Architectural Guidebook for High Energy Efficiency ... Architectural... · Architectural Guidebook...

Architectural Guidebook for High Energy Efficiency Building Design

15.06.2015 Dr.-Ing. Robert Himmler

1.  Background to the Building Energy Code 2.  Evaluation of BEC for 257 Buildings in

Thailand 3.  Energy performance labelling of buildings 4.  Suggestions for a architectural

guidebook

2 © JGSEE/KMUTT . http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th . BEC . 15.05.2015

Background to this study

•  Building Energy Code (BEC) was developed in Thailand since 1995 and approved by Cabinet in 2009

•  After first development, BEC standards did not change, while technology may have improved over past 10 years

•  Thailand’s Energy Efficiency Development Plan (EEDP) sees BEC implementation as high priority

•  Thailand’s EEDP suggests to introduce and implement Building Energy Labels

Objective of TGP-EEDP •  In order to improve uptake of Building Energy Code, it is relevant to

know what is the state of the art in energy efficiency of new buildings •  Analysis of state of the art may lead to adjustment of BEC standards •  In order to introduce Building Energy Labels, (adjusted) BEC

standards should be basis for labels


How the Building Energy Code works

Thai Building Energy Code (BEC)

System Performance Compliance

Whole Building Energy Compliance

Roof Thermal Transfer Value RTTVP<RTTVR

Lighting Power Density

LPDP<LPDR

coefficient of performance (of an air-conditioning system)

COPP >COPR

Overall Thermal Transfer Value OTTVP<OTTVR

Proposed Building

Reference Building <


Calculation of OTTV / RTTV

OTTV = (1-WWR)·(TDeq)·UW + WWR ·∆T ·Uf + WWR ·SHGC ·SC ·ESR

Equivalent temperature difference (wall orientation, solar absorption, heat capacity)

U-value walls

Temperature difference

U-value windows

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

Shading Coefficient

Effective Solar Radiation

Wall Window Shading

window-to- wall ratio




Evaluation of BEC for Buildings in Thailand


Overview of evaluated buildings

! A total of 257 buildings!

Building(Type(Public'Buildings' Private'Buildings' Total'

Exis6ng'Building'

New''Building'

Rewarded'Building'

Exis6ng'Building'

New''Building'

Rewarded'Building'

Buildings''

Office'Building' 19' 28' 3' 0' 4' 1' 55'

Department'store' 0' 0' 0' 4' 1' 3' 8'

Condominium' 9' 2' 1' 6' 24' 0' 42'

Hospital' 2' 33' 0' 0' 0' 0' 35'

Hotel' 2' 5' 0' 1' 6' 0' 14'

Educa6onal'Ins6tute' 15' 74' 0' 0' 0' 0' 89'

Conven6on'Building' 5' 9' 0' 0' 0' 0' 14'


Data analysed in this study

-  OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) -  RTTV (Roof Thermal Transfer Value) -  LPD (Lighting Power Density) -  COP (Coefficient of Performance) was not possible,

because data was missing -  Whole building energy compliance

The following diagrams represent office buildings only, however results can be transferred to the other building types.


Average OTTV in Office

•  Existing Buildings perform better than new buildings •  Technically it is no problem to achieve lower

OTTV values ("rewarded buildings) •  Rewarded Buildings already perform much better

than current BEC requirement


Comparison of existing and new office buildings

Existing Buildings (KMUTT Campus) Rewarded Buildings

Façade Properties (low OTTV): •  Single glazing •  No coating •  Window to wall ratio: <50 % •  Fully shaded

Façade Properties (low OTTV): •  Double glazing •  Coating •  Fully glazed •  No shading (internal)

New Buildings

Façade Properties (high OTTV): •  single glazing •  tinted glazing •  Fully glazed •  No shading (internal)

Future (super low OTTV): •  Double glazing •  Window to wall ratio: <50 % •  Fully shaded


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

160'to'10

10'to

'20

20'to

'30

30'to

'40

40'to

'50

50'to

'60

60'to

'70

70'to

'80

80'to

'90

90'to

'100

100'to'110

110'to'120

120'to'130

130'to'140

140'to'150

150'to'160

>'16

0

Num

ber'o

f'buildings'[1]

OTTV'[W/m2]

Statistical'Analyses'of'OTTV'in'Office'Buildings

Rewarded'Buildings'(4)

New'Buildings'(32)

Existing'Buildings'(19)

OTTV in Office

Fail Pass

Limit Value of OTTV

•  Around 60 % of all buildings fail system compliance of BEC

•  OTTV limit is strict enough, but must be enforced!


