Arch 211 Fieldtrip Notes

8/16/2019 Arch 211 Fieldtrip Notes

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Steel rebar is tested 98000psi in tension for failure

Concrete is 12000 psi in compression

99.9% curtain wall failed for water-proofing test

Freeman house

- Concrete textile block- Double walled system

- Rebar system

- 16” x 16” x 3.5”

- Distance of cavity wall is 18”

- On-site cast

- Bad sand on site, not pure enough, causes cracks

Cathedral

- Casting done at night because of chemical reactions and curing time was influenced by

temperature- Wall thickness is 1’ - 5’ at different spots, 12’ pours

- Lots of base isolators built on mote so that base can move in midst of earthquake

- Mix with spanish tile to get the colour of orange, Match Limestone and Red Oxide

- Alabaster stone has to be airconditioned if not it’ll be bleached in the sunlight

- Bronze doors

Frank Gehry / Ting House

- Light wood framing

- Wood was cheaper than steel

- Wooden floors above ground to prevent water from coming into contact with uppermaterial

- Slab on grade exposes aggregate

- Encourages cracks to go along control points

- Incremental blocking to prevent

- Window creates king studs

ORCO

- EC question from midterm

Art Center College of Design

- Steel beam

- Vertical and diagonal trusses get wider as they approach the ends

Gamble house

- Scarf joints

- Heavy timber


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Watt Hall

- Prefabricated waffle slabs

- Waffle slab connection concrete is cast on site

- Columns

- Rebars in columns- Exposed concrete with rough structure and plywood boards create different texture

- Corners are smooth to accentuate edge

Manhattan Beach Library

- Spider joint and web joints

- Double wall

- 18” Cavity Wall

- Mullion tied to web joints tied to superstructure

- Angled glass to allow for tolerances

ARTIC

- ETFE

- Little acoustic isolation

- Bad with thermal stuff

- Spacers to separate ETFE and structure

- Fins to reduce span

- At every 4 glass walls horizontal structure to prevent buckling (provide lateral support)

- Frit pattern

- 3’ rolls to be stitched across

- Pipes to maintain air pressure- Symmetrical Diagrid arches

- 27’ single layer

- 2 layers of membrane

- Fins to Reduce Span

- 8 Inches to support ETFE

- Frit printed on inside of OUTER ETFE layer

- 200’ Width

- Curtain wall is 120’ tall

- Louvre system

Museum

- Aluminum panels linked with a locking system

- Waterproof wall behind

- Glass screen

- Metal cladding over aluminium exterior? (vincent)

- Beam structure is offset by 5’


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Sheats Goldstein

- Plywood formed walls

- Playing of textures in concrete

- Smooth metal formwork for coffer

1. The temperature and duration of the brick kiln firing process will affect the final brick’s

● Color, size, weight, and hardness

2. The nominal size of CMU common block is 8’ x 8’ x 16’, the height of the brick corresponds

to the height of _____ brick courses

● One

● Two

3. The texture of this masonry material in the image below is caused by

● Quarrying process

4. Concrete is a hydraulically activated composite material which means _______?● When exposed to water the cement will go through a chemical process called hydration,

which produces heat as a byproduct of the process

5. What is the cross sectional dimension of #8 rebar

● 1 inch in diameter

6. If a project’s concrete has a retarded in it, the _____?

● The concrete will have an admixture mixed into it that slows down the chemical process

of hydration, which is often used in hot weather conditions

7. The technological development and sudden availability of which product allowed for the

rapid expansion of light wood frame construction?

● Steel nails8. Light wood framing is different from “old growth” heavy timber in that it can be harvested as

a renewable resource

● True

9. A light gauge steel frame is different from light wood frame in that it does not require shear

panels due to the additional strength of steel compared to wood

● False

10. Which element from the periodic table determines the hardness or malleability of ferrous

metal alloys?

● Carbon

11. The primary “ingredient” (material) in the hot-dip galvanizing process, a method of

protecting steel and other metals from corrosion is zinc

12. Standard “I-beams” are formed into shape by rollers

13. Which common species of wood have naturally decay-and-insect-resistant heartwood?

● Redwood and Eastern Red Cedar

14. Which of the following terms would you use to identify a piece of wood with 1 ½” x 11 ¼” x

10’ as its actual dressed dimensions?

