHOFF, Sammelhandschrift Diez. B. Sant. 66. Grammatici Latini et Catalogus

Librorum 11973), Facsimile and introduction S. 31-33; B. BISCHOFF. Die alten Namen der lateinischen Schriftarten, in: Mittelalterliche Studien 1 (1966) S. 1-5.

used in the Carolingian conlmentnrir 011 Jeroine's preface to Job, and b!- ninth century hands annotating the St G'i11 Iibrary catalogue wliere volumcs are described as scottice, v e t e ~ a , bene conscripta, optime scripta. Litte?-a Romana is also used to describe manuscripts in the Gesta of the eighth and ninth century Abbots of Fontanelle2-'. The Berlin text is also found at Corbie'j. So contemporaries were aware of a range of scripts, and called Caroline minuscule coequaria, a contemporary Set rather than cursive script. But we do not have any texts specifying what scripts were to be used or how letters were to be formed.

D r Spilling has noted how at Fulda Anglo-Saxon scribes in the 820's tended to 'break' the strokes of r, b, d, m and n (cf Clm 14641). They write a clumsy Caroline using a round e which does not enter into ligatures with following letter, Open a, r on base Iine and not below it, g with a poorly formed head high d (S. 260-261). A skilled scribe even without using ligatu- res aims for the next letter. But she Sees how their insular script was influ- enced by Caroline minuscule, notably in its wide ductus and the flatter breaking. Spilling develops the helpful concept of Schreibrhythmus which, when not mastered by a scribe and replaced by a desire for variant letter forms, may lead us to identify one hand as two (S. 254). The new script was mastered by the second generation of Fulda caroline scribes (S. 258).

At Fulda Mischschriften use the following letterforms: Caroline e with- out ligatures, ra and re ligatures. The Insular lower f and s round d and insular abbreviations are retained. Spilling gives an excellent treatment of the shape of t in minuscule (S. 266). The new script needed to be taught via new rules including avoiding collision of letters (S. 268-269). Fulda scribes probably adopted half uncial from Tours. But no letter used at Fulda can- not be found at Tours (S. 272-273).

In such morphological analysis we need to focus on the scribe and t o distinguish essential elements and elements of style or auxiliary elements in the drawing of a letter. The scribe will show a preference for particular variant letter-forms.

The glossed books of the bible from Wissembourg and other centres show what Carolingian scribes could and could not achieve. A planned layout and a clear System of reference marks allows the reader to use the patristic commentaries of Hrabanus and his predecessors26. In twelfth

'' Chronique des Abbks de Fontenelle (Saint-Wandrille), ed. P. PRADIER (Les classiques de l'histoire de France au Mo)-eo Ase. 1999) S. 106. f 16, 142, 162.

Paris BN Ms. Lat. 13025 f. 62\-. Qlr'rttuorgenera sunt, antiquaria rnanus, 'Lergzliac<z, i'rc- tzaca, coequaria.

For bibliograph!. cf. C. GRIFC>NI. O t f r i d ~ s \Yizanburgensis Glossae in i21atthaeum (Cor- pus Christianorurn Continuatio hledievalis 200, 2003).

The Srudy ot C.iroliiie hl i i iu~cule 1953-2004 395

century Paris this would be a bestseller: in riinth centurv Wissc~iibourg or Fulda it was an in house achicvement. These xlossed books re~iiind us that todai- and tomorrow we are glossing manuscripts. In another fifty years Lve may well have much better tools and techniques to tackle the problem of Caroline minuscule, and I trust there will still be full time palaeogra- phers controlling the quality of the websites which will have replaced manuscript collections. According to E. A. Lowe the palaeographer is concerned with trifles. But the palaeographer is especially indebted to teach- ers. May I conclude by paying tribute to Richard Hunt, Bernhard Bischoff and Alan Bishop, who all taught me, and t o Malcolm Parkes, who is unable to be here to See this sorcerer's apprentice at work. And to all of you.

B i b l i o g r a p h y of w o r k s o n C a r o l i n e Sc r ip t 1953-2003 exc lud ing facs imi les of mss.

For a full catalogue of all ninth-century Latin manuscripts: B. Bischoff, Katalog der festländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahrhunderts (mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen) Teil I Aachen-Larnbach (Wiesbaden 1998).