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

BEC*Reference*Value Existing*Buildings*(19) New*Buildings*(32) Rewarded*Buildings*(4)

RTTV

$[W/m

2 ]

Average$RTTV$in$Office$Buildings

Average RTTV in Office

•  Existing Buildings perform better than new buildings!

•  Technically it is no problem to achieve lower RTTV values ("rewarded buildings)


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

200'to'5

5'to'10

10'to

'15

15'to

'20

20'to

'25

25'to

'30

30'to

'35

35'to

'40

40'to

'45

45'to

'50

50'to

'55

55'to

'60

60'to

'65

65'to

'70

70'to

'75

75'to

'80

>'80

Num

ber'o

f'buildings'[1]

RTTV'[W/m2]

Statistical'Analyses'of'RTTV'in'Office'Buildings


New'Buildings'(32)


RTTV in Office

Fail Pass

•  Around 30 % of all buildings fail BEC •  RTTV limit is strict enough, but must

be enforced!

BEC Limit Value of RTTV


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

BEC*Reference*Value Existing*Buildings*(19) New*Buildings*(32) Rewarded*Buildings*(4)

LPD$[W

/m2 ]

Average$LPD$in$Office$Buildings

Average Lighting Power Density (LPD) in Office

•  All building types are 1/3 below current LPD limit •  Therefore LPD has to be tightened •  Suggestion: 10 W/m2 (ASHRAE: 9,7 W/m2)


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

200'to'2

2'to'4

4'to'6

6'to'8

8'to'10

10'to

'12

12'to

'14

14'to

'16

16'to

'18

18'to

'20

>'20

Num

ber'o

f'buildings'[1]

LPD'[W/m2]

Statistical'Analyses'of'LPD'in'Office'Buildings


New'Buildings'(32)


LPD in Office

Fail Pass

BEC Limit Value of LDP


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Existing.Buildings.(19) New.Buildings.(32)

Energy'Con

sumption''[k

Wh/m

2 a]

Average'Energy'Consumption'in'Office'Buildings

Average.EnergyConsumption(Reference).of.OfficeBuildings.[kWh/m2a]

Average.EnergyConsumption(Proposed).of.OfficeBuildings.[kWh/m2a]

Average End Energy Results (Existing & New Building)

•  All buildings fulfil BEC requirements, although OTTV & RTTV is often not sufficient

•  Bad OTTV & RTTV is compensated by savings due to LPD (reason: LPD easy to fulfil!)


Statistical Analyses of whole building compliance in Office Buildings

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

90+to+5

5+to+10

10+to

+15

15+to

+20

20+to

+25

25+to

+30

30+to

+35

35+to

+40

40+to

+45

45+to

+50

50+to

+55

55+to

+60

60+to

+65

65+to

+70

70+to

+75

75+to

+80

>+80

Num

ber'o

f'buildings'[1]

Energy'savings'compare'to'reference'building'[%]

Statistical'Analyses'of'Whole'Building'Compliance'in'Office'Buildings

Rewarded+Buildings+(4)

New+Buildings+(32)

Existing+Buildings+(19)Because of lax LPD requirements savings seem to be substantial


Suggestions for energy performance labelling of buildings


A labeling system has been developed by Prof. Surapong (as in EEDP)

Suggested Labelling Scheme on the bases of BEC Calculation Method: BEC: Current Building Energy Code HEPS: Higher Energy Performance Standard Level ECON: Economic level NZEB: Net zero energy buildings level " developed on bases of life cycle cost (LCC) calculation for energy saving

measures " suggested requirements are economically efficient!


