Architectural Cue ModelArchitectural Cue Modelin Evacuation Simulationin Evacuation Simulation

for Underground Spacefor Underground Space

Chengyu SunChengyu SunPhd Candidate

Tongji University, China

Prof. Bauke de VriesProf. Bauke de VriesSupervisor

Eindhoven University of Technology

MotivationMotivation& Research Goal& Research Goal

Question: How the evacuee looks for the route to exit in underground?

Goal: To model how the evacuees use Architectural Cues to look for the Route To Exit in the public underground space.

All Available Cues

Dynamic Cues

Semi-fixed Cues

Fixed Cues

Threateningfire, smoke…

Other evacuees’ behavior herding, leading, following…

Graphicsigns, colors, textures, maps…

Spatialcirculation system…

Architecturalstairs, exit, doorways…

ReviewsReviewson the methods of on the methods of

computing route to exitcomputing route to exitin 34 evacuation modelsin 34 evacuation models

Non-ArchitecturalGlobal Information based model

Signage Following model

Subjective ArchitecturalPreference Level Following model

Conditional Nearest-Exit modelRandom Searching model

Methods of Computing Route to Exit Capable Model(s)

NotArchitectural

Global InformationBased

DesignatedRouteFollowing

ALLSAFE; EESCAPE; Egress Complex Model;EgressPro; EXIT89*; GridFlow*; MagneticModel*; PedGo; Simulex*; VEgAS*;

DesignatedFlow SplitFollowing

EVACNET4; PEDROUTE*; TIMTEXT; WAYOUT

DesignatedExitApproaching

ASERI*; GridFlow*; SimWALK; VEgAS*;

MagneticFieldFollowing

Magnetic Model*

ConditionalFlow FieldFollowing

FDS+Evac;

ConditionalNearest-ExitFollowing

ASERI*; BFIRES-2; buildingEXODUS; CRISP3;EGRESS; EvacSim; EXIT89*; EXITT; E-SCAPE;F.A.S.T; Fluid Model; FPETool; GridFlow*;Legion; Magnetic Model*; Myriad**; PathFinder;PEDROUTE*; Simulex*; STEPS;

LocalInformationBased

SignageFollowing

PEDROUTE*

SubjectiveArchitectural

LocalInformationBased

PreferenceLevelFollowing

BGRAF;

ConditionalNearest-ExitApproaching

MASSegress*;SGEM**;

RandomSearching

MASSegress*;

A GameA Gameto indicate Architectural Cuesto indicate Architectural Cues

in searching a route to exitin searching a route to exitImagine:You are a visitor unfamiliar with this underground spaceYou are asked to evacuate immediately.There are two directions to evacuate in front of you indicated by two red men.Which side do you choose by instinct? Left or Right?

Without other cue, your decision must depend on the Architectural Cues: Colonnade & 2 Doorway Entrances.Have you noticed and used them in your decision?

Questionnaire Questionnaire & Pre-experiment& Pre-experiment

To have an overview of architectural cuesTo test the reliability of the subjects’ response in CAVE designed speciallyTo collect & observe the routes

Architectural Cues ListMedian

Preference Level

Votes of Every Preference Level

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Outdoor Light 1 58 18 9 5 5 1 2 0 3 1 0 0 102