● Board


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● Dimension Lumber

● Timber

● Stud

15. What are the advantages of using structural composite lumber in comparison to solid

wood?

● Glue-laminated and composite lumber beams can be produced in sizes and of a qualityexceeding those available in solid timbers, structural composite lumber products make

productive use of wood materials that are rapidly renewable or that might otherwise be

treated as waste, structural composite lumber products offer benefits of dimensional

stability, structural strength up to three times that of conventional solid material

16. Which of the following are standard precast slab elements

● Solid flat slab, hollow core slab, double tee, single tee

17. Stem curing of precast elements develops the full strength of the concrete many times

faster than curing at ambient temperature

● True

18. Hollow core slabs may be produced by direct extrusion, by casting the concrete in twolayers with dry aggregate introduced as a filler to create the voids, or by using inflatable tubes to

form the void

● True

19. A brick _______ course bonds two wythes together into structural unit

● Header

20. Although mortar joints can vary in thickness, mortar joints (brick or CMU) are usually

standardized at inch, this thickness allows for distortion and unevenness in the masonry units

● 3/8

21. In CMU wall construction with common block, why is ½ running bond more common than

1/3 running bond?● The unit’s cavity cores won’t align in a 1/3 running bond

22. Where/when is grout used in a masonry wall?

● In wall cavities between wythes (i.e. composite wall with or without rebar), in a unit’s

cores (with or without rebar)

23. What are the round holes on the surface of concrete in the image below and what are they

for?

● They are form tie holes, indicating ties were used to temporarily hold concrete formwork

together, they have no structural impact on the concrete for better or worse

24. What is being installed in the image below?

● Form-liner for concrete formwork

25. Why was concrete being poured in the dark at the Los Angeles Cathedral?

● To control the heat generated from the chemical reaction due to hydration, the concrete

was poured in early morning hours buy ended its pours at 9am

26. How did architect Tadao Ando achieve this concrete finish in the image below?

● It is a board formed concrete finish – this is the typical finish for board formed formwork

● By using pozzolana form-liners

● By using plywood that is thinner than normal formwork


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● Concrete being very labor intensive achieved this finish by hand after the formwork was

removed

27. Which member in light wood framing distributes vertical load forces from the header to the

sole plate?

● King stud

28. Which member in light wood framing distributes lateral forces throughout the bearing wallsystem?

● Sheathing

29. In light wood construction, how is the frame attached to the foundation?

● ‘Hold down’ anchors bolted to the foundation

30. What is the standard spacing between studs in Type V wall construction?

● 16”

31. A rigid steel frame is considerably more expensive than a simple steel frame due to the cost

of on-site welding

● True

32. A steel beam is labeled W12x50. What does the number 50 signify?● The weight in pounds per foot of length

33. Steel is often used in conjunction with other building materials, such as reinforcement in

cast concrete. What type is structural force is steel added to counteract?

● Tensile

34. Steel is a better choice than heavy timber for high-rise construction because of its natural

fire resistance

● False

35. How is a typical platform frame building braced against wind and earthquake forces?

● With exterior sheathing of OSB or plywood

36. Glue-laminated elements are superior to one-piece heavy timber elements (of the samesize) in regards to all of the following except _____

● Energy required to manufacture

37. What type of construction is depicted in the image below?

● Heavy timber frame construction

38. Rigid structural joints are easy to achieve in all of the following materials except ______

● Reinforced concrete

39. We may use deep foundations in situations where competent soil lies too far beneath the

surface to be reached by shallow foundations

● True

40. The most common type of failure in foundations is differential settlement

● True

41. The “stirrups” usually left projecting from the top of precast concrete beams are standard for

cast into the concrete topping at the jobsite to create composite structural action

● True

42. Which of the following are NOT used in connection precast elements?

● Grouting

43. At Frank Lloyd Wright’s Freeman House, the masonry units were _____


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● Precast at a factory in Chicago and shipped to Los Angeles

● Precast at ORCO to regulate quality control and then shipped to the jobsite

● Precast onsite with special aggregate imported from Chicago

● Precast onsite with aggregate extracted from the jobsite

44. At Frank Lloyd Wright’s Freeman House, the masonry wall rebar is_______

● Placed between the two wall wythes45. At Frank Lloyd Wright’s Freeman House, the masonry units were

● 16” x 16” nominal size and laid in traditional bed of mortar

● 16” x 16” actual size and laid in traditional bed of mortar

● 16” x 16” nominal size and dry stacked

● 16” x 16” actual size and dry stacked

46. At Rafael Moneo’s LA Cathedral, why are there slotted holes on the exterior wall of the

structure?

