ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE OLD …

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PEAK HILL GOLD PROJECT (NSW)

PEAK HILL MINE SITE, PEAK HILL NSW

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE OLD GOLD

WORKINGS TO THE WEST OF THE MAIN OPEN CUT

Anne Bickford and Associates MAACA Heritage Consultants

135 Catherine St Leichhardt NSW 2040 Phone 02-5699672 Fax 02-5500261

October 1994

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CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.1 The Client 2.2 Liaison 2.3 The Study Area 2.4 The Brief 2.5 The Study team 2.6 Authorship

3.0 PREVIOUS REPORT BY BRIAN EGLOFF FOR ANUTECH AUGUST 1987 3

3.1 EXTRACTS FROM THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES RELATED TO PROPRIETARY MINE STRUCTURES ON THE SITE

4.0 PART 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY 4.1 Fieldwork and Methodology 4.2 Historical research

5.0 RECORD OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES 5.1 Method of Presentation 5.2 Discussion of Archaeological Features 5.3 Interpretation of Archaeological Site Plan Figure 2

General Feature 1 Lancashire Boiler Feature 2 Circular Vat Feature 3 Leaching Tank Features 4 & 5 Concrete Slabs Feature 6 Feature 7 Feature 8 Feature 9 Feature 10 Feature 11 Feature 12 Feature 13 Feature 14 Thomas' Main Shaft Features 15 & 16 Concrete Footings Feature 17 Feature 19 Skip Feature 18 Feature 20 Feature 21 Feature 22

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak HUI October 1994

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Feature 23 Assay Office Site Feature 24 Tailings Dump with Burnt Timber Posts Feature 25 Concrete Block and Timber Post Feature 26 Slag Feature 27 Feature 28 Concrete Slabs Feature 29 Steel Shavings Feature 30 Site of Chimney

6.0 PART 2: PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Report by Dave McBeath

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LIST OF FIGURES (Following Executive Summary)

Plan of Environs of Peak Hill from the Parish Map Parish of Mingelo, County of Kennedy

FIGURE

Archaeological Plan of Peak Hill mining remains 1994

Plan of part of Peak Hill Proprietary Mine showing Thomas' Main Shaft, and the main Open Cut. No date. (Dept. of Mineral Resources Mine Record MR 455)

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Plan of Proprietary Mine area showing the environs· of 4 Thomas' Main Shaft, copper leaching plant, the Glory Holes, and the tailings dumps. Probably drawn about 1950s. (Dept. of Mineral Resources Mine Record MR 455)

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hill October 1994


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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The remains of the Peak Hill mining industry which are to be impacted by proposed new mining by the Peak Hill Gold Project (NSW) have been recorded. Photographic records in colour print film and black and white archival film have been made of the remaining historic features. The site was surveyed and a full site plan, initially at a scale of 1:200 was produced. Plans of most of the features at the site were drawn at a scale of 1:20.

Historical records and historic photographs were consulted to relate the physical remains to the historical evidence.

It is considered that the level of archaeological recording of the Peak Hill site by Anne Bickford and Associates as demonstrated in this report is sufficient to allow the mining remains in this part of Peak Hill to be demolished as part of the new mining process. No features must be preserved in situ.

There is on the site the metal remains of part of a Lancashire boiler (Recorded in this Report as Feature 1). If it is possible to move this, it should be preserved. The base of the skip, Feature 19, should be collected and stored, for future display.

The majority of the remains have been identified as being built by the Proprietary Mine Company between about 1894 and 1917. Most of the archaeological remains are of concrete. The specific function of most of the features is not clear because in the historic photos they are hidden inside the mine machinery buildings. They appear to be footings for mining machinery and for the cyanide vats. In Part 2 of this Report we have endeavoured to show the function of the remains by juxtaposing them against the historic photos.

A group of concrete and brick remains on the southern part of the site (Features 2, 3, 4, and 25) were built by Mr. T. J. Dunn of Peak Hill in the 1950s for a copper leaching plant.

It is recommended that if portable relics of the Proprietary Mine period are revealed during above-ground clearing, or below-ground clearing in the drives and shafts, for the new mine:

1) Their location be recorded on a plan, and they be photographed in situ if possible

2) They be taken up, labelled, and stored safely, or be presented for display to the Peak Hill Historical Museum, if one exists.

HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS The historic mining photographs used in this Report are gratefully used by courtesy of Mr. Herbert Morris, 'Osborne' Narromine NSW.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis Qf Peak Hm October 1994

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 The Client The client for this Report is the Peak Hill Gold Project (NSW).

2.2 Liaison The liaison officer is the Project Manager, Mr. G. R. Meates of G.R. Meates & Associates Project Management, PO Box 8178 Stirling St. Perth WA 6849.

2.3 The Study Area The study area is that part of the Peak Hill old gold workings on the western side of the Hill which is to be impacted by the proposed new mining works by the Peak Hill Gold Project (NSW).