Upstairs/Slope Up 3 13 31 20 13 7 8 2 4 2 1 1 0 102

Exit 3 20 18 17 13 7 2 3 4 4 5 5 4 102

Raised Ceiling 6 1 6 12 14 13 13 12 9 7 6 9 0 102

Doorway 6 3 4 5 10 26 16 10 9 7 8 2 2 102

Columns 6 3 7 9 13 11 13 9 13 11 6 6 1 102

Natural Light Ceiling 7 2 5 11 12 5 15 18 6 15 5 2 6 102

Escalator 7 2 5 11 8 10 11 16 10 13 6 9 1 102

Handrail 8 0 0 1 6 8 13 11 24 12 10 8 9 102

Sight Lift 10 0 6 4 3 4 2 8 8 7 24 25 11 102

Downstairs/Slope Down 10 0 0 3 4 4 5 3 10 15 13 7 38 102

Lift 11 0 2 0 1 2 3 8 5 6 17 28 30 102

AssumptionsAssumptionsbefore modelingbefore modeling

When: During the time occupant moves to exit (Sime, 1986)Where: In Exit Access between Occupied Space and Exit (ICC, 2006, NFPA, 2006)Who: Visitor who is unfamiliar with the underground space (Deasy, 1985)What: Simultaneous evacuation (Tubbs, 2007)Cues Used: Only Architectural Cues: Doorway Entrance, Stair / Slope / Escalator, Exit (Arthur, 1992) (Colonnade is not included up to now) Cues Masked: All other non-architectural cuesMemory Usage & Decision Making Strip Route Map (not Survey Map) (Arthur,1992)

Dynamics of decision making (not With Decision Plan ) (Passini, 1984) Stress: If a setting works well under normal conditions, it will have a better chance of working well in emergency conditions. (Arthur, 1992)

Model FrameworkModel Framework

How to See?How to See?Artificial Vision basedArtificial Vision based

Architectural Cue RecognitionArchitectural Cue Recognition

Object Information + Depth Information = Pixel-based RecognitionObject Information + Depth Information = Pixel-based Recognition

How to Choose?How to Choose?The Attributes of Architectural CuesThe Attributes of Architectural Cues

Doorway EntranceDoorway EntranceTYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, W TYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, W

StairStair(Ramp / Escalator)(Ramp / Escalator)

TYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, WTYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, W

ExitExitTYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, WTYPE, LR, A1, A2, D, H, W

How to Choose?How to Choose?Preference Prediction FunctionPreference Prediction Function

The Function is able to predict the choice between two cuesThe Function is able to predict the choice between two cues

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z

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021 hwdAAsidetypeiZ

How to Choose?How to Choose?Parameter Estimation ExperimentParameter Estimation Experiment

The Scene Design

Doorway – Exit is not considered according to the pre-experiment results

Scene Type

Levels of the Variables Number of Scenesby Fractional Factorial Design

Type LR A1 A2 D H W

DoorwayDoorway

n/a 2 7 7 7 5 7 49

StairStair

n/a 2 7 7 7 5 7 49

ExitExit

n/a 2 7 7 7 5 7 49

DoorwayStair

2 2 7 9 7 5 7 81

ExitStair

2 2 7 9 7 5 7 81

How to Choose?How to Choose?Parameter Estimation Experiment Parameter Estimation Experiment

An Example of Scene No.39 in Stair-ExitDesigned Levels

Practical Dimensions instead of Ratio Levels

Recorded Subjects’ Choice

IDLeft Cue

Type Level

Ratio Level

A1 A2 D W H

39 2 1 7 5 7 4

IDLeft Type

Right Type

lA1-rA1 (degree)

lA2-rA2 (degree)

lD-rD (meter)

lW-rW (meter)

lH-rH (meter)

39 Exit Stair 60 : 7.5 5 : 40 10 : 20 1 : 7.2 2.5 : 5

Chosen Cue Type Side A1 A2 D W H

0 0 0 14 12 10 8 7

1 1 1 1 7 5 7 4

How to Choose?How to Choose?Parameter Estimation ExperimentParameter Estimation Experiment

Collecting Subjects’ ChoicesDoorway-Doorway 96 subjectsStair-Stair 96 subjectsExit-Exit 91 subjectsDoorway-Stair 96 subjectsExit-Stair 91 subjects

How to Choose?How to Choose?Parameter Estimation ExperimentParameter Estimation Experiment

Multinomial Logistic RegressionMultinomial Logistic Regression

ValidationsValidations

Reproducing 13/14 subjects’ traces in pre-experiment successfully

Interesting Phenomena

Global Nearest Exitis not always preferred

Local Visible Nearest Exitis not always preferred

SometimesStair is more preferable than Exit

ConclusionsConclusions

The model can predict how the evacuees use Architectural Cues to find route to exit in underground spaces.

ConclusionsConclusions

The model is a reference to architects in the initial space design stage

Architects can adjust the attractiveness of the cue by modifying the attributes according to the table.

The Future WorkThe Future Work

• Further ValidationFurther Validation

• Looking for applications in real projectsLooking for applications in real projects

The EndThe EndThanks Thanks