OTTV requirements according to a labeling system developed by Prof.Surapong (as in EEDP)

OTTV [W/m2]( Current BEC(

Suggested BEC( BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ ECON ECON+ NZEB

Office Building' 50' 50' 40' 30' 25' 20' 17.5' 15'

Department Store' 40' 40' 32.5' 25' 20' 15' 12.5' 10'

Condominium' 30' 30' 22.5' 15' 12.5' 10' 8.75' 7.5'

Hospital' 30' 30' 22.5' 15' 12.5' 10' 8.75' 7.5'

Hotel' 30' 30' 22.5' 15' 12.5' 10' 8.75' 7.5'

Educational Institute' 50' 50' 40' 30' 25' 20' 17.5' 15'

Convention Center' 40' 40' 32.5' 25' 20' 15' 12.5' 10'


Suggestion for Building Energy Label Scheme

Possible(Label( Current BEC(

Suggested BEC( BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ ECON ECON+ NZEB

((((((((((((((((

Label(becomes(minimum(BEC(requirement(

2015( 2016( 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031 2034

1( 2( 3 4 5

G( F( E D C B A


Timeline of BEC on the example of a office building

0"

10"

20"

30"

40"

50"

60"

0"

10"

20"

30"

40"

50"

60"

Actual"BEC"(2015)"

Suggested"BEC"

(2016)"

BEC+"(2019)"

HEPS"(2022)"

HEPS+"(2025)"

ECON"(2028)"

ECON+"(2031)"

NZEB"(2034)"

Energy'Saving'compa

red'to'actua

l'BEC

'(%)'

Power'Den

sity'(W

/m2)'

OTTV"[W/m2]" RTTV"[W/m2]" LPD""[W/m2]" Energy"Saving"[%]"

2015 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031 2034

BEC

BEC =Suggested

BEC

BEC =BEC+

BEC =HEPS

BEC =HEPS+

BEC =ECON

BEC =ECON+

BEC =NZEP


How to achieve building labels on the example of OTTV

Current BEC BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ ECON ECON+ NZEB

Orientation South South South South South South South

WWR 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%

Overhang [m] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Components

Glazing: Uf =5.8 W/m2K SHGC = 80% Wall: 15 cm Brick

Glazing: Uf =3.53 W/m2K SHGC = 44% Wall: 15 cm Brick5 cm

Glazing: Uf =3.53 W/m2K SHGC = 44% Wall: 15 cm light weight concrete

Glazing: Uf =3.53 W/m2K SHGC = 44% Wall: 15 cm Brick 5 cm Insulation (k=0.04W/mK)


Glazing: Uf =1.65 W/m2K SHGC = 20% Wall: 15 cm Concrete (light weight : density 620 kg/m3)


OTTVP[W/m2] 46.21 34.66 29.42 20.64 17.37 17.03' 10.82'

OTTVRef [W/m2] 50 40 30 25 20 17.5 15


0

10

20

30

40

50

60Reference

Rewarded1Building

OTTV$[W/m2]

Are the labeling requirements technically achievable? OTTV comparison of rewarded office buildings

One office building already meets ECON label!

Several office buildings already meet HEPS label

All rewarded office buildings meet new suggested BEC label

Current BEC

Suggested BEC BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ ECON ECON+ NZEB

Bui

ldin

g N

o.6

Bui

ldin

g N

o.8

Bui

ldin

g N

o.2

Bui

ldin

g N

o.18

Bui

ldin

g N

o.7

Bui

ldin

g N

o.4

Bui

ldin

g N

o.15

Bui

ldin

g N

o.13

Bui

ldin

g N

o.5

Bui

ldin

g N

o.17

Bui

ldin

g N

o.16

Bui

ldin

g N

o.14


Conclusions

•  Study on 257 buildings shows, that they all fulfil BEC whole building energy requirements

•  Current BEC should be tightened by reducing LPD requirements, which will indirectly lead to an improved building envelope

•  EEDP suggests building energy labels, which can be used for a future tightening of the BEC

•  Energy labels can be used for financial incentive schemes (will be discussed in the afternoon session)


Architectural Guidebook for High Energy Efficiency Building Design


Background and objectives of the guidebook

Background: •  Most architects and engineers don’t know how to achieve a

certain OTTV/RTTV value •  A lot of investors think it is expensive to install a façade with a

higher quality •  Some architects think, a high-performance façade limits their

creativity

Objectives of the guidebook: •  Guideline about how to achieve certain OTTV/RTTV values •  Suggestions for strategies to achieve cost efficient facades with

low LCC •  Examples for aesthetic façade solutions


Option 1a: built examples

Example by GBI Innowall

Section of the Southern Facade

The combination of low Window-to-Wall ratio with overhang shading devices permits achieving low OTTV values even when utilising efficient single glazing insteadof double or triple glazing