Reviewed by H. Hoffmann, 'Bernhard Bischoff und die Paläographie des 9. Jahrhunderts' Deutsches Archiv 55 (1999) 549-90, D . Ganz, Francia 27 (2000) 273-8, M. Gorman, Scrittura e Civilta X X V (2001) 89-1 12.

B. Bischoff, Katalog derfestländischen Handschriften des neunten Jahr- hunderts (mi t Ausnahme der wisigotischen) Teil 11 Laon-Paderboun (Wiesbaden 2004).

General surveys:

E. A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores V1 (France, Abbeville-Valenciennes) Preface xi-xxix.

B. Bischoff, 'Die karolingische Minuskel', Mittelalterliche Studien 111, 1-4. B. Bischoff, Panorama der Handschriftenüberlieferung aus der Zeit Karls

des Grossen, Mittelalteuliche Studien 111, 5-38. A. Pratesi, 'Le ambizioni di una cultura unitaria: la riforma della scrittura',

in Nascita dell'Europa ed europa carolingia: un'equazione da ver$icare. Settimane del Centro italiano di studi sull' Alto Medioevo, 19-25 Aprile 1979 (Spoleto 1981), 507-530.

D. Ganz, 'The preconditons for Caroline minuscule', Viator 16 (1987), 23-44.

D. Ganz, 'Book production i t i the Carolin~i ' ln Empire and tlie sprecid ot caroline minuscule' in R. D. McKitterick (ed.), Tbe Ne,;. Ca~nl>ri~igc Medieval History I I c.700-c.900 (Canibridge 1995), 786-808.

P. Radicotti, 'Luigi Schiaparelli ed alcune osservazioni in margine '11 della 'Nascita' della Carolina', Sci-itttira e Civilt; 23 (1999)

395-406. R. McKitterick, The Carolingians and the IVritten Ward (Cambridge

1989). R. McKitterick (ed.), T h e User of Literacy in IZledieval Europe (Cambrid-

ge 1990). S. Knight, 'Searching for the roots. The origins of Caroline hlinuscule'

Letter Arts Review 14 (1999) 32-39 and 'Under the Microscope. The Scripts of a Carolingian Bible' Lettel- Arts Review 15, (2000) 1-17.

E. Cau 'Carolina usuale e Carolina testuale nel IX secolo', Ricerche ,ZIe- dievali 6-9 ( 1 971-74) 35-60.

W. Koehler and F. Muetherich, Die karolingischen Miniaturen, 6 vols (Ber- lin 1930-1999).

Jean Vezin, 'Hincmar de Reims et Saint-Denis. A propos de deux manuscrits du D e trinitate de Saint Hilaire'. Revue d'histoire des textes 9 (1979) 289-298.

J. Vezin, 'Les manuscrits copiis a St-Denis en France pendant l'epoque carolingienne', Paris et Ile de France 32 (1981) 273-287.

Yves-Marie Duval, 'Un triple travail de copie effectue 2 Saint-Denis au IX' sikcle et sa diffusion i travers 1'Europe carolingienne et midikvale. A propos de quelques Commentaires sur les petits prophetes de saint Je- rome', Scrzptorium 38 (1984) 3-49.

J. Contreni, The Cathedral School of Laon from 8J0 to 930 its hlanuscrzpts and Masters (Munich 1978).

D . Ganz, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (Sigmaringen 1990). St-Germain d'Auxerre. Intellectuels et artistes dans I'Europe carolingienne

IX-XI siecles (Auxerre 1990). J.-L. Deuffic, 'La production manuscrite des scriptoria Bretons (VIII-XI

siecles)', Landevennec et le monachisme Breton dans le haut moyen 2ge (Landevennec 1985) 289-321.

M. Hellmann, Tironische Noten in der Karolingerzeit a m Beispeil eines Persius-Kommentars aus der Schule v o n Tours (Hannover 2000).

A. Bruckner, Der Codex und die Schrift, in Die Bibelvon Moutier-Grand- val. British Museum Add . Mss 10546 (Bern 1971) 99-120.

Die touronische Bibel der Abte i St. Maximin, eds. M . Ferrari, R. Fuchs, 0. Hahn, F. Muetherich, and D. Oltrogge (Trier 2002).

'1 '11~. SIUCIL 01 ( : . ~ I - L ~ ~ I I ~ L ~ \ ~ ~ I I L I \ C L I ~ L , 1951-23824 397

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