2.4 The Brief The Brief for this work was to "undertake mining heritage recording at the Peak Hill site as per the NSW Heritage Council guidelines for preparing Historical Archaeological Reports." The client was requested by the Parkes Shire Council to:

14.1 Carry out an archaeological survey of all sites affected by the project to the satisfaction of Council in consultation with the Department of Planning. The survey is to be ... related to mining heritage recording at the site.

14.2 Undertake ... the documentation and photographic recording of all mining sites and relics likely to be affected by mining and rehabilitation, the identification and relocation of mining relics, the collection of archival information on the history of mining operations at Peak Hill.

2.5 The Study Team The study team for the archaeological survey was Anne Bickford archaeologist, and Franz Reidel, planner.

Following discussions with Dave McBeath of OHM. Consultants about his method of manipulating historical photographs on computer, Anne Bickford engaged him to relate the historic photographs to the archaeological survey of the mining site. McBeath's report forms &rt..2 of this Report, below.

2.6 Authorship This Report has been written by Anne Bickford, except for Part 2 Historic Photograph Analysis which was written by Dave McBeath, in consultation with Anne Bickford. Anne Bickford took all the archaeological survey photographs, and Franz Reidel drew up the site plans.



3.0 PREVIOUS REPORT BY BRIAN EGLOFF FOR ANUTECH AUGUST 1987

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In 1987 Natural Systems Research Pty Ltd engaged the Heritage Resources Section of the Canberra consulting firm ANUTECH to carry out an archaeological and historical survey of Peak Hill. The survey was done and the report written by Brian Egloff (then at ANUTECH, now a Senior Lecturer in cultural resource management at the University of Canberra).

Among other things the Egloff Report, Peak Hill Archaeological and Historical Survey August 1987. summarised the historic mining remains and the history of mining at Peak Hill. The Egloff report was the starting point for the current survey.

Brain Egloff kindly lent a copy of his Report all his historical research records to Anne Bickford for use in this Report.

The Egloff Report also contained 18 historic photographs of mining at Peak Hill. These photographs were copied for this Report and form the basis of the historic photographs used here (See Part 2). The originals of two of these photographs were identified by Anne Bickford in The Earth Exchange Geological and Mining Museum files in Sydney (Photographs 0009 and 0021 in the Narromine file). The location of the rest of the photographs has not yet been traced.

4.0 EXTRACTS FROM THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES RELATED TO PROPRIETARY MINE STRUCTURES ON THE SITE (Photocopies provided by Brian Egloff)

1889: Gold is being found at Peak Hill. The discovery of payable gold at Peak Hill was officially reported as made on 3 July 1889.

1890: On the lode the Proprietary Mine Company (PMC) has reached 120 feet in depth. The PMC has a small 10-stamp battery at the 10 mile ridges, about 5 miles from the mine.

1891: PMC expect to have the new pump fixed at the battery and resume crushing. The PMC are preparing to erect a large battery about 1 mile from Peak Hill, and are excavating a 10,000 yard tank.

1892: The crushing plant is now in course of erection on the PMC mine. The mine has wonderfully improved under the management of Mr. Veitch.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolog:ical Analysis of Peak Hill October 1994

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1894: The PMC "are treating their pyritous ores by burning in open air kilns, and the process is said to be very successful. There is no doubt the treatment of these ores is of vital importance to the mining industry at Peak Hill."

1896: THE PMC "are now calcining their ore and have erected a furnace for that purpose. They have also added concentrating machinery to their plant. These additions enable them to deal profitably with the pyritous ore which abounds in their mine."

1897: The PMC have been advised to treat their ore by chlorination. "This company sold some 30,000 tons of tailings and the purchasers are now erecting vats to treat the tailings by the cyanide process. It is expected that the treatment will be difficult as the tailings contain copper and charcoal, the latter having got mixed with the tailings through an experiment in burning ore in the open air. The P's 35-head battery has not been fully employed, ... "

1898: In the PM "a good deal of experimentary [sic] work has been done with reference to the treatment of refractory ores with indifferent success."

1899: At the PM "the Manager Mr. Cross, is now erecting water-jacket and blast furnaces to smelt the refractory ore. Not much ore has been treated during the past year."

1900: "the sulphide ore is treated in a water-jacket furnace." The PMC "have equipped their mine with a smelting plant, so as to more fully extract values from their ores. This, I believe, is the first gold mine in the State to adopt matte-smelting on the mine to secure the metal,... The process has proved successful: the output however is small..."

1901: At the PMC "vats have been erected, and the tailings which were [can't read] are being raised and treated by cyanide at a [can't read] ... Peak Hill is also idle, other than at the local cyanide works and the PM."

1904: "amalgamation of the Myalls Company with the Peak Hill P Gold Mines C under the title of the Myalls and Peak Hill Gold Mines, Limited (M&PH). Under the new conditions of treating the oxidised ores at the Peak Hill mine good results are anticipated. The ore, as taken from the mine, is put through a Gates' rock-breaker, and them tipped direct into vats and treated by the cyanide process. the ore is placed in the vats direct from the mine without crushing. A plant capable of dealing with large quantities of ore was being installed."