GENERAL INFORMATION

OF THE BUILDING

Type of BuildingOffice

LocationBangkok, Thailand

OrientationMain facade facing SouthAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBCCCCCCCC

DimensionsHeightFacade’s lengthHeight of floorOther

Other informationAAAAAAABBBBBBBCCCCCCC

Fiber Glass Insulation is covere by a cement mortar, this system improves the Overall Thermal Resistance of the Building Facade

Designing horizontal overhang shading in southern facades is an efficient measure to reduce the solar radiation throughthe facade

Due to Thailand’s latitude more solar exposure occurson the southern facade

Horizontal Overhang

P. XX

Fiber Glass

Insulation

OTTV < 50.00 W/m²

1- Office Building - Educational Institute

*OTTV =

48.95 W/m²

The OTTV value and other feeatures values were hypothetical assumed and are only utilised for graphical purposes.

*

Uf = 2.50 W/(m²K)SHGC = 45 %

Single Glazing

Conductivity = 0.038 W/mKThickness= 10 cmCovered with mortar

Fiber Glass Insulation

Solar Absorptance 15 %White Coating

Horizontal 1 mOverhang Shading

Example of OTTV < 50 W/m² (BEC) - Building Type AW

indow-to-Wall Ratio = 75 %


Option 1b: built examples

Type of BuildingOffice Buildingtype A


OrientationSouth

DimensionsHeightFacade’s lengthHeight of floor

MaterialsConcrete

Thickness 15 cm

Type of BuildingOffice Buildingtype A


OrientationSouth

DimensionsHeightFacade’s lengthHeight of floor

Wndow-to-Wall Ratio = 50%

OverhangShading

Horizontal 1.0 m

Wndow-to-Wall Ratio = 30%

WindowType

Dark-ColouredVT = 0.44

U-Value = 2.50 W/(m²K)SHGC = 46 %

Opaque WallMaterial

Conductivity = 0.16 W/mKDensity = 620 kg/m³

Thickness= 15 cm

ExternalCoating

Cream-ColouredAbsorptance = 0.5

OverhangShading

No Shading

WindowTypeClear

VT = 0.54U-Value = 1.25 W/(m²K)

SHGC = 76 %

Opaque WallMaterial


Thickness= 15 cm

ExternalCoating

Cream-ColouredAbsorptance = 0.5

P. XX

*OTTV = 49.99 W/m²

*OTTV = 49.17 W/m²

Offic

e Bui

ldin

g -

OTTV

< 50

W/m

² (BE

C)

1

1

The OTTV value and other feeatures values were hypothetical assumed and are only utilised for graphical purposes.

*


Option 2: Catalogue with design solutions

S

W E

N

S

W E

N

S

W E

N

OTTV = 48.68 W/m²

OTTV = 50.67 W/m²

OTTV = 48.97 W/m²

OTTV = 54.51 W/m²

OTTV = 40.55 W/m²

Uf = 5.45 W/(m²K)SHGC = 55 %

Single Glazing

Conductivity = 0.038 W/mK Fiber Glass Insulation


OTTV = 49.41 W/m²

OTTV = 49.70 W/m²

OTTV = 47.50 W/m²

OTTV = 18.93 W/m²

OTTV = 41.50 W/m²

Uf = 2.86 W/(m²K)SHGC = 30 %

Single Glazing


Brick w/Cement Mortar



OTTV = 47.59 W/m²

OTTV = 29.63 W/m²

OTTV = 28.20 W/m²

OTTV = 28.37 W/m²

OTTV = 24.17 W/m²

Uf = 2.50 W/(m²K)SHGC = 45 %

Single Glazing


Light Concrete



Window-to-W

all Ratio = 30 %

Window-to-W

all Ratio = 75 %

Window-to-W

all Ratio = 30 %

Example of OTTV < 50 W

/m² (BEC) - Building Type

OTTV < 50.00 W/m²


OTTV < 50.00 W/m²


OTTV < 50.00 W/m²


Page. XX

The Joint Graduate School of Energy & Environment King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi 126 Pracha-uthit Rd., Bangmod, Tungkru Bangkok 10140 Thailand

Thank you for your Attention!

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