● The holes are the remainder of form ties that were used when temporarily holding the

formwork in place

47. At Rafael Moneo’s LA Cathedral, why is the concrete a tan color?● The project focused on sustainability and when using the local silica in the concrete mix,

it colored the concrete a more natural color than the typical grey

● The color is a concrete additive, chosen to match the interior limestone

● The complex concrete formwork required a chemical releasing agent that left the residue

that colored the concrete

● The project used crushed Italian marble aggregate to generate this coloring effect

48. At Rafael Moneo’s LA Cathedral, approximately how thick is the base of this wall?

● It is up to 5 feet thick, having to hold all the cumulative weight of the structure above it

49. At the Selwyn Ting house in Mar Vista, open web steel joists were employed for what

purpose?● To decrease the weight of the roof

● No wood products could achieve the span

● To create the visual appearance of lightness in the ceiling

● None of the above

50. At his home in Santa Monica, Frank Gehry exposed the wood members of conventionall

residential construction for what purpose?

● To reduce costs

● To finish the project on time

● As a shortcut around building codes

● For aesthetic purposes

51. Building codes require Type V structures to be clad in either stucco or wood siding

● FALSE

52. In Craig Ellwood’s “Bridge Building” on the Art Center campus, which structural steel

members diminish in the size of their cross-section towards the center of the bridge structure’s

span

● All of the above


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53. Ellwood’s treatment of the steel construction details at Art Center is a direct influence of the

work of which architect?

● Mies Van der Rohe

54. The primary benefit of a steel frame with rigid (moment) connections over a steel frame of

simple connections is the elimination of diagonal bracing members

● True55. At the Gamble House, the connection of heavy timber wood frame members is modeled

after traditional British (Victorian era) construction techniques

● False

56. Unlike modern construction techniques, the Gamble House was built in a manner so that

parts (structural membrane) could easily be removed and replaced

● True

57. At the Gamble House, the building’s material (wood) was harvested from oak trees on the

property to provide aesthetic consistency throughout the house, also a pre-modern example of

sustainable construction

● False58. At Watt Hall, the proportions of the waffle slab for coffered ceilings suggest that there are

steel I beams embedded in the concrete

● False

59. At Watt Hall, the column spacing tells us the slab is working as a one-way system

● False

60. At Watt Hall, as a cost saving exercise during construction the waffle slab units around the

perimeter of each column were eliminated and substituted with a (cheaper) flat slab

● False


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And books issued by building material manufacturers, construction trade associations, and

organizations concerned with fire protection of buildings.)

6. Define ASTM, CSA, CSI. (Answer: American Society for Testing and Materials, Canadian

Standards Association, Construction Specifications Institute.)

True-False Questions

1. A building code contains off-street parking requirements. (F)2. There is no limit in the building code on the height to which a Type 1A building can be built.

(T)

3. First cost and life-cycle cost are the same thing. (F)

4. A single-family dwelling may be built of unprotected wood. (T)

5. In general it costs more to make a building more resistant to fire. (T)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A zoning ordinance typically governs which of the following:

a. Types of activities that may take place on a piece of land

b. How much of the land may be covered by a building

c. How far a building must be seReview Question

Arch. 106 - Lecture Syllabus

Materials and Methods of Construction (3)Professor Howard Weisenthal

0ffice: 21-214........Phone/Voice Mail: 756 2491........email: [email protected]

CHAPTER 1: MAKING BUILDINGS

Answers to Questions in the Text

1. The members of a typical building design team are: a. The architect: Determines the form of

the building, coordinates the design team, and takes the major responsibility for specifying and

detailing the exterior and interior finishes. b. The structural engineer: Develops with the architect

the design of the structural system of the building, and takes the major responsibility for

calculating, specifying, and detailing the loadbearing structure, including cladding attachments.

c. The mechanical engineer: Develops with the architect the design of the heating, ventilating,

and cooling systems of the building (and often the plumbing system), and takes the major

responsibility for calculating, detailing, and specifying these systems. d. The electrical engineer:

