ARCHITECTURE DRAWING AND

READING

Presented By- Mrs. Annu Garg

(CEO, NECL)

• Art and science of designing buildings and non-

building structures

• Manipulating shapes, forms and spaces to change

our environment.

• Created by adding and dividing spaces with

geometry, colors and shapes.

• Masterly, correct and magnificent play of forms

under light.

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE?

A good design is all about designing a building that is more functional aesthetical and durable.

WHAT IS GOOD DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE?

• Architects in construction plays an important role and they are responsible for visual appearance of the buildings and structures before final structural design.

• The architect makes use of vision and creative ideas to satisfy the client. But the design evolved by the architects have to satisfy with the building laws and the regulations of the state.

• A construction project has enormous design drawings that have to be prepared all before the execution of the work on site. Any errors have to be pre-checked before implementing it.

• This early submission of drawings helps in avoiding the delaying of the project. The drawings are the basis on which detailed estimation, material procurement and work at site is carried out.

• The construction of a building or a structure is now performed by both the architect and a civil engineer provided they have adequate experience and skill. The different drawings an architect can render will include the floor plan, the site plan, the elevation and the isometric views, Other detailed structural drawings, 3D models and 3D views.

WHO IS AN ARCHITECT & WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN CONSTRUCTION

• Drawing is a form of visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional

medium.

• Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression and probably the most popular as it doesn’t require any

educational qualification to read a drawing.

WHAT IS DRAWING?

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

• Architectural drawing is simply the technical drawing of a house, a building

or any kind of structure.

• A sketch, diagram, plan, or schematic used to design, construct, and

document buildings and other structures.

• The drawings may be used to indicate the overall appearance, inside or outside

the structure, or they may be used to indicate precise measurements and other

details for construction.

• Drawings, especially those for construction purposes, may be issued as a set, with different sheets indicating different

types of construction (electrical, mechanical, plumbing).

• Certain set of conventions are followed while making Architectural drawings for maintaining the uniformity of

drawings in terms of – Scale, line weight, size of sheet, line weight, line type, symbols .

• IS 962:1989 – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING DRAWINGS lays down the standards for drafting.

• Local By-laws also has certain standards that must be followed in order to get the sanction for the project.

Technical drawings are graphic representations such as lines and symbolsthat follow specific conventions of scale and projection.

• to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal

• to communicate ideas and concepts

• to convince clients of the merits of a design.

• to enable a building contractor to construct it

• as a record of the completed work

• to make a record of a building that already exists.

PURPOSE OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

• Site Plan

• Diagram (Shows the inter relationship of spaces)

• Floor Plans (Horizontal section of building at

certain height)

• Elevations (View on a vertical plane situated at

infinity )

• Sections (A view of the parts contained in an

intersecting surface, usually a plane surface)

• Component details (Drawings used to show the

manufacture/ installation of components)

• Isometric and Axonometric projections.

• Perspective views.

COMPONENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

SITE PLAN

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

SECTION

1. Preliminary Drawing (Concept Sketch)

2. Survey Drawing

3. Tender Drawing

4. Presentation Drawing

5. Municipal Drawing

6. Working Drawing

7. Record Drawings / As-built Drawing

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

1. PRELIMINARY DRAWING

(CONCEPT SKETCH)

• It is the IDEATION of the

design.

• It has the main elements to

be used that exhibits the

principles the architect

intends to implement.

• Climate, topography and

socio-economic aspects come

into play during inception of

the concept.

2. SURVEY DRAWING

• Measured drawings of

existing land, structures and

buildings.

• Architects need an accurate

set of survey drawings as a

basis for their working

drawings, to establish exact

dimensions for the

construction work.

• These drawings show

terrain, nearby structures,

Vegetation, water body etc.

3. TENDER DRAWING

• The purpose of tender drawing is to

describe the project in sufficient

detail so that the price submitted by

the contractor can be expected to be

realistic.

• Drawing must show sufficient detail

so that there is no sufficient change

and subsequently no significant

change of the cost.

FLOOR PLAN

4. PRESENTATION DRAWING

• On the basis of the concept, the

Architect now tries to convince the

client by using RENDERED IMAGES

and WALKTHROUGHS.

