Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria

8/8/2019 Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria

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EUBACTERIAAND

ARCHAEBACTERIA

CLASS X


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GROUPED BACTERIA INTO 2

KINGDOM

I. EUBACTERIA

II. ARCAHEBACTERIA


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EUBACTERIA


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A. CHARACTERISTIC OF EUBACTERIA

Prokaryotes: no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles

Microscopic

Surrounded by protective cell wall containing peptidoglycan

(protein-carbohydrate) Have capsid: small rings of DNA

Most are unicellular

Found in most habitat

Move by flagella, gliding over slime they secrete Some can form protective endospore around the DNA when

condition become unfavorable

Have form: basil, coccus, spirilium,


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B. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA


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STRUCTURE

Cell wall: protect the cell and gives shape

Cell membrane: regulated movement of material into and out of thecell, contains enzyme important to cellular respiration

Cytoplasm: contains DNA, ribosome, and organic compound required

to carry out life processes Pilli : assist the cell in attaching to other surface, which is important

for genetic recombination

Flagellum : moves the cell

Chromosome: carries genetic information inherited from pastgenerations

Endospore: protect the cell against harsh environment conditions


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Kinds of form bacteria


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C. Many form of bacteria

A. cell bacteria only one called mono (coccus, bacill,spirilia)

ex: Chlamydia trachomatis, Echerichia coli

B. cell bacteria can occur in pairs are called diplo

(bacillior cocci)

Ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

C. Cell bacteria occurring in chains are called strepto(baccilli or cocci)

Ex: Steptococcus mutans, Bacillus antracis

D. Cell bacteria in grapelike clusters are staphylococci

Ex: Staphylococcus aurens


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Flagellum

Use bacteria to move

A. Monotric: bacteria have one flagelum

ex: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

B. Lofotric: bacteria have one flagellum in one sideEx: Pseudomonas fluorescens

B. Amfitric: bacteria have two or more flagella in twoside

Ex:Spirillum serpens

B. Peritric : bacteria have many flagella in their surface

Ex: Salmonella typhi


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D. THERE ARE MANY EUBACTERIA

A. Classified base on by method of nutrition

1. Autotroph

can make their food by change organic material from an organic material

a. Photoautotroph: using light to make their food

Ex: Rhodobacter sp

b. Chemoautotrophs: obtain food by oxidizing inorganic substance like sulfur, instead ofusing sunlight

Ex: Nitrosomonas sp, Nitrobacter sp

2. Heterotroph :to fall organic material from other organism

a. Saprophyte : have their food by decomposer of dead organism so recycle nutrients

Ex: Lactobacillus bulgaricusb. Parasite : feed on a host cell.

Ex: Clostridium tetani


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Salmonella typhi


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B. Base on need some oxygen

1. B. aerobe : can live if in oxygen environment

Ex: Thiobacillus sp

2. B. anaerob:can live in oxygen environment or not

a. Anaerobe obligate: cant live in oxygen environment

Ex: Clostridium sp

b. Anaerobe facultative: can live with or without

oxygen environment

Ex: Salmonella sp


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3. Base on chemical structure of cell membrane

a. gram-positive bacteria

-cell membrane contain from most peptidoglycan and teicoatacid

- more easy to against penicillin antibiotic, but resistant with

physic damageEx: Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus

b. Gram-negative bacteria

-cell membrane contains 2 layer out layer lipopolysacaridaand protein, in layer peptidoglycan

- Resistant with penicillin antibiotic, but more easy to againstphysic damage.

Ex: Salmonella, Escherichia, Azotobacter


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chemical structure of bacteria cell membrane


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gram-positive bacteria


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Gram-negative bacteria


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E. REPRODUCTION

Most bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission

(chromosome replicates and the cell divides)

Bacteria replicate (double in numbers) every 20

minute under ideal conditions

Bacteria contain much less DNA than eukaryotes

Bacteria plasmids are used in genetic engineering

to carry new genes into other organism

Bacteria recombine genetic material in 3 ways


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a.conjugation

Sexual reproductive method

Two bacteria form a conjugation bridge or tube

between them

Pilli hold the bacteria together

DNA is transferred from one bacteria to the other

Ex: Escherichia coli


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b. Transformation

Bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from other dead

bacterial cell

New bacterium is genetically different from original

Ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae


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c. Transduction

A bacteriophage (virus) carries a pieces of DNA

from one bacteria to another


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1. Proteobacteria

Largest and most diverse bacterial group

Subdivided into enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophic

bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteria

Ex: Rhizobium


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3. Spirochetes

Have flagella at each end so move in a corkscrew

motion

Some are aerobic (require oxygen) others are

anaerobic

May be free-living, parasitic, or live symbiotically

with another organism

Ex: Treponema pallidum


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4. Gram positive bacteria

Most are gram positive, but some are gram

negative

Largest and most diverse bacterial group

Subdivided into enteric bacteria, chemoautotrophic

bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.


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CHARACTERISTIC

Found in harst environment (undersea, volcanic vents,

acidic hot springs, salty water)

Cell wall without peptidoglycan

Plasma membrane contain lipid with eter bound

Ribosome contain some RNA polymerase

Subdivided into 3 groups based on their habitat


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1. Methanogen

Live in anaerobic environmenets (no oxygen)

Obtain energy by changing Hidrogen and

carbodioxside gas into methane gas

Found in swamps, marshes, sewage treatment plant,

digestive tracts of animal

Break down cellulose for herbivores

Produce marsh gas or intestinal gas (methane)

Ex: Methanobacterium


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3. Thermoacidophiles (thermophiles)

Live in extremely hot and acidic water

Found in hot spring in yellowstone national park, in

volcanic vents on land, and in cracks on the ocean

floor that leak scalding acidic water

Ex: Sulfolobus, Thermoplasm

Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria

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