Develops with the architect a design for artificial illumination of the building, and takes the major

responsibility for calculating, detailing, and specifying this system, as well as systems of electric

power distribution and communications wiring. e. The geotechnical and/or foundation engineer:

Develops with the architect a design for the foundations and substructure of the building, and

takes the major responsibility for calculating, detailing, and specifying this system. All theseprofessionals are also involved in inspecting the construction work as it progresses, to be sure

the specifications and details are followed, and to deal with questions that arise during

construction. On many projects, a Construction Manager (CM) is also hired by the Owner of the

building. The CM acts to coordinate the entire process of design and construction, and is often

responsible for hiring the architect and engineers as well as the contractor and subcontractors.


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2. The designers of a building must work under the existing physical constraints of a building

site (size, shape, soil conditions, subsurface water conditions, vegetation, etc.), as well as legal

constraints that include zoning ordinances, building codes, access standards, OSHA

regulations, and energy efficiency standards. Additional constraints come from building

insurance companies, building contractors, labor unions, and the client's program, taste, and

budget.3. Zoning ordinances control the type of use to which a piece of land may be put, how much of

the land may be covered by buildings, how far the buildings must be set back from the property

lines, how tall the building may be, how large a total floor area may be constructed on a given

piece of land, how many parking spaces must be provided, and other such matters that have to

do with the relationship of a building to its site and the community in which it is built. Building

codes deal with questions of safety and health by controlling the quality of construction,

especially with regard to structural stability and fire resistance, but also including space and light

requirements, ventilation, emergency egress, and energy efficiency.

4. Fire resistance of building assemblies is measured in hours of fire endurance. Fire resistance

is determined by subjecting a building assembly to a fire endurance test as specified by ASTME-119.

5. If this building is not sprinklered, Types 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B or 4 construction are permitted; Types

2B and 4 are probably the most economical. If sprinklers are installed, Type 3A construction is

also permitted.

Additional Questions

1. Name several organizations or types of organizations that publish construction information

that is widely used by building professionals, and give an example of each. (Answer: ASTM,

CSA, and ANSI publish standards for construction materials. Construction trade and

professional associations publish technical information and technical standards. CSI and CSC

publish Masterformat. Building materials manufacturers publish material concerning theirproducts.)

2. What is Masterformat? Give titles of several of its primary divisions. (Answer: Masterformat is

a standard outline for organizing information about construction materials and components. Its

primary divisions cover such topics as Sitework, Concrete, Masonry, Metals, Wood and Plastics,

etc.)

3. List several performance concerns, and several construction concerns, that are typically

taken into consideration by a building professional. (Answer: Performance concerns include

such things as fire, building movement, water vapor condensation, water leakage, acoustical

privacy, deterioration, cleanliness, and building maintenance. Construction concerns include

such matters as safety, schedule, budget, quality of work, division of work between the shop

and the field, optimum use of trades, sequencing of operations, inclement weather, fitting of

components, and quality assurance.)

4. What does a municipal building inspector have to do with new buildings? How does the

inspector's work relate to zoning ordinances and building codes? (Answer: The building

inspector receives applications for building permits, checks plans for conformance with building

codes and zoning ordinances, issues building permits, and inspects construction to make sure it

conforms to these standards.)


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5. What types of publications would you consult to determine fire resistance ratings of various

building components? Who publishes them? (Answer: Fire resistance ratings are tabulated in a

variety of catalogs and ht back from property lines

d. The maximum distance between exits in a building

e. Total floor area of a building on a given site

(Answer: a,b,c,e)2. Fire resistance ratings for building components are given in units of:

a. Degrees Fahrenheit b. Degrees Celsius c. Hours d. Foot-pounds (Answer: c)

3. Access standards for buildings relate to:

a. Access from the street to the building for automobiles

b. Availability of an architect's drawings to the building inspector

c. Accessibility of all the electrical wiring and plumbing for inspection and repair the lifetime of

the building

d. Access to a building by all members of the population, including the physically handicapped

Answer: d)

CHAPTER 2: FOUNDATIONS


1. The most common type of failure in foundations is differential settlement, in which overall

settlement of the building is not excessive, but differences in the amount of settlement between

different areas of the building cause failure of structural, cladding, or finish components of the

building.

2. Fine sand consists of equidimensional particles that are large enough to behave as a

particulate soil. Silt particles are also equidimensional but are much smaller, and silts are

classified as fine-grained soils. Clay particles are even smaller than silt particles and areplatelike rather than equidimensional. Unlike fine sand and silt, clay soils are governed in their

properties by surface effects, and are therefore much more strongly affected by water content

and the particular arrangement of particles in a given soil.

3. Sheeting may be by means of soldier beams and lagging, sheet piling, or slurry wall.

4. A watertight barrier is desirable in situations where lowering of the water table would have

serious detrimental effects on neighboring buildings, and is possible in situations where the

bottom edge of the barrier lies in an impermeable stratum of soil below the water table.

5. We use deep foundations in situations where competent soil lies too far beneath the surface

to be reached by shallow foundations.

6. Belled caissons are practical only where the bell can be excavated from a cohesive soil, and

where the bearing stratum beneath the bottom of the caisson is impervious to the passage of

water.

7. Precast concrete friction piles have the largest potential loadcarrying capacity, followed by

steel pipe piles, steel Hpiles, and sitecast concrete piles.

8. (The answer to this question is found in detail near the end of Chapter 2 of the text, under the

heading "Designing Foundations").



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1. How do we know how much foundation load a soil can carry? (Answer: Building code tables

such as Figure 2.5 give approximate bearing values for soils. For a more accurate

determination, various laboratory tests and on-site tests may be conducted.)

2. What is the purpose of the slurry used in the process of constructing a slurry wall? (Answer:

The pressure of the slurry against the walls of the trench prevents the walls from collapsing.)

3. When sheeting an excavation, which type of bracing is least obstructive to excavationoperations? (Answer: Tiebacks.)

4. Why is it necessary to carry shallow foundations below the frost line? (Answer: If the soil

beneath a foundation freezes, the foundation may be lifted by soil expansion or ice lenses.)

5. How does a driven pile transmit the load of a building into the soil? (Answer: By friction

between the sides of the pile and the soil, by end bearing of the bottom of the pile against firm

soil, or by both these means.)


1. Wood piles may be used without a decay-preventive treatment if they lie totally beneath the

water table. (T)

2. A waterstop is used to lower the water table in the vicinity of a building. (F)3. Bentonite clay makes an excellent waterproof membrane around a basement. (T)

4. A slurry wall is a type of sheeting. (T)

5. A tieback must always be anchored in rock. (F)

6. The soil around an excavation can sometimes be stabilized by reinforcing it. (T)

7. Combined footings are used to save money in cases where concrete prices are high. (F)

8. Shallow footings may only be placed on undisturbed, natural soil. (F)

9. The foundation engineer need not be consulted by the architect and structural engineer until

the size and position of the building on the land have been determined. (F)


1. Which of the following are deep foundations: a. Caisson b. Strip footing c. Rock anchor d.End-bearing pile e. Mat foundation f. Friction pile (Answer: a,d,f)

2. Underpinning may include which of the following foundation types: a. Wall and column

footings b. Piles c. Mini-piles d. Caissons (Answer: All of the above)

3. Which of the following are design thresholds that represent a major difference in the cost of a

foundation? a. Building below the water table b. Building a slab on grade versus a crawlspace c.

Using steel sheet piling versus concrete sheet piling d. Building close to an existing building e.

Going from shallow to deep foundations (Answer: a,d,e)

4. Which of the following are cohesive soils: a. Cobbles b. Sand c. Clay d. Silt e. Peat f. Gravel

(Answer: c)

5. Piles may be made from a. Timber b. Precast concrete c. Sitecast concrete d. Stone e. Steel

f. Brick (Answer: a,b,c,e)

CHAPTER 3: WOOD


1. At the time a tree is cut, depending on the species of tree, the season of the year, and the

amount of water present in the ground around the roots of the tree, its cells will contain a weight

of water that is 30% to 300% of the dry weight of the cellulose and lignin. Assuming that the tree


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is immediately sawed into green lumber, each piece of lumber will then be seasoned by air

drying or kiln drying. During this seasoning process, the free water contained in the hollow

spaces of the cells is evaporated first, bringing the moisture in the lumber into the range of 26%

to 32%. After the free water has evaporated, the bound water in the cell walls starts to

evaporate, and the piece of lumber begins to shrink. