Architecture of Belgradețs city center

8/12/2019 Architecture of Belgrades city center

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NOVI BEOGRAD CENTARDestabilization of an Urban Design?


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NOVI BEOGRAD CENTARDestabilization of an Urban Design?


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INTRODUCTION


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Introduction


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DESTABLIZATION OF ANURBAN DESIGN?

Novi Beograd Centar is the name of the new, centralblocks of New Belgrade. This part of the city, separatedfrom Old-Belgrade by the Save and abutting the Danu-be in the north, is the unifying element between the twocities of Belgrade and Semun, and lies on the former

boundary between occident and orient.Though the center of New Belgrade is not, as originallyplanned, sensible as an actual city center, it is, however,a meaningful part of one of Belgrades most importantcity sectors, in which thousands of people live and now-newly- also work.

New Belgrade is a place of contrasts: here, urban plan-ning meets wild construction, large-scale compositionsmeet fragmented structures, here bton brut is mirroredin the newest glass facades, exposed brickwork nds

itself next to colored faade cladding. Shopping centersemerge next to small chandler stores, bank branches andinsurance agencies next to housing developments. Onepasses over busy, multi-lane streets, and through widespanning, idyllic green-spaces; one transverses shabby,grafti-covered interior courtyards, avoids cars parked

on sidewalks, and walks past manicured gardens.Well-dressed businessmen sit on park benches next tomothers with strollers, shining Mercedes pass homespunGypsy-mobiles, retirees amuse themselves with chessnext to children playing soccer. Long-established apart-ment owners encounter freshly arrived renters, internati-onal investment converge with local activities Raiffeisenmeets EKA-PA (Pekara, Serbian for bakery)

The coexistence of these conicting realities is apparent

in New Belgrade, building a heterogeneous urban fabric.The history of the city sector, or specically the percei-vable transformation process on micro and macro levels,is directly perceptible on todays cityscape, both in theexistent, such as the urban compositions, volumes, andthe architectural forms, as well as in the function of buil-dings, public spaces, and the sociological structure.Two coarse layers can be discerned in this urban fabric,which, in a purely visually sense are strongly differentin their formal language, overlaying and penetrating one

another.The rst layer is comprised of the old building substance,

constructed during the socialist era, while the other em-bodies the present building process, which was instatedafter the change over in political regime. But, within bothof these building phases, transformations are visible, inpart, continuing to this day.

The composition of housing developments embodies thebuilt reality of the socialist, urban plan. The most impor-tant characteristics of which are large scale developmentand wide green-spaces, which can be ascribed to the

most important principles of the CIAM and, in particular,on the elements of Le Corbusiers Plan Voisin- sunshi-ne, green space, circulation.


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Introduction The buildings constructed in recent years follow differentconcepts, private and, in part, foreign investors havebegun to emerge as primary players. Denser urban de-velopment occurs, new functions appear, and differentusers are approached.Urban strategies, if at all present, as well as architectu-ral elements, such as material and building substance,distinguish themselves strongly from those of older buil-dings.

The present cityscapes exist next to one another andinuence each other. They thereby interact in a recipro-cal relationship, which carries with it both positive andnegative consequences.Contradictions, collisions, and conicts produce an ins-table conglomerate, which can lead to the destabilizationof the entire system. The originally prevalent idea of ahomogenous cityscape is thereby diluted and, in part,even completely abandoned. It can thereby be spoken ofthe loss of a once imagined entity or also of the develop-ment from an intended homogeny, to a heterogeneous

urban fabric.

This assemblage of different urban, architectural, histo-ric and social strata will be portrayed on the followingpages. Presented will be the developments, processes,and phenomena of the last forty years, which act as de-terminants for the current status of New Belgrade. Thesedifferent themes are assigned to four time-periods, whichare dened according to their historical, urban context

and political benchmarks.

In a rst phase, spanning from 1960-1980, the planned

political center of Yugoslavias new capital and the the-reby emergent sleeper-city is discussed. This concernsthe modern urban plan and the construction of large-scale housing compositions, which are presented withthe aid of typology studies. This chapter also deals withthe status in ownership of apartments and the organiza-tion of individual blocks.The second phase, between 1980 and 1990, is not as

strongly apparent due to less building activity. However,this phase is still relevant for the future urban collage,above all due to the planning activities which occur du-ring this phase. The urban phenomenon of the commer-cial archipelago is also attributed to this time. Further-more, the acquisition of public space by the residentialcommunity will be discussed.The further planning of New Belgrades center and thetransformation of apartments from state subsidized, hu-man right to private ownership is shown in the third pha-se. The identication of residents with their own blocks

gains importance between the years of 1990, and the

year 2000. Small, illegal buildings emerge everywhere,though otherwise little is built.


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Introduction

MODERN CITY FOUNDATION

1960- 1980

CRITICAL REVISION

1980-1990

Building Mass

Politics

Planning

Typology

Use

Public Space

Land Tenure

Sociology

Socialism under Tito

A new capital for Yugoslavia

Streets as Primary Grid for the Nine

Blocks

Large Scale Housing Developments

A Sleeper City

The Apartment as Fundamental

Right

Downfall of Socialism

Central Axis as fallow land

Military as sole potent actor

Urban Housing

Developments

Commercial Centers for the

Residential City

Private Adaptation of public

space


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NEGATION OF THE RHINE

1990-2000

PRAGMATIC FILLING IN

2000-TODAY

Constitutional crisis

Central axis as building

land

Spontaneous Development

of Small Trade

The Apartment as Posses-

sion

Identification with onesown block

Transition

Central Axis as construction site

International Investment

Turbo- Architecture

The Block as City

New Public Life

(over) Demand of Public Space

The Apartment as Commodity

Three Generations on 65 m2 Two

People on 115m2

Search for a New Collectivity


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BLOCK 24

BLOCK 25

BLOCK 26

BLOCK 30

BLOCK 29

BLOCK 28

BLOCK 23

BLOCK 22

BLOCK 21

BulevarAvnoja

CorridorX/BulevarArsenijaCarnojevica

BulevarMihailaPupina

Trecibulevar

Mile

ntija

Popovca

Proleterske

solid

arno

sti

Milutin

aMila

nkovi

a

pan

skih

boraca

Bule

varu

metno

sti

BLOCK 27

Introduction NOVI BEOGRAD CENTAR

New Belgrade is one of the seventeen districts of the city

of Belgrade. The city sector lies at the union of the Save

with the Danube, between Zemun and Old-Belgrade.

The draining of the swamp area, on which the new city

sector is to be built, is begun in 1948. New Belgrade is

named a borough of the city in 1953.

According to the zoning plan, a majority of the area is

dened as residential, further zones dened for com-merce, culture and administration, for green spaces and

for industry.

Novi Beograd Centar is originally planned as the political

center of New Belgrade and consists of nine blocks. The

head is made up of the government buildings of the for-

mer Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia. In its axis

follow the three central blocks: 24, 25, and 26, which are

each made up of a 350m x 350m squared parcels. To the

east lie blocks 21, 22, and 23, and the western blocks

28,29,30 each of 350m x 350m.

Beograd 395.96 km

2

1576124 InhabitantsNovi Beograde 40.74 km2 217730 Inhabitants

Novi Beograde Centar ca. 1.81 km2 ca. 30000 Inhabitants


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Novi BeogradCentar

Novi Beograd


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Introduction

50m 100m 250m


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Introduction

Aerial Photograph Novi Beograd Centar, 2003


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MODERN CITY FOUNDATION

1960 - 1980


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1960 - 1980 MODERN CITYFOUNDATIONSOCIALISM UNDER TITO

Yugoslavia emerges from the 2nd World War as a so-cialist state under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito(Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia, from 1963:

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). Through thefederal structure, Tito is able to unite into one state, thesix constituent republics which, in the previous century,were plagued with unrest and war.Yugoslavia denes its own form of socialism, which per-mits a great degree of autonomy in the management ofbusiness. This leads to a break, in 1948, from the Soviet

Union and the remaining states of the Eastern Bloc.In their foreign policy, Yugoslavia follows an independentcourse and poses itself at the forefront of neutral, boar-der-free states.

The planning of New Belgrade, which is to become thenew administrative capital of Yugoslavia, begins at theend of the 1940s. Planned, are party and government

buildings, including the Presidents palace and the buil-ding for the central committee of the communist partyof Yugoslavia, as well as apartments for foreign diplo-mats. After its split from the Soviet Union however, Yu-goslavia falls into political and economic crisis, inhibitingthe construction of the central axis with public buildings,businesses, and grand assembly grounds.Though the rst planning phase excludes apartments for

the continually growing population of Belgrade, the buil-ding phase, which begins in1960, sees almost exclusive-

ly residential construction.


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Finished Buildungs between1960 and 1980


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1960 - 1980 A NEW CAPITALFOR YUGOSLAVIA

The rst plan for the new capital is designed in 1946, by

Nikola Dobrovic, one of Serbias most prominent modernarchitects. The radial plan deals exclusively with partyand governmental buildings as well as the residences offoreign ambassadors, excluding residential construction

entirely. This plan is rejected. A new competition is con-ducted in 1947. As no clear winner emerges from thiscompetition Nikola Dobrovic is commissioned to designthe plan, with the condition that he design an orthogona-lly structured plan. The party and government buildingsremain in the center. Another important element of theplan is the central axis between the government palaceand the newly projected railway station.Between 1950 and 1960 architects and urban planners

present countless variations for the development of thenew capital city.The building plan of 1962 is nally realized. The center

of the city is divided into nine orthogonal blocks. Theaxis, designed by Dobrovnic, between the governmen-tal palace and the railway station lies on the three cen-tral blocks. The zoning plan proscribes public uses tothe central blocks and residential to the periphery. Onlyblock 21 is built exactly to plan, the other residential sec-tors approach the urban plan in a more exible manner.

Due to insufcient funding, the three central blocks are,

in the beginning, not at all developed.

City Development Plan of Nikola Dobrovic, 1948


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Regulation Plan, 1960 Building Plan, 1962

Photo of the Reguliation Plan Model, 1960


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1960 - 1980 STREETS AS A PRIMARYGRID FOR THE NEW BLOCK

The primary grid for the nine blocks is dened by a street

grid. The streets were planned at a large-scale and areaccordingly wide. There are four main streets, which cir-culate around the center of New Belgrade and on whichpublic trafc moves. Four further main streets, including

the highway: Corridor X, divide the area into nine blocks.Streets are 2-3 lanes wide, and planned with strips of ve-getation between the lanes.

An internal street system exists within the individualblocks. The parking spaces surrounding the lots can beaccessed by a circular, ring street; smaller, local streetsand pedestrian paths lead through the blocks.Thereby, a clear hierarchy of trafc exists: primary

streets, secondary streets, and pedestrian zones. Theseare clearly separated from one another, and, in part, pe-destrians are directed onto a second level by means ofbridges over the local streets.


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Section A-A

Section B-B


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1960 - 1980 LARGE SCALE HOUSINGDEVELOPMENTS

The settlement composition of block 21, which lies under

historical preservation since 1999, is the only housing

development built exactly according to the plan of 1960.

It consists of six, seventeen-storey towers, two elongatedbuildings functioning as screens oriented towards each

long side of the block, and the snake-like, six-storey vo-lume at the center. Similar developments are found onthe other corner-blocks of the center, where originallyidentical compositions were planned. The urban strategyof a long, protective volume, large green spaces, and theresidential tower as accent, is also implemented in vary-ing architectural forms, on blocks 21, 23, 28 and 30.

Blocks 22 and 29, at rst only partially developed, rep-resent two residential compositions of similar strategicgoals, in respect to scale, in the arrangement and sizeof individual volumes and interstitial spaces. The sett-lement of block 22 however, follows a freer compositionmade up of individual houses and based on an underly-ing idea, which plays with innite growth and the string-ing together of subsequent volumes. Thereby, each blockpresents an individual variant on the settlement compo-sition, which however all embody the same concepts ofshield from the outside, and protection within.

Section C-C


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Residental Towers, 18-21 Levels

Elongated Structures, 11 Levels

Mixed Forms, 6-8 Levels


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1960 - 1980 RESIDENTAL TOWERS

Block 28, 1974-1978

Block 30, 1975-1978


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Block 21, 1962-1966

Block 23, 1969-1974


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1960 - 1980 ELONGATED STRUCTURES

Block 30

1975-1979

Block 28

1971-1974


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Block 23

1969-1974

Block 21

1962-1966


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1960 - 1980 MIXED FORMS

Block 29

1968-1972


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Block 221969-1974


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1960 - 1980 A SLEEPER CITY

For the time being, New Belgrade is a sleeper city: the

majority of inhabitants work in Old-Belgrade and, as

schools and kindergartens are constructed only after hou-

sing, the majority of school children must also make their

way to Old-Belgrade. In the beginning, public transport

is poor, planned green spaces are merely fallow land, no

trees are planted, playgrounds are not yet constructed.

With rain, New Belgrade is transformed into a landscapeof mud as the local streets are not yet asphalted.

Moreover, it takes time before the ground-oor commer-

cial spaces are rented and the residents of New Belgrade

are able to purchase their bread there.

Wohnen

Living

Living and Small

Commercial Uses

Shops

Ofce

Schools, Preschools

Public Services

Hopsital, Sportsground

Lilving

Commercial

Infrastructure


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1960 - 1980

The vegetation has grown, thebenches and park Interiors lookused and are often demolished

Residental complex in block 28,

short after completion 1974


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Residental complex in block 23,

short after completion in 1974

Trafc Infrastructure such as

Lights and Signs have beeninstalled..


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1960 - 1980

Residental Com-plex - Block 21

Complex EntryBlock 21


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Public SchoolBuilding - Block 23

School Atrium- Block 21


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1960 - 1980

green

pre school street

residental

residental

residental

high school

pre school

street

residental


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school

residental

commercial

sportsground

residentalpre school

residental


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1960 - 1980

school

green

residental

pre school

sportsground

residentalsportsground

Wohnen


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green

residentalstreet

residental

residental

residental

yard

green

residental


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1960 - 1980 THE APARTMENT AS A

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT

The construction of apartments in New Belgrade follows

the ideological and socialist principal of an equal division

of assets, under which a free apartment and social sub-

ventions are to be made available by the state. However,

the apartment is not to be dened simply as a commodi-

ty, but instead it is dened by its utility value. From a le-gal standpoint, habitation is seen as a fundamental right,

which is thought to lead to the wellbeing of the society:

The right to habitation is the fundamental right, which

provides workers with one of the most important founda-

tions of life.

The settlements are organized democratically, giving

each person a right to co-determination. Representatives

of the inhabitants carry concerns to the different adminis-

trative bodies and make decisions. The city is responsib-

le for building maintenance and the exterior surfaces of

the building, residents determine the most urgent repairs

via a list of priority.

In this organization, little has changed since the priva-

tization of apartments; at a cost, municipal businesses

(INFOSTAN/STAMBENO) take on the responsibility of

building maintenance, while the city is responsible for the

exterior of the building. The efcacy of this structure of

organization can vary from building to building, which is

evidenced by the condition of their respective stairways.

Housekeeper

(one per staircase)

Housekeeper

House-Manager

Neighbourhood

Association

Novi Beograd

Beograd

municiplity ofceINFOSTAN / STAMBENO

CITY

money for public

uses

maintenance of the buildings

(water, electricity, ... )

Outside space care

permits50 / month

1Quote from: Zakljuci Prvog

optejugoslovenskog saveto-

vanja o stambenoj izgradnji i

stanovanju [Conclusions of

the First Yugoslav Conference

on Housing and Dwelling], Ko-

muna (Belgrade), no. 3 (1956),

p. 5.


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1960 - 1980


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CRITICAL REVISION

1980 - 1990


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1980 - 1990 CRITICAL REVISION

THE DOWNFALL OF

THE SOCIALISM

Tito dies in May of 1980, after 45 years at the head of

Yugoslavias political regime. A new voting system is

instated to insure that the president is elected, alterna-tively, from the nations six constituent republics, in order

to achieve the political stabilization of the multi-ethnic

state.

With the downfall of Yugoslavias communist federation,

it is no longer possible to reestablish the entire states

structure on a new footing. The entire country begins to

experience unrest and, for the rst time, movements of

autonomy.

During this time, the future president of Yugoslavia, Slo-

bodan Milosevic, grows progressively stronger. His goal

is, above all, to establish Serbian dominance in Yugos-

lavia. In 1990, Milosevic is nally elected as president ofSerbia.

After the end of New Belgrades building phase in the

1970s, economic problems result in nearly a complete

halt of construction. On the other hand, new planning

occurs for the yet unrealized central axis, on which

originally a wide promenade with stores and ofces was

planned. With the construction of a housing develop-

ment on block 24, at the end of the 1980s, the socialist

idea of an urban center dies once and for all.

For the essential provision of the growing population,

small commercial centers are developed within each

block.


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Finished Buildings between1980 and 1990


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1980 - 1990 THE CENTRAL AXISAS FALLOW LAND

Due to a lack of capital, the planning of the 1960s is not

fully completed. The blocks 24, 25 and 26 remain fallow,

used by the inhabitants of surrounding blocks as leisurespace for shing, gardening, or walking dogs.

In 1985, Milos R. Perovi, together with the Institute forthe Planning of Belgrade, publishes a new urban plan forthe center of New Belgrade. Perovi considers the sca-le of modern construction inhuman: he sees a commonground between the complexity of Old-Belgrade and theopen, modern planning of New Belgrade.One part of his work rests on the analysis of existingstructures and their original intent, while the second, andlargest part, presents new suggestions for the further ur-ban development of New Belgrade. Perovi departs fromthe strict grid above Corridor X, and in combining everytwo blocks he creates a denser cityscape. On the centralaxis, which he limits to blocks 25 and 26, he designs

a new city center. The remaining blocks are condensedthrough courtyard structures, which, 15 years later, are

carried out in a form similar to that of block 29.

Panning of M. Perovic for Novi Beograd Centar, 1985


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Comparison of density and size for blcok 21 and historical city quarters Model of the Planning of M. Perovic, 1985


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1980 - 1990

The rst residents moved in in 1989. I have been here since the beginning and live in an apartment

of 76 m2. My husband received the apartment through his employer at the time: the military

Ljubinka, 71 years old, Block 24

THE MILITARY ASA SOLE POTENT ACTOR

The state treasury is empty. Only the military, which al-ready constructed housing developments in the 1970s,

has enough available capital to build, here in block 24,

the infrastructure necessary for apartments. As in earlysettlements, residents are primarily military employees,

to whom an apartment is made available.


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centralStreetspace

Block 24,

1987-1989


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1980 - 1990 URBAN HOUSINGDEVELOPMENTS

Due to the critique of large-scale residential blocks,which rests on the belief that these blocks are over-di-mensioned and impair the identication with ones re-sidence, compacter settlements are constructed in the1980s. These are believed to be more livable, and better

adjusted to the human scale.Examples, are the settlements of blocks 28 and 24. The

settlement of block 28 is compactly constructed of multi-ple volumes with pitched roofs. These surround a pavedcourtyard. The buildings consist of six stories, with com-mercial uses on the ground oor.

The settlement composition of block 24 is larger, and

made up of multiple, independent buildings of six sto-ries. The volumes are partly open to the outside, and,in part, oriented towards an inner courtyard; there are amultitude of courtyards, green spaces and plazas. In thiscomposition, the reaction to earlier mass-settlements

is clearly apparent; urban space is thought to developthrough a compacted method of construction and a vari-ation in the character of open spaces.

BLOCK 24

The settlement consists of six,

six-storey, and three 1-levelvolumes. The large volumescreate a continuous pedestrianpromenade towards the interior.The one- storey structures areintended for commercial use.


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1980 - 1990

Block 24

1989

Block 28

1983


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1980 - 1990 COMMERCIAL CENTRES FORTHE RESIDENTAL CITY

The increased demand for a broader range of consumerproducts, as well as the necessity of a clear, spatial cen-ter in the spacious blocks, leads to the construction ofsmaller commercial centers within the individual, residen-tial blocks. (Block 21-23, Block 28-30). In addition to the

existing stores located on the ground-level of residentialstructures, new stores are intended to improve the qua-lity of life in New Belgrade. Here, one nds everything

needed for daily consumption; groceries, bread, and sta-tionary etc.. The rst services, such as hair salons and

pharmacies settle in the area. These commercial centersare usually one-storey and compact; new public life de-velops through the spatial concentration.

Wohnen

Residental

Residental /Small Commercial

Shops

Ofces

Schools

Hospitals, Sportsgrounds

Residental

Commercial

Infrastructure


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1980 - 1990

Supermarketin Block 21

Grocery Storein Block 24


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Bakeryin Block 30

Shopping Mallin Block 22


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1980 - 1990


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NEGATION OF THE PLAN

1990 - 2000


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1990 - 2000 NEGATION OF THE PLANCONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS

In the context of the political shift in the other socialisticstates of Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1990, new

political parties emerge in Yugoslavia. In 1990 the rst

free elections are held in the separate constituent repu-blics, won primarily by parties with nationalistic goals.

Thereafter, each constituent republic declares its politi-cal independence, with the exception of Serbia and Mon-tenegro. Slobodan Milosevic attempts to stop these inde-pendence movements, leading to several bloody wars.In 1992, the UN imposes a trade embargo on Yugosla-via. After Serbian troops enter Kosovo in 1998, NATO

steps in and bombards strategic targets in Serbia.

Though there are several ambitious projects for the cen-ter of New Belgrade, only a small number of housingprojects are built, as funding is limited due to the civilwar, which lasts for nearly ten year. Apart from this, ille-

gally constructed kiosks and shops spring up along mainstreets.


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Finished Buildings between1990 and 2000


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1990 - 2000 CENTRAL AXISAS BUILDING LAND

The winning project of the 1985 international contest for

the continuing urbanization of the center of New Bel-grade is not executed. However, already in 1991 the next

competition takes place.The winning project combines the central blocks 25 and

26 and creates a diagonal road as axis. The plan is dis-carded and in 1995 another competition takes place.This time, the subject is mainly the basketball stadium,which is supposed to be built in the middle of block 25.

A further important point of the competition is the sub-way project, to which the winners (a team of architectsfrom the rm Energo Holding) orient the urban planning

of their project. The construction of this project begins in1996. The rst completed structures are an apartment

building on block 25 and the opposing structure on block

22. Later, the special attention to the metro line no longermakes sense, as this line is not completed.

arena

government palace

block 21

Model of the Competition of1991, view to the southwest.

Blocks 25 and 26 are combined,

as already in the plan of 1985.

A central axis is established, onwhich public buildings, a parkand basketball arena are an-chored.


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1. Price Project, Competition 1995


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SPONTANEOUS DEVELOP-MENT OF SMALL TRADE

Due to the poor economic situation, street trade ou-rishes, and in all corners of Belgrade countless kiosksand other small retail stands are constructed without per-mits. This phenomenon is also visible in New Belgrade,though here the majority of these small-scale develop-

ments have since been removed. Of the planned resi-dential buildings, only a select few are realized due tonancial difculties, these appear to lack a context.

Wohnen

Residential

Residential /Commercial

Shops

Ofces

Schools

Hospital / Sportsgrounds

Residential

Commercial

Infrastructure

1990 - 2000

Above all in block 29,

many of the illegallyconstructed kioskshave remained until today.


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1990 - 2000 THE APARTMENTAS POSESSION

After the downfall of socialism, the city experiences gre-at nancial difculties. Among other initiatives, one sees

the privatization of state owned apartments in New Bel-grade, in order to raise money. In 1993, the rst apart-ments are sold to their respective occupants at favor-

able prices. These sales coincide with the hyperinationin Yugoslavia. Most occupants seize the opportunity toinvest their money in apartments, before their moneylooses its value. Soon, a majority of civil servants to theformer socialist state are owners of their apartments.The tenure of an apartment is evident from the entrancedoors in the stairwells, which each new owner replacesor individually decorates. A further consequence of pri-vate ownership is visible in the balconies. At will, theseare altered, closed off, extended, repainted, or clad withwood; windows are also replaced and new shutters orawnings are added.

I bought my apartment in 1997. I paid very little for

it, maybe 100DM per meter squared (at the time:

100DM=84 CHF) Ivana Milenkovic, Block 30

It is awful, everyone does what they want: they paint walls in different colors,glaze in their balconies, and add additional levels to the building.

Ljubinka, 71 years old, Block 24

addition


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air condition

stores

satellite TV

change I

addition

change II

new balcony rail


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K

BL K 26

4

BLOK 25

K 2

1990 - 2000 IDENTIFICATION WITH ONESBLOCK

With the coming of age of the rst children born in New

Belgrade, the level of identication to ones own sector

or block also rises. In contrast to their parents, who hadcome to New Belgrade from predominately rural areas,this generation grew up, attended school, and forged

friendships here. This leads to a stronger bond betweenthe youth living in the blocks.Identication with a block manifests itself, for example, in

prevalent grafti, which is also found in foreign blocks.

Building occupations also occur as well.

In the 1990s teenagers ran around with guns, it came to bloody ghts betweenBlock-gangs. Today these ghts are fought on the soccer eld

Aleksander alias Sasha, 27 years old, Block 28


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The TV Building

A Complex along the Highway.The specic design of the win-dow-framings which look likeTV-Boxes gave it that name.

The Six Corporals

Group of six residential towers

in block 21 along the street fromancient Beograde. Built inthe60ies by the Military

The Chinese Wall

S-Shaped Building in Block 21.

With its lenght of over 800 me-ters it is the longest building ofthe balkan. It contains over 700

apartments.


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1990 - 2000


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1990 - 2000


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2000 - Today PRAGMATIC FILLING-IN

TRANSITION

With the dissolution of the Milosevic-regime in 2000,and the extradition of its exponents to the UN war crimetribunal, a new era begins for the Federal Republic ofYugoslavia, which now consists only of Serbia and Mon-tenegro. One seeks the recognition of Yugoslavia by theinternational community, as well as the renewal of eco-nomic ties to Europe.In 2004, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is trans-formed into the Confederation of Serbia and Montene-gro. Only two years later, the people of Montenegro de-mand to be released from this confederation, turning all6 former states of Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Mace-donia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro) into independentrepublics.

Thanks to its central position and vast empty space, NewBelgrade quickly turns into Serbias largest constructionsite at the turn of the millennium. Mostly branches ofinternational companies, such as banks and insuranceagencies, are built, seeking expansion into the countriesof the former Eastern-Bloc.Other new services such as shopping centers, churchesand international hotel chains also seek their place inNew Belgrade.


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Finished buildings since 2000


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2000 - Today CENTRAL AXIS ASCONSTRUCTION SITE

Since the end of the 1990s, New Belgrade has become a

large construction site again. The empty spaces of blocks

22 and 29, as well as the entire block 26 are built on in-

tensively. Additionally, gaps within the remaining blocks

are lled pragmatically.

The afore mentioned competition of 1998 dealing withthe empty spaces, in particular with the central block 26,

acts as the basis of present construction. Not everyone

is happy with this plan or the rst steps of its implementa-

tion. Several female city planners and female architects

strongly criticize the current development. Part of the cri-

tique suggests that the principles of the planned central

axis are not considered in the present development. The

female architect Ljiliana Blagojevic, has written a paper

in collaboration with the conservation agency in which

she discusses the principles of the original city plan, and

demands that it be included in the present plan.

The rst and foremost demarcation line, lies between

the era of socialistic idealism, which anticipates planning

and modernization on all levels (though both forcible and

hegemonic), and the new era, which, impelled by the

market forces, anticipates privatization and disregards

any form of planning.

Ljiliana Blagojevic, Architect

Winning project of the competition in 1998

1 Stadtbauwelt Belgrad: Nr 36

Novi Beograd - or the capital of

Nomansland. S. 34-41


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IVANA MILENKOVIC, the district architect of New Belgrade, greatly criticizes the new buildingsand planning. She is of the opinion that the majority of new buildings no longer reect urban plan-ning, let a lone architecture, but purely economic interests.She feels that her opinion as district architect has no inuence on planning, although this is part of

her job description. Among other things, she is responsible for the construction in New Belgrade.Which is also difcult:

At the municipality we dont get any information. We only get information if we

want to know about it, so we have to ask for it. So I have to go to the site and

look who builds or I have to call town and ask. Its very difcult for me to workhere.

She, herself, would put more emphasis on green space and culture in the planning of New Bel-grade. Green spaces are displaced or forgotten by the present plans, and, aside from a singlemuseum, cultural life is non-existent.

Construction Site, Block 26


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McDonalds /

Hypo Bank,

Block 21

Hypo Bank,

Block 21


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2000 - Today TURBO-ARCHITECTURE

The newly created apartment buildings are no longerto be seen as housing schemes, but more as houses istheir own right. Aside from the new structures of block 21,

all of the individual volumes are closed, or semi closedcourtyard structures lacking any green space. These aresituated next to each other on the vast building lots of

blocks 22 and 29, or placed sporadically along the edgesof existing blocks, which is to be seen in blocks 21 and

28. One aims to compact the residential buildings. As the

zoning plan prescribes a maximum height of 7 stories, a

densication can be achieved only by constructing a lar-ger footprint, which results in a loss of free spaces suchas plazas or parks.The arrangement of the structures on blocks 22 and 25

is not apparent at rst sight. Only with knowledge of the

unrealized subway plans of the 1990s is an urban form

detectable.

Block 29

The apartment blocks are builtaccording to plans from the1980s. A few of the blocks are

still under construction. Almostall the buildings have a closedcourtyard.Every apartment block is in-troverted and also individuallydecorated.

Section E-E


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2000 - Today

Block 29, 2006

Block 28, 2006

Block 28, 2006


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Block 21, 1999

Block 22, 2003

Block 22, 1998


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2000 - Today THE BLOCK AS CITY

Throughout the free spaces of New Belgrade, buildingsfor new public uses, such as shopping centers, branchesof international banks and insurance agencies, as wellas residential structures, are built. These ll the open

spaces along the main arteries of the blocks. Commer-cial buildings emerge everywhere, and the area beco-mes denser. This transforms each block into a city-like

unit, where everything needed for daily life is available(schools, shops, restaurants, work out facilities).

One cannot call these real cities, as life is still very muchoriented towards Old-Belgrade. Only very few inhabi-tants of New Belgrade also work there, for instance inbanks or shops. Cultural events, which would lead to agreater sense of urbanity, do not yet exist, though thereare efforts in this direction, as for example a competitionorganized by the city for an opera house.

Wohnen

Residential

Residential /Small Commercial

Shops

Ofce

Schools

Hospitals / Sportsgrounds

Residential

Comercial

infrastructure


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2000 - Today

POST

HIGH.SCHOOL

PRE SCHOOL

SOCIT

GNRALE IMEL GROUP

NAPRED

C-MARKET

RESTAURANT

SIMPLON

ARENA

CAR-WORKSHOP

BAKERYCAF

DENTIST

OFFICES

HYPOVEREINS-

BANK

PIZZERIA

DRIVING SCHOOL

KIOSK

BAKERY

GROCERYMARKET

LAW-FIRMRESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL

BAR

MCDONALD

RESIDENTIAL

PHARMACY

COIFFEUR

THE BLOCK AS CITY? Different functions are foundin block 21. But still, one can-not speak of an independentcity, as cultural institutions arelacking and inhabitants usuallywork elsewhere.


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PRIMARY SCHOOL

CAFRESIDENTIAL

POWER SUPPLY

RESIDENTIAL

INTERIORS SHOP

GARAGE

KIOSK

HYPO BANK

CAFBAKERYFOOD SUPPLYPETERIE

KIOSK

KIOSKFOOD STORE

RESIDNETIAL

PRE-SCHOOL

SIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL

BARBER

RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL


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2000 - Today

Wohnen

Residential

Residential /

Small Commercial

Shops

Ofces

Schools, Pre-Schools

Hospitals / Sportsgrounds

Residential

Commercial

Infrastructure

Contemparry Uses

of the Blocks and Zones


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2000 - Today NEW PUBLIC LIFE

After the changeover of political regimes, a shift in public

life also occurs. The construction of institutions which

were considered undesirable under the socialist system,

such as churches or shopping centers, bring with them

new forms of public space. Though the development of

actual urban life is thereby fostered, it is simultaneously

also reduced, as these new facilities are often limited in

access (opening times, membership regulations).Late at night New Belgrade is dead, a nightlife of clubs or

bars is, to this day, nearly non- existent.

McDonalds

Church

Fitness-Center

Tennis-Club

Basketball-Arena

Shopping-Mall


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2000 - Today (OVER-) DEMAND OFPUBLIC SPACE

The growth in population resulting from new residenti-

al construction and the general individualization of the

society, leads to a strong demand on public space. The

most disparate of users transform the open space; green

areas are used for private purposes or often used for

new construction, which, due to the desire for an urbancharacter, often forgoes large green surfaces. Only the

interstitial spaces between houses or parking spaces re-

main green.

Through the building boom of recent years trafc has

greatly increased, the wide, over-dimensioned streets

however, prevent congestion. Noticeable is the incre-

ase in private trafc and the scarcity of available parking

spaces- which compared to that of Old-Belgrade is still

harmless. In Old-Belgrade, the demands on public space

rise in excess: sidewalks, courtyards, and, in part, also

playgrounds are used for parking.

Playgrounds (>40)

Sportsgrounds:

Basketball, Soccer

Tennis, Boggia

Meadows

Parking Lots


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2000 - Today

High-School Yard

Block 21

Grocery Sale

Block 24


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over damand

double demand


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2000 - Today

Different forms of green space

are found in the individual

blocks, here shown in

block 22: While the settlements

of the 1970s have large me-

adows, trees, and also small

gardens, the green spaces of

newer blocks are often limited

to potted plants or paved cour-

tyards.


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2000 - Today SEARCH FOR ANEW COLLECTIVITY

After a retreat into private life during the turbulent cli-

mate of the 1990s, a new desire for collectivity and so-

cial contact emerges within the individual housing de-

velopments. Parks, with their green-spaces, benches,

and playgrounds, which have declined in past years, de-

mand maintenance and repair, for which, however, thefunds are often lacking. The condition of buildings and

green-spaces therefore depend on the commitment of

the residents. Engaged owners and renters see to the

maintenance of the building, repaint walls and benches,

or organize football games to strengthen the collectivity

of the settlement.

PETAR KWASNEVSKI is one of the active residents. He is the president of block 37, is respon-

sible for the concerns of the block-residents and is the contact person to the municipal body. He

sees that the park is cleaned, the benches and broken basketball nets replaced, and that the jungle

gyms of the playground are repainted.

According to Petar, it is not an easy job; residents are seldom interested in communal activities,

and, to a large part, care only for their own apartment. Nevertheless, he does not give up hope and

continues to organize football games and other events, also involving neighboring blocks in order

to overcome rivalries. Two times a year Petar also organizes large events on which he collaborates

with the NGO CLINDA and the television station TV METROPOLIS. It is important to him that the

problems of New Belgrade be made public.

In Block 37 everyone knows me. I am called the radioactive man.


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Cleaning Event in Block 37, Spring 2005


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2000 - Today


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1200-1500 /m2

1500 /m2

1800 /m2

1400 /m2

1200-1500 /m2

1000-1200 /m2

2000 /m2

1300-1700 /m2

1300-1900 /m2

1700 /m2

1500 /m2

1100 /m2

1200 /m2

1200 /m2

1500 /m2

1100-1200 /m2

1100-1200 /m2

1200-1500 /m2

BulevarAvnoja

2000 - Today THE APARTMENTAS COMMODITY

The building boom since 2000, and the settlement of in-

ternational rms in Belgrade has boosted the real estate

market. The price of apartments rises continually; the pri-

ce per sq. meter for older houses is nearly at the same

level as new buildings (approximately 1500 Euro/m2).

The specic price is above all determined by proximityto the main street Bulevar Avnoj, and to the level of ni-

shing within the apartment.

The residents of New Belgrade, who are primarily ow-

ners, are actively involved in the real estate business:

apartments are bought, sold, rented, or sublet. One is

well informed of apartment prices, both in ones own and

in neighboring blocks.

Owners of apartment in good locations receive daily

purchase offers, primarily from investment rms, but also

from private individuals who want to rent out or resell

the property for a prot. Many owners, often rst-time

residents of New Belgrade, toy with the idea of selling

their apartment: they speculate, however, that prices will

continue to rise in the coming years.


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2000 - Today

Bulevar Mihajla Pupina, Novi Beograd

70 m2, 800 / month

Excellent brand new duplex apartment located in

New Belgrade area. It features living/dinning room

with high ceiling, kitchen and shower bathroom.