• The dimensions in this drawing may

change (it does change) due to

certain constraints.

• The main focus in this drawing is its

visual appeal.

SITE PLAN

FLOOR PLAN

3D VIEW

5. MUNICIPAL DRAWING• These are the drawings prepared for obtaining sanction for the project.

• The sanctioning authorities have their own checklist of drawings to be submitted.

• Sanction is granted for the construction of the building only after scrutinized and found to be conforming with all the

mandatory by-laws.

• Some of the required drawings are:

1. All floor plans

2. Location (Key Plan)

3. Site Plan

4. All Elevations

5. Sections- Minimum one through staircase and one through toilet.

6. Septic Tank details (sewerage ).

7. Area Diagram

6. WORKING DRAWING

• The purpose of the working drawings is to show how the

design is to be materialized.

• Working drawings should give the contractor exactly the

information he needs.

• The drawings should be

1. neatly arranged and systematically numbered, should be

clear, simple, and clean.

2. should have only relevant data.

3. necessary notes should be accurately drawn so that scaled

measurements agree with figures.

4. should be free of repetitive details.

VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF WORKING DRAWING

• Site Layout

• Foundation layout

• Excavation plan

• Column layout

• Beam- column layout

• Brickwork layout

• Electrical drawing.

• PHE drawing

• HVAC drawing

• Generic details

• Elevations and Sections

WORKING DRAWING

SITE LAYOUT

SECTION

FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

FOUNDATION PLAN COLUMN SECTION

STRUCTURE DRAWING- COLUMN LAYOUT DRAWING

ELECTRICAL DRAWING

PLUMBING DRAWING

PLUMBING DRAWING- TOILET

SITE DRAINAGE DRAWING

PLUMBING DRAWING STAIRCASE DETAILS

HVAC DRAWING

SYMBOLS REPRESENTING DOORS:

FIXTURES, APPLIANCES AND SYMBOLS

• More detailed floor plans show the layout of kitchens and bathrooms, since these are rooms which have fixtures and appliances. BSI symbols are used to simplify the drawing of common features.

Lamp

Switch

Socket

Brickwork

Concrete

Sawn wood

Window

Door

Radiator

In-line valve

Crossover

Junctions

Sink

Washbasin

Shower tray

Bath

Sink top

Insulation

SYMBOLS REPRESENTING WINDOWS:

SYMBOLS REPRESENTING STAIRS:

SYMBOLS REPRESENTING ELEVATORS:

7. RECORD DRAWINGS / AS-BUILT DRAWING

• These are revised set of drawing made upon

completion of a project or a particular job.

• They reflect all changes made in the

specifications and working drawings during the

construction process, and show the exact

dimensions, geometry, and location of all

elements of the work completed under the

contract.

• Also called as-built drawings or just as-builts.

A. SETBACKS FOR DIFFERENT BUILDING OCCUPANCIES:For said occupancies the setbacks have to be allowed as follows: a. Educational buildings - Except for nursery schools, the minimum open space shall be 6 meters. b. Institutional buildings - Minimum open space shall be 6 meters. c. Assembly building - Minimum open space shall be 6 meters (sides and back) and minimum front open space shall be 12 meters. d. Business/Mercantile & storage building – Minimum open space around the building shall be 4.5meters. Relaxed approach in certain

circumstances. e. Industrial/Hazardous building – Minimum 4.5 meters open space shall be kept around the building (height up to16 meters). Open

space to be increased by 0.25 meters for each addittional 1 meter height of the building.

B. CALCULATION OF BUILDING HEIGHT:• Floor area ratio (FAR) is the ratio of a building's total floor area (gross floor area) to the size of the piece of land upon which it is

built. The terms can also refer to limits imposed on such a ratio through zoning.• As a formula FAR = (gross floor area) / (area of the plot)

• FSI stands for Floor Space Index also known as Floor Area Ratio (FAR). FSI means the ratio between the area of a covered floor (Built up Area) to the area of that plot (land) on which a building stands.

BY-LAWS AND STANDARDS

C. BUILDING HEIGHT AND SETBACKS: D. ECS- EQUIVALENT CAR SPACE

• MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS FOR FIRE TENDER MOVEMENT - 9 meters.

E. VERTICAL CIRCULATION:Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants access specific areas of buildings, including:• Stairs• Ramps• Elevators

STAIRS:There shall be minimum of two staircases. One of them shall be enclosed stairway, and the other shall be on the external walls of building and shall open directly to any open place of safety. Single staircase may be accepted for educational, business or group housing society. (Floor area not exceeding 300 sqm. and height of the building not exceeding 24 m).

Minimum Width Provisions for Stairways :The following minimum width provisions shall be made for each stairway

a) i) Residential low rise building 0.9 m. ii) Other residential building (e.g. flats, hostels, group housing) 1.25 m

b) Assembly buildings (Auditorium, theatres and cinemas) 2.0 m. c) All other buildings including hotels 1.5 m. d) Institutional building (hospitals) 2.0 m. e) Educational building (School, Colleges) 1.5 m.

BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT:

• Handicap toilet: The minimum size= 1700 x 2200 mm.• Parking:The width of parking bay= 3.60 M• Ramp:Minimum width= 1800 mm. (maximum gradient 1:12), length of ramp not to exceed 9.0 M• Lift:Clear internal depth= 1100mm.Clear internal width=2000 mm. Entrance door width= 900 mm.

PARKING

HANDICAP TOILET

LIFT

RAMPS:Ramps to be readily apparent or clearly sign posted.

• Maximum ramp length 10m, maximum ramp rise 500mm for max gradient of 1:20. • Maximum ramp length 5m, maximum ramp rise 333mm for max gradient of 1:15. • Maximum ramp length 2m, maximum ramp rise 166mm for max gradient of 1:12. • Clearly posted signs required where rise exceeds 300mm. • Alternative access method when total rise exceeds 2m. An external lift to be provided.

TYPES OF LIFT:Passenger Lift : A lift designed for the transport of passengers.

Goods Lift : A lift designed primarily for the transport of goods but which may carry a lift attendant or other person necessary for the unloading and loading of goods.

Service Lift (Dumb-Waiter) : A lift with a car which moves in guides in a vertical direction; has net floor area of 1 m2, total inside height of 1.25 m; and capacity not exceeding 250 kg; and is exclusively used for carrying materials and shall not carry any person.

Hospital Lift : A lift normally installed in a hospital/dispensary/clinic and designed to accommodate one number bed/stretcher along its depth, with sufficient space around to carry a minimum of three attendants in addition to the lift operation

1. 2. 3. 4.

F. ROAD WIDTH:

The top width of highway embankment or bottom width of highway cutting excluding the side drains is called ‘Road way width’ or ‘Formation Width’.

RIGHT OF WAY (R/W):

The area of the land acquired for construction and development of a road along the alignment is known as ‘Right of way’. The width of this acquired land is known as ‘land width’.

FIRE ESCAPE:

REFUGE AREA:Refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor & open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railing. a) For floors above 24m & up to 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately above 24m. b) For floors above 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39m & so on after 15m refuge area shall be provided

FIRE DETECTION DEVICES:The four types of fire detectors are heat, ionization, photoelectric, and ionization/photoelectric. The differences in each of these how they detect fires, heat being from temperature, and the other three being from smoke.

HEAT DETECTORS:Unlike other types of alarm systems, heat detectors are not early warning devices. These devices are typically found in spots with fixed temperature, including heater closets, small rooms, and kitchen facilities. They should not be installed in areas with fluctuating ambient temperature. This is because the alarm on heat detectors is set to go off if there is a rise in the temperature.

FLAME DETECTORS:Like their name suggests, these detectors are used to detect flames. When working properly, they detect fire nearly at the point of ignition. They are very useful for buildings involving with hazardous processes, as well as gas and oil refineries and manufacturing industries.

SMOKE DETECTORSSmoke alarms are designed to detect fires quickly. Like flame detectors, this fire detection equipment is divided into three subcategories.

• Photoelectric alarms• Ionization alarms• Combination alarms

PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGNELEMENTS

•LINE •FORM •COLOR • TEXTURE• VISUAL WEIGHT

PRINCIPLES• PROPORTION ORDER UNITY

MOTIVATIONAL QUOTE

FAILURES COME ONLY WHEN WE FORGET OUR

IDEALS, OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES.

PANDIT JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU

THANK YOU