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1905: "At Peak Hill also, a similar plant has been erected on the old PM, ... Most of the miners discharged from the Myalls mine have found employment at the company's mine at Peak Hill, where operations are in progress on a much extended scale. The ore is being treated under the system explained in last year's report. The plant has however, since been entirely remodelled. A rock-breaker and a new winding engine have been installed. Twelve large vats, 20 feet in diameter and 6 ft 6 inches in depth have been erected and others were in process of erection at the close of the year. Concrete sumps, and an extractor house, have been built, and this plant is capable of treating about 3,700 tons per month. This output will be maintained by breaking the ore in bulk from the Open Cut. The ore is treated by cyaniding it direct as received from the rock-breaker, but it is proposed to install rolls and further reduce the ore to pass a four-mesh screen, when a much improved extraction is anticipated."

1906: Considerable improvements have been effected since the Myalls and Peak Hill company took over. "Two more vats were added to the plant during the year, making a total of fourteen, with a capacity of 110 tons each, and two smaller ones. A set of Krom Rolls was also added to crush the ore to a much finer state, after it had passed through the Comet Rockbreaker, and a greatly improved recovery has resulted ... Most of the ore was won from the Open Cuts... An electric lighting plant has been installed to enable surface work to be proceeded with at night, and includes five arc lights, each of 3,500 candle power."

1907: "Large quantities of low grade ore are being dealt with at the Peak Hill PM by direct cyanidation," ... As the ore in the M&PH "mine is of such low grade, the success of operations depends on its economic handling and treatment. The method followed is as follows:- The ore, when raised from the mine, is broken by a Comet Rock-breaker, passed through Krom Rolls, and then transferred to vats and cyanided."

1908: "At the Peak Hill PM large quantities of low grade auriferous material continue to be successfully treated by direct cyanidation. A shaft is being continued into the sulphide zone from which it is proposed to test these ores at a low level. A new shaft was sank[sic] to the 300-foot level and equipped with a temporary headgear and winch,... A ten-head crushing plant was purchased and will be available for crushing ore for the public."

1909: "large quantities of low grade auriferous material continue to be handled at the Proprietary. At the PM a departure was made in the method of treatment early in the year, the ore being put through the battery, but the results showed that the cost of treatment was higher and the percentage of recovery lower than by the former method of direct cyanidation. The battery treatment was therefore discontinued.


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It is proposed to install a No. 8 Krapp ball mill for the purpose of reducing the ore and accelerating the output."

1910: "The No. 8 Krupp Ball Mill, installed in the early part of the year, resulted in an improved recovery... Three new vats were added to the cyanide plant in order to meet the additional output. A winding engine and headgear were transferred from McPhail, and was in course of erection, so as to permit of the sinking of Thomas' shaft a further depth of 200 feet, so as to test the sulphides, and thus obtain data to devise a method of treatment."

1911: At the PM "a Krupp mill has been substituted for the rockbreaker and rotary crusher previously in use, which permits of finer grinding... A new shaft is being carried down, from which it is proposed to test the sulphide zone. The greater quantity of the ore raised was treated by a No. 8 Krupp Ball Mill, recently installed on the works, ... Thomas Shaft was sunk from the 300 to the 500-feet level, ... "

1912: "The whole of the ore treated was crushed by Krupp ballmill ... The whole of the stone raised was crushed by the rockbreaker and ball-mill ... centralisation of the work at Thomas shaft."

1913: Ore is still treated by direct cyanidation. Good sulphide ore was bagged and sent to the smelting works. Work at the M&PH mine was continuous throughout the year, employing an average of 70 men. The oxidised ore was crushed dry in the Krupp ball-mill and direct cyaniding was used.

1914: Sulphide ore was treated at the Cockle Creek smelting works [ie. not on the Peak Hill site]. The mine went into liquidation and was sold to The Transvaal and Rhodesian Estates, who continued to carry on the mine.

1915: On an average 43 men were employed. No new machinery was installed.

1917: "The Peak Hill Mine has been obliged to close down after a long struggle. The valuable machinery, worth 10,000 pounds, is now being dismantled and disposed of in small lots to suit purchasers."

1918: During the year the whole of the plant and machinery of the Peak Hill Mine was sold and removed.

1931: "A.C. Chappell has erected a plant at Peak Hill for the treatment of slimes at the old mines, but treatment operations had not actually commenced at the end of the year."


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1939-1945: Tailings are being treated. Prospectors and fossickers are on the Hill.

1964: T.J. Dunn is leaching copper at Peak Hill.

1966: T.J. Dunn is leaching copper.

1972: T.J. Dunn is leaching copper.

4.0 PART 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

4.1 Fieldwork and Methodology The site was surveyed by Anne Bickford and Franz Reidel on Saturday 30 April, Sunday 1 May, and Monday 2 May 1994. A ground plan of the site was surveyed using a theodolite. Franz Reidel also drew a plan of most of the features at a scale of 1:20, and he drew up the site survey plan. The plan of the Main Open Cut was traced from the Geopeko plan Peak Hill 24650E I 77810N I Complete (no date) in the Egloff records. Anne Bickford took photographs in colour print and black and white record film, and recorded a brief description of each feature.

Each feature was given a number for the purpose of recording and planning. A feature was either a single isolated object, or sometimes a group of objects closely associated. Features marked with an x on the plan are concrete blocks not in situ (not in their original place).

4.2 Historical Research The first reference consulted was the Bicentennial book A History of Peak Hill and District edited by C.B. Chappel, 1989. The originals of the first two photographs on p. 20 in the book could not be located in the Earth Exchange museum or any other records.

A search was made in the Department of Mineral Resources historical files, and the Mitchell Library photograph records. The files lent by Egloff were found to be the most useful, particularly the Annual Reports of the Department of Mines around the turn of the century, and the two undated plans labelled MR 455. The second plan (Figure 4) is thought to date from the 1950s as it shows Jim Dunn's copper leaching plant. Note that a power line is drawn in this plan going into the shed. This confirms that the turn of the century photos are of the Proprietary Mine located here. In 1906 the Mine installed electricity for lighting. This may be the same power line originally installed in 1906.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolqgica! Analysis qf Peak Hill October 1994

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An extensive search was made for the originals of the historic photos in the Egloff Report, with much assistance from the Photographic Department of the Department of Mineral Resources, but these photos weren't able to be located.

5.0 RECORD OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES

5.1 Method of Presentation For most features described below there is a short verbal description, photographs, and a 1:20 plan of the feature follows. Some features were drawn only on the plan of the whole site, as they were so similar to others recorded in their construction methods and appearance that 1:20 plans and photographs would have been duplicating the survey record.

5.2 Discussion of Archaeological Features There are three periods of mining activity represented at the site: 5.2.1 The Proprietary Mine period of c. 1894 to 1917. 5.2.2 The copper leaching plant established by T.J. Dunn in the 1950s and continuing until the 1980s [these details are to be checked with Mr. Dunn]. 5.2.3 Other work on the tailings dumps between 1917 and the present. No details are known for this report. The dumps may have been reworked for mining. It was stated [to Anne Bickford] that large amounts of tailings were taken away by the Council as road base.

5.3 Interpretation of Archaeological Site Plan Figure 2 Features of all three periods mentioned above have been drawn on the plan. The copper leaching plant Features are 2, 3, 4, 25, and 29. The rest of the Features are considered to belong to the Proprietary Mine period of the turn of the century. It is not known when the long tailings dump with timber posts at Feature 24 at the northernmost part of the site was formed. This dump does not appear in the historic photographs of the Proprietary Mine about 1901-1910. (Part 2 of this Report).



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FEATURE 1. LANCASHIRE BOILER The boiler is not in situ. It can be removed to a better place for public display. The graffiti should be removed by a materials conservator. On the south side of the boiler is a brick footing of in situ laid and coursed bricks. These do not belong to the boiler.



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FEATURE 2 CIRCULAR VAT This is a circular brick vat with a wooden post on the E and W sides. It is not known whether this is from the pre 1917 Proprietary Mine period, or was built for Jim Dunn's copper leaching plant. It appears on the 1950s? plan of Figure 4 as CIRCULAR VAT.



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FEATURE 3 LEACHING TANK This leaching tank is from Jim Dunn's copper leaching plant. It is made of concrete, with plastic pipes. Drawn in the 1950s? plan as VATS.



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FEATURES 4 & 5 CONCRETE SLABS Feature 4 is a base for a machine in the leaching plant shed. The rectangular slab has two wooden posts on its N side. This shed is drawn in the 1950s plan (Fig 4). Feature 5 is two attached concrete blocks. Height 46cm.



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FEATURE 6 Feature 6 is a concrete structure of unknown use. Height 50-54cm. Rough rubble concrete with remains of rendered top. Metal train tracks are used for reinforcing the concrete and protrude from it on the north side.



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FEATURE 7 Concrete block with remains of render on top. Height approximately 58cm. There are 2 square niches on the E and W sides. These are directly below the metal pipes.

Photograph and 1:20 plan appears on plan following Feature 9.

FEATURE 8 Hollow concrete square. Remains of render are visible on the outside and inside. 3 niches are on the inside of the N and S walls. The concrete material is the same as Features 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9.

Photograph and 1:20 plan appear on description of Feature 9

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hill October 199-!

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FEATURE 9 Concrete block rectangle. The concrete is the same as 5, 6, 7, & 8. Height of the base is 52cm. Height of the top is 9cm.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analys.is of Peak Hill October 1994


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FEATURE 10 Concrete footings revealed at the level of the ground surface. These have render on top.

No 1:20 plan was drawn.



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FEATURE 11 Pile of bricks and broken concrete slabs on the edge of the slope to the West. The bricks are the same as those used in the circular vat, Feature 2. No whole bricks are visible, therefore this must have been picked over by brick collectors after demolition of the structure.

No photograph or 1:20 plan.

FEATURE 12 2 adjacent concrete blocks. height 94cm.

1:20 plan appears on plan following Feature 13.


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FEATURE 13 A structure of concrete blocks with a cylindrical hole in the centre. The hole is smoothed and rendered with concrete. Bolts and pipes protrude from the top.

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FEATURE 14 THOMAS' MAIN SHAFT A collapsed rectangular shaft with broken burnt timbers across it. A metal pipe sticks out of the shaft. Burnt timber posts protrude from the tailings dump to the east of the shaft.


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FEATURES 15 & 16 CONCRETE FOOTINGS Concrete footings with impressions of timber slabs on top. Exposed Height of Feature 15 is 35-40cm. Visible maximum height of Feature 16 is 106cm.


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FEATURE 17 Vertical section of a concrete footing exposed in a Geologist's section. Visible footing is about 30cm high.

No 1:20 plan or photograph taken.

FEATURE 19 SKIP Wrought iron base of a skip. Length is 135cm. Width is 52cm. Recommendation: Now that this artefact has been recorded it should be collected by the Peak Hill Gold Project so it can be displayed in the future historical centre. In its present situation it is vulnerable to vandalism.



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FEATURE 18 Concrete structure. Stepped concrete slabs with brick interior. Rendered tops. Red sandstock bricks used here the same as in other parts of the site.


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FEATURE 20 Top of two concrete footings visible amongst the bushes. Same materials and construction technique as Features 15 and 16.


FEATURE 21 Concrete slab, Same construction as 15, 16, and 20. Only the vertical W side visible. Visible height 44cm. Base obscured in the soil.

No 1:20 plan drawn.

FEATURE 22 Tops of 3 footings visible. Made of the same concrete construction. Visible length of one is 100cm.




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FEATURE 23 ASSAY OFFICE SITE This is a crucible dump area. There are many broken crucible bases and broken body fragments visible in the N side of the track. The spill of crucibles covers a large area from Feature 22 East, about 40m x 10m. The crucibles are thinly scattered, but also found in heaps. There are also firebrick fragments visible. The area has been very disturbed recently by prospectors drilling. A bulldozer I drilling equipment has pushed up dead trees into a heap here.

This is the site of the weatherboard building in the historic photographs. It is shown first before the roof has been built, and in the next photograph with the roof built (Photo 1 p.18 and Photo 12 p. 20).

This could also be the site of the "U" shaped building drawn in the 1940s plan (Figure 4) in the top right corner.


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TAILINGS DUMP WITH BURNT TIMBER POSTS

Ten timber posts were recorded barely protruding above the surface of the tailings dump. It is assumed these are 'the remains of the timber rail bridge structure which supported the rail for the skips (eg see Photo 10 p. 16 which shows the timber structure which carried the rail into the town of Peak Hill.

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FEATURE 25 CONCRETE BLOCK AND TIMBER POST

These are located in a gully sloping down to the West.They appear to be from the demolition of the leaching plant shedFeature 4. ------...----.

FEATURE 26 SLAG This is spread over the road and down the slope to the West. The slag is said to be residue from an attempt to smelter late in the life of the mine, about 1917. No 1:20

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FEATURE 27 This Feature consists of re-used railway tracks, timber sleepers, and burnt timber posts just protruding above ground level. Their function is not known.

FEATURE 28 CONCRETE SLABS All concrete features not in situ (not in their original place) have been recorded as Feature 28. These have been dug up and are scattered over the area. The photograph shows those between Feature 22 concrete blocks in situ, and the tailings dump Feature 24. No 1:20 plans.

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29

FEATURE 29 STEEL SHAVINGS This is a pile of steel shavings which remain from the copper leaching plant. Shavings such as these were used in the leaching process. No 1:20

FEATURE 30 SITE OF CHIMNEY This is a concentrated scatter of bricks lying on, and embedded in, the ground. The site has been picked over by brick collectors as few whole bricks were observed. This appears to be the site of one of the square brick chimneys. This chimney appears in the Postcard photo of the Cyanide Works Peak Hill (Part 2 . 23). No 1:20 plan.


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Peak Hill Mine

6.0 PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

THOMAS MAIN SHAFT, PEAK HILL PROPRIETARY LID .. PEAK HILL

Prepared by D. McBeath of O.H.M. Consultants for Anne Bickford and Associates 1994

The purpose of this report is to explain the development of this mine and to locate these activities on a site map. The information has been obtained from: 1). Anne Bickford and Associates Site maps Photographs. Series of 18 archival photographs and 1 post card Photographs. Series -94 taken by Anne Bickford November 1994, for full set refer to originals 2). Dept of Mineral Resources Map No. M.R. 455 3). A History of Peak Hill and District Published by the Peak Hill Centenary Book Committee 1988

The number of each photograph refers to a camera angle showing the direction the photos were taken from on the maps.

The photographs are divided into two main sections: 1) The mine poppet head 2) The processing of the ore

The photographs have been arranged in a chronological sequence according to the technological advances seen and noted with each photograph.

Each photograph has been enlarged for this purpose up to 400% during research to enable the smallest detail to be viewed.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hilll994

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2

THE PEAK HILL PROPRIETARY MINE

At Peak Hill the larger mines were underground and Open Cut, this produced ore containing the precious metal and copper. The smaller alluvial gold mining activities sougl gold in a nugget form. This practice was restricted to surface mining.

The ore at greater depths at Peak Hill is contained in Ironstone which is a very hard mineral. This had several effects on the processing of the ore. The Ironstone contains iron i the form of iron pyrites which effected the extraction methods, as the water had to have quicklime added and be chlorinated!.

The main gold bearing ores in NSW are found contained in quartz that fractures easil~ by mechanical methods.

At all times there is a quest to improve the yields of gold per ton of ore by technologic; means and this is evident in these photographs. The company closed the mine in 1917.

Mining has several activities associated with the functioning of the mine: 1). Mining 2). Bringing the ore to the surface 3). Crushing the ore 4). Transporting the ore 5). Processing the ore 6). Dumping the tailings

1. Minin& The Peak Hill Proprietary Mine had both Open Cut and underground operations at its

lease. The development and extent of the Open Cut mine can be seen in the photographs an

maps. The large Open Cut mine that is outlined on the maps was developed from the joining of two smaller mines2.

The underground mine reaches a depth greater then 500 feet and has extensive network of tunnels at various levels.

The underground mining followed reefs and the levels and direction of the tunnels were governed by these reefs.

The original opening for the Thomas Main has now been consumed by the Open Cut and precedes these photographs although the poppet head could be the one on the left of photograph 6. The Open Cut does contain at least four shafts to underground workings.3

During the thirteen years up to the closure in 1917 440,000 tons of ore was mined.4

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolo~Pcal Analysis of Peak Hill1994

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The Structures in the photographs have been located on the plan surveyed by Anne Bickford and Associates 1994

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hm 1994

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2. Brin&in& the ore to the surface The poppet head is the main access to an underground mine.

It contains the winding machinery to lift and lower workers and ore to and from the surface. the time of initial construction the poppet head was powered by a steam plant.

Rail

Slab Huts D ~ []

Poppet Head

Pipe line

Winding House

General Layout of the Thomas Main Shaft PoppetHead

CJ

Boiler House

Q

t Chimney

Not to Scale

The steam also allows other machinery to be driven such as the crushing plant and pumps. These are also essential to mining operations.

The steam is produced by a boiler. It was typical for boilers of this era driving machinery to be of Cornish or Lancashire type. Both types of boiler require substantial brickwork to create the foundations and the flues to pass the combustion gasses past the boilE several times, eventually travelling underground to exit via the external chimney.

The boiler requires a chimney to exhaust the burnt gasses and to create a draft for combustion. This is created by a tall chimney as seen in these photographs. The chimney remains the same throughout the sequence of these photographs and is a main reference point for locating the position of each view. It has a masonry base with the main flue of riveted iron construction. The lack of smoke in all photographs would mean that timber wa the fuel source for the boiler.

The other brick chimneys that can be seen in the photographs have not been identifie< but their height and style would associate them with industrial processing uses such as the oasting or roasting works or venting the underground shafts.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeo1o!Pcal Analysis of Peak Hil11994


fire end

... boiler

rail

------~•~N

D chimney

winch engines

poppet head

General Arrangement of the Poppet Head

5

The poppet head structure remains on the same position but is enlarged during the life of th mine. This is done for several reasons: 1). To allow for greater access under the working platform. 2). To allow for gravity-fed ore discharge facilities. 3). To enable the winding machinery to lift greater loads by lifting at a more acute angle. 4). To create less stresses on the poppet head structure by shifting the load into a more downward position.

The steam machinery requires a constant supply of fuel and water. The crushing plant requires water.

This requires two associated activities for the mine to operate, as there is the on-going need for dry timber for the boiler, and the building of dams to supply the water.

In 1893 the mine was using ground water pumped from the shaft at the rate of 12,000 gallons per day. 5

3. Crusbin& the ore As the ironstone was very hard it required several processes to crush it small enough

to be treated for the extraction of the gold. The ore was roasted and drenched to create fractures in the stone to assist in breaking

up the rock. This was carried out at the mine from 1900 with a hot air blast water jacket furnace6*.

The ore is crushed into 6mm pellets by the use of a Gates Rock Breaker. In 1906 a set of 110 ton Krom roller mills are added to crush the ore to a finer state. In 1910 a No.8 Krupp Ball Mill is installed.7

4. Iransportin& the ore

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolo~cal Analysis of Peak Hill1994


6

The ore is removed from the poppet head site to the cyanide vats by a rail system. The skips are propelled by hand, and gravity, Band may have been pulled by horses. In the later photographs the skips are coupled, and this would have required a power

source of some description. Later photographs have poles rigged as if an overhead wire system is being installed.

After the treatment of the ore by cyaniding the tailings are dumped to the west of the cyanide vats.

The route of the rail is changed several times because of the expanding Open Cut min and to facilitate the gravity filling of the skips at the poppet head.

5. Processin& the ore Cyanide was the main method of extracting the gold. The activities of gold mining require an extensive chemical means to win the gold

metal from the rock. This is done by placing the crushed ore in a cyanide solution. This operation was carried out on site and contracted out.

The crushed ore was placed in large timber vats which were 20 feet in diameter (6.09 M). " Crushed ore was placed in vats and saturated with cyanide solution, the solution then gravitating through wooden troughs packed with zinc shavings on to which the gold precipitated. The zinc shavings were treated with acid to remove the zinc and the residue wa placed in a crucible and smelted. "9

At the end of operations the photographs show that there are 17 vats servicing the mine at the lease.

6. Tailin&s The residue from the cyaniding was removed by skips to a dump west of the vats. These tailings were reworked by the company to extract more gold and copper. They

were further processed in the mid 1930s, and again worked in the 1960s, moving the tailings in the process.lO

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hill1994


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Plan of the Pe~k Hill mine site witl_l_ the outlin~ of the Op~? -~1~ ~e, -~~-o~~:. g}·em~~~miitfu.g strUctUres from The or1g1nal mining p1riod up to 1917 Furveyed by e Bickforc Associates 19~4. i !

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I THEPHOTOGRAPHS


PHOTOGRAPH 17 The earliest photograph shows a low working platform. A ramp leads off the platfon

which the rail runs on. It travels behind the slab hut. The pipe forward of the rail ramp enters the hut. The mine is recorded as needing

pumping to remove ground water. The chimney is on the far right of the photograph. Timber poles lie in the foreground.

PHOTOGRAPH 1-94 (below) Showing the remains of the winding engine foundations. Taken from the same position as Photograph 17. The foundations in the foreground are for a steam engine and return shaft for over size ore. The ore was the taken through the system again for further crushing if it was oversize.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hill 1994

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PHOTOGRAPH 2-94 Taken from the same position as Photograph 17. Showing the site of the poppet head. The base timbers can be seen rising out of the crushed stone that has b~en placed on the site.

PHOTOGRAPH 18 The poppet head has been raised. This would have facilitated taking greater loads of

ore from the mine. The earlier smaller structure has been left in place. The ramp for the rail can be seen running forward off the poppet head platform.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolo&ical Analysis of Peak Hill 1994


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PHOTOGRAPH 21-94 One of the lower legs to the poppet head showing ~ ~P.non joint that would have been the lower platform level.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolo&ical Analysis of Peak Hill1994


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PHOTOGRAPH 13-94 The same viewing angle as Photograph 8 taken from the eastern side of the Open Cut mine. The original camera position can not be obtained due to further mining enlarging the Open Cut mine.

PHOTOGRAPH 8 The rail line runs behind the man in the centre of the photograph, and turns back to

the poppet head around the slab hut on the far left.

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Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hilll994


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Anne Bickford and Associates Arcbaeolo&ical Analysis of Peak Hill 1994


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PHOTOGRAPH 6 A view down the hill to the poppet head. The rail can be seen running to the right of

the photograph. A disused poppet head can be seen on the right. This area is now part of the Open Cu1

This may have been the original opening to the underground mine.

PHOTOGRAPH 16 A view from the lower side of the poppet head showing the header tanks above the

rear covered area. These are needed for boiler operations. The height of the horses compared with the man attending to them suggests that they

were pit ponies for above and below ground workings at the mine.



14

PHOTOGRAPH 4-94 (below) Taken from the same position as photograph 16 showing the the poppet head site and machinery foundations. The Open Cut mine can be seen in the background.



PHOTOGRAPH15._ ______________ ====================~~

The Open Cut mine has been enlarged close to the south east of the poppet head. The rail has been moved because of this mining. The rail has been moved to the

eastern side of the poppet to allow for a gravity discharge direct into the hopper skips. The lean-to attached to the side of the main shed contains pulley equipment to drive a conveyor belt. This suggests that the lower portion of the shed contains ore processing equipment sue as crushers which are fed by these conveyors.

Shafts can be seen in the face of the Open Cut mine. These would have been the acces to the Open Cut as it got deeper.

A verandah which has been constructed around the tree has been added to the buildir on the left.

A pipe line supported on stilts runs midway between the ground and the platform level.


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PHOTOGRAPH 15-94 (below) Taken form as near as possible to Photograph 15 Showing the poppethead site from the far side of the Open Cut mine. The dead tree trunk at the edge of the mine appears to be the same tree as in the previous photograph.

1 Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hil11994

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The remodelled mine in 1904 after amalgamation with the Myalls Company. The Company now became the Myalls and Peak Hill Gold Mines Limited.

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Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeolojpcal Analysis of Peak Hill1994

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PHOTOGRAPH 11 A group photograph taken at a poppet head in the Proprietary Lease, Peak Hi11 District The cage at the rear is for personnel to gain access to the mine. A flat belt pulley drives a piece of machinery on the platform. A rail line runs behind the back row of men.

1 Chappel, C.B. (ed). 1989. A History of Peak Hill and District Peak Hill Centenary Book Committee.p. 28. 2 NSW. Dept of Mineral Resources M.R. 422 GS 1968/327 3 Ibid 4 Chappel, as above, p.35. 5 Ibid. p. 27. 6fbid. p. 29.

7 Ibid. p.34. 8 Ibid. p. 34. 9 Ibid. p. 21. 10 Ibid. p. 36.


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PHOTOGRAPH 4 The platform has been raised and a large timber hopper has been constructed on to

the eastern side of the poppet head. This indicates that larger loads are being extracted from the mine.

A shed has been erected over the hopper. Its function would have been to house the operator of the winch, or a telegraph to the operator of the winch in the lower shed.

An electric light has been constructed. Electric lighting was installed in 1906 so that night surface operations at the mine could be undertaken.

The rail has been moved to allow discharge of ore into the skips, and the earth works for the rail have raised the ground level.

The large conical funnel with the ramp attached near the chimney suggests a form of water softening device.

The Open Cut has been enlarged close to the main poppet head.



20

PHOTOGRAPH 6-94 (below) The same site as Photograph 4 taken from the eastern side of the Open Cut mine showing the remains of the head.

PHOTOGRAPH 9 Plain Dam with the pumping station on the far side of the wall. The pipe delivery line to supply the water to the pumps can be seen. The chimney is of a similar construction to that at the mine. The company constructed several dams to facilitate the workings at the mine.

, t PrY



21

PHOTOGRAPH 13 An alluvial mining site in the district, possibly on top of Peak Hill, showing the

diggings and huts of shallow surface operations.

PHOTOGRAPH 14 The Peak Hill Miners Band.


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PHOTOGRAPH 1 The beginning of the northern Open Cut mine. The disused poppet head at the

left of the photograph was the access to the Open Cut. The shaft has been covered over with timber boards.

This area is later mined as part of the Open Cut.

PHOTOGRAPHS 1 + 2 . . . The panoramic view created when the ph?tographs are JOmed. This shows the

relationship between the Open Cut and the .cyarude v.ats. To the left are the tailing dumps serv1eed by rml.


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PHOTOGRAPH 2 There are ten vats with a rail service over the top delivering the ore by skips. The cyanide shed has walls constructed of slats for open ventilation, as the cyanide

is toxic and any acid treatment would produce hydrogen which is volatile. A small vertical boiler is positioned next to the cyanide shed. This would have

driven pumps associated with the vats.

r.., r. ~ ,, 11 , " L

PHOTOGRAPH 3

Four extra vats have been added to the cyanide operation. This would have allowed for greater tonnages to be processed.

The rail has been moved to facilitate the expanding Open Cut mine. The rail has been streamlined with the installation of points to the four tracks over the vats.

The tailings dump to the west of the vats has been extended and grown in height.



24 'hrN ( • 7

PHOTOGRAPH 12 The Open Cut mine has been enlarged in a southerly direction and closer to the

rail. The roof of the assay office in the background has been added. A timber safety fence and cover has been placed over the mine opening in the

foreground.

It,

PHOTOGRAPHS 3 + 12 . . . The panoramic view by joining photographs 3 & 12 together grves a dimensiOn to

the enlarged size of the Open Cut mine. The tailings dump can be seen in the left background.


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25 PHOTOGRAPH 7-94 (below) The site of the tailings dump and the cyanide vats ~s seen in Photographs 3 &12.



26 PHOTOGRAPH 9-94 (below) Photograph taken from the same position and angle as Photograph 5

PHOTOGRAPH 5 The rail has been moved further to the west as the Open Cut mine has expanded. An electric powered winding house has been added to the side of the cyanide shed. The cyanide vats have had electric lights installed in 1906. A new poppet head is being built to extract ore from the Open Cut and discharge it

directly into the cyanide vats. The tailings dump has been enlarged in height and area.


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The Open Cut mine is developed to its present size from 1906 to 1917 at its closure.

Anne Bickford and Associates Archaeological Analysis of Peak Hill1994 - I I


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Cynnide Works, Penk 1- 1

THE POSTCARD: CYANIDE WORKS, PEAK IDLL The new poppet head is driven from the electric winding house. The wire ropes can be seen at the right leading to the winding house. The hopper built onto the poppet head discharges directly into the cyanide vats. Three more cyanide vats are added, to make a total of seventeen. They are located

between the poppet head and the cyanide shed in the right lower corner of the photograph.


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PHOTOGRAPH 7 The oasting or roasting works used a hot air blast water jacket furnace to weaken

the ore for easier crushing. The pipe supported by timber posts would have supplied water to the furnace.



30 PHOTOGRAPH 18-94 (below) The poppet head site from the northern end of the mine showing the Open Cut mine. The remains of the boiler can be seen on the far left of the photograph.

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