Second level features bedroom, another shower

bathroom, walk-in closet, and a large gallery with

magnicent view. Gallery can be used as a study or

a guest bedroom. Building has 24 hour guard, and

there is a possibility of renting a garage place in the

underground garage. For more details please con-

tact Milica Maric GSM: +381-63-321535


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Bulevar Mihajla Pupina, Novi Beograd

200m2, 4000 / month

This unique, exclusive penthouse is located in the best

part of New Belgrade area. It features: entrance hall,

guest toilet, spacious living/dining are with high ceilings

and replace, fully equipped kitchen with all new appli-

ances, shower bathroom, bedroom, walk in wardrobe,

guest bedroom/study and master bedroom with it`s

own full bathroom equipped with large jacuzzi bathtub.

Apartment has secured garage place. For more details

please contact Colliers Belgrade

Tel: +381 11 2663863


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2000 - Today

Apartment n Block 23,

Constructed 1974

60 m2, 200 / month


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Apartment in Block 29

Constructed 2005

150 m2furnished, 2500 / month


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2000 - Today 65m2VS. TWO PEOPLE ON115m2

The new buildings constructed in the last ten years, bring

a completely new type of available apartment to New

Belgrade, which also attracts a higher social class.

Next to functional and compactly organized apartments

from the socialist building phase, there are generous mai-sonette apartments with Whirlpool and security services.

There is hardly any social integration between these two,

different residential groups; one is more likely to meet in

the new public spaces, such as in a shopping center, at

McDonalds, or at the bus-stop.

Block 28

Construction: 2004-2006

Architect: MR Gradjevinar

180 Apartments

Example:

115m2 + 17m2Balcony

4.5 Rooms

Block 23

Construction: 1969-1974

Architects: Jankovic, Karadzic, Stjepanovic

300 Apartments

Example:

65m2+ 4m2Balcony

3 Rooms


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115 m2-Apartment

Block 28

65 m2-Aparment

Block 23


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2000 - Today THREE GENERATIONSON 65m2

The settlements of block 23 were constructed in the

early 1970s, in the three buildings live a total of 7000

residents. The buildings are organized along two circu-

lation corridors; narrow courtyards are located between

the circulation cores. The buildings are constructed of

pre-fabricated concrete elements. Apartments are opento two sides, while the kitchen and dining area look onto

the courtyard. Balconies are located on both sides and

are often built out into a loggia or used as additional sto-

rage space.


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MILENKOis 47 years old and lives with his son, mother, and her sister in a 3-room apartment in

block 23. As the apartment is only 65m2, his mother and aunt share one room. His son has his own

room and Milenko sleeps on an extendable sofa in the living room. Until a year ago, Milenko worked

in a watch factory in Zemun, before he became jobless. This is the reason why he is not able to

afford his own apartment, though living with his mother and aunt is not always easy. Milenko moved

into the building with his family in the year 1973, at that time, his father was employed by the military

and received the apartment for free.

At rst, Milenko had to attend a school in the old-city, as the school in block 23 was rst completed

three years later. They were nally able to purchase the apartment in 1993, though his father had

already passed away.

Milenko likes living in the center of New Belgrade very much: one is near the old town, but not

directly in the center. His son also feels very comfortable here as he has so much space outside

to play with friends and is, within the block, protected from the dangerous streets. For Milenko, the

only problem is the post ofce building (catastrophe!): here, nothing has changed in the last 30

years, it is much too small for the many residents, and there are long waiting times. Nevertheless,

Milenko would not move away from New Belgrade, and if, then only to return to his homeland ofKrayevo. Above all, he would never want to live in the mega-blocks, where there are big problems

with drugs. Most of all, Milenko dreams of a hut along a stream, surrounded by nature, without

electricity or television..

I sleep on an extendable sofa in the living room, but that is normal here. Most

people have to transform their living room into a bedroom at night.

Milenko, 47 years old Block 23.

Milenko with his mother


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2000 - Today TWO PEOPLE ON 115m2

The new building on block 28 consists of three parts,

which together enclose an elongated courtyard. Spaces

on the ground oor and along the highway are rented

by stores or ofces, above, 180 apartments are located:

everything is available here, from the 20m2 studio to the

150 m2 maisonette. Most apartments have a large ter-

race. The building was poured of concrete, on-site, and

the exterior was subsequently painted white. Currently,the interior is under completion, in two months all the

apartments should be ready for habitation.


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MARIYA IVKOVIC completed her studies in architecture three years ago. Since then, she has

worked in the architectural ofce of her father, which is responsible for the completion of the inte -rior of the new residential and business building in block 28. Her father also bought her a 4.5 room

apartment, for 1650 Euros/m2, in this building. The apartment was not completed in May 2006, as

planned, and for the time being Mariya lives in a one-room apartment within the same building.

She is already very excited for her large apartment, where she will move in with her boyfriend. The

115m2 apartment is large enough that they will be able to begin a family in the future. She particu-

larly likes the south-westerly orientation of the terrace in the new apartment.

In the last two years, Mariya lived in a housing development of the 1970s, in block 23. She actually

prefers this building and its underlying urban principal, to the many new buildings of the last two

years. She cannot understand why normal people are so fascinated by the glass-facades. Yet, she

is happy that she will now be able to move into a larger, more comfortable apartment. Because all

new buildings have their own parking garages, she even has her own parking space and must no

longer endure the tedious search for parking.

The new apartments are top-modern and fully equipped with everything that

one might need. I am most excited about the large terrace.

Mariya Ivkovic, 28 years old, Block 28

Mariya in conversation with a construction worker


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2000 - Today TWO LEVELS OF THE CITYWithin the urban fabric of New Belgrades center, two le-

vels are apparent: pragmatically, these can be identied

as a new and an old level.

The old-level is related to the beginning phases of New

Belgrade and the entire cityscape related to it; the new-

level relates to the phase since the 1990s and covers dif-

ferent themes, such as urban planning, architecture, and

sociology. The two levels overlay and permeate each

other to differing degrees, depending on the situation.

1960-1980

after 1990

Block 21

The new buildings occupy the

free spaces alone the edges of

the blocks, where before smal-

ler green spaces where loca-

ted. The central location along

the main streets is important for

services such as banks or insu-

rance agencies.

Block 22

The new buildings are located

on the large, fallow half of the

block. The apartments, with

commercial functions on the

ground oor, build a unied,closed entity, which is clearly

separated from the older buil-

ding structures.


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2000 - Today

I do not know if I prefer the old or the new residential buildings. The apart-

ments are larger and more attractive in the newer structures, that is why I live

here.

Deki, Block 29

The new buildings are sterile, and the facades lifeless. Everything is so cold. I

wish for a more imaginative architecture.

Italian teacher, 51 years old, Block 30

I feel as though I am in prison. I see only walls before me. I was once able tosee all the way to Old-Belgrade and had open air. I am afraid of the new buil-

dings.

Old man, Block 29

The architecture of the new buildings is very good and beautiful! For example

the Arena!

R. Jerotijevic, Block 29

I like neither the old, nor the new buildings. I would nd myself in a dilemma if

I had to choose between the two: the new buildings have better infrastructure,

while the older ones are more soundly constructed.

Veljko Stefanovic, 22 years old, Block 28

The buildings of block 22 are so ugly! They are they ugliest buildings of all New

Belgrade because of their concrete facades. The Hyatt Hotel and the Arena are

much nicer!

Rada, 71 years old, Block 22

The new buildings are bad, they rob of us open space and air. Everything is so

narrow. I am a romantic, thus, I prefer the older buildings. The newer ones look

like matchboxes and have no charm.

Man with dog, Block 28

The new buildings do not suit me. There is no free space around the benches

and everything has become too cramped.

Marina, Block 21


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2000 - Today

Private Business

School.

Built 2002

Bank Building

in front of the

residetnial Area

in Block 30,

built 2004


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2000 - Today


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CONTACTS

Municipal DepartmensIvana Milenkovic, Borrough Architekt of Neo Beograde

+381 11 310 67 80 / [email protected]

Biliana Misic, Department care of monuments

Construction Firms:

Energoprojekt:

Marica Boskovic-Petronijevic, Chiefarchitect and Head of the architectural division

+38 111 311 19 31 / [email protected]

Ljubica Ivkovic, real-estate salesperson

+38 111 310 18 94 / [email protected]

MR Gradjevinar:

Ilinka Spasic, Head of PR

+381 11 318 80 75 / [email protected]

Universtity Belgrade

Ljiliana Blagojevic, Teaches at the Faculty of Architecture

+381 11 322 52 54 / [email protected]

Jelena Brasanac, student of architecture

Veljko Stefanovic, student of architecture

Marina Boljanovic, student of architecture

Dragana Djapa, assistant at the TU Wien

INTERVIEWS

Dusan, Block 21

Djordje und Rada, Block 21

Vladam, Block 21

Rada, Block 22

Ivana Markov, Block 22

Sloboda, Block 22

Caslav Popovic, Block 22

Milenko, Block 23

Dunja Poleti, Block 23

Ljubinka, Block 24

Moralim, Block 25

Sasha, Block 28

Zoran, Block 28

Tanja, Block 29

Deki, Block 29

R. Jerotijevic, Block 29

Zoran, Block 30Mina, Block 30

Petar Kvasnevski, Block 37

SOURCES


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BOOKS

Novi Beograd 1961 - ville nouvelle

Direction pour la construction de Novi Beograd, Beograd, 1961

BEOGRAD 1945-1975, Urbanizam Arhitektura, Bratislav Stojanovic, Uros Martinovic,

Beograd, 1978

Iskustra proslosti, lessons of the past, 1985

Milos R. Perovic / The Institute for Development Planing of the City of Belgrade

Guide to Modern Architecture in Belgrade, 2002

Dijana Milainovic Maric, Association of Belgrade Architects

MAGAZINES

ARHITEKTURA, URBANIZAM 74/ 77,

Beograd, 1975

Stadtbauwelt Belgrad, Nr. 36

Gtersloh, 2004

Halo Oglasi: real-estat magazine21.05.2006

MOVIES

Srdjan Golubovic, Apsolutnih 100, 2001

TV Metropolis, Neobicne Price - Komsije, 2005

EXPOSITIONS

Open spaces of Novi Beograd: a project by students at the department of urban de-

sign and landscape architecture, TU Wien

INTERNET

www.beograd.co.yu

www.novibeograd.org.yu

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrad

www.landscape.tuwien.ac.at/lva/ws05/250114/index.htm

beobuild.co.yu

www.napred.net

www.energovg.co.yu

www.imelgroup.co.yu

www.veranogroup.com

colliers.com/Markets/SerbiaMontenegro/FindAProperty

www.slavijabiro.co.yu


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STATISTICS

Statsitical Yearbook of the city of Belgrade, 2004

www.zis.bg.gov.yu/publikacije_eng.php

MAPS

City Map Novi Beograd, 1:7500

2004

City Map Belgrade, 1:20000

Intersystem Kartograa, 2005

PLANS

Main Plan Belgrade, Uni Belgrad

Katasterplan-Excerpt (Block 25 and 26) by Vlada Slavija

Additions by Sabine Herzog and Helen Wyss

Floor PLans Block 23:

ARHITEKTURA, URBANIZAM 74 77,Godina, Beograd, 1975, p. 57

Floor Plans, Block 28:

MR Gradjevinar, Belgrad

IMAGES

BEOGRAD 1945-1975, Urbanziam Arhitektura, BratislavStojanovic, Uros Martinovic, Beograd, 1978

p. 150

Aerial of Belgrade

Google Earth, http://earth.google.com

Ljiljana Blagojevic, PhD Thesis, Belgrad, 2004

Strategije modernizma u planiranju i projektovanjuurbane strukture i arhitekture Novog Beograda: period

konzeptualne faze od 1992 da 1962 godine

p. 242

Ljiljana Blagojevic, PhD Thesis, Belgrade, 2004

Strategije modernizma u planiranju i projektovanju

urbane strukture i arhitekture Novog Beograda: period

konzeptualne faze od 1992 da 1962 godine,

p. 215

Ljiljana Blagojevic, PhD Thesis, Belgrad, 2004

Strategije modernizma u planiranju i projektovanju

urbane strukture i arhitekture Novog Beograda: period

konzeptualne faze od 1992 da 1962 godine

p. 293


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BEOGRAD 1945-1975, Urbanziam Arhitektura, Bratislav Stojanovic, Uros Martinovic,

Beograd, 1978

p. 230







Plan, photoraph by Alex Zollinger and Willy Sthelin

Energoproject, Belgrade

Modell, photograph by Alex Zollinger and Willy Sthelin

Energoproject, Belgrade

Architecture of Belgradețs city center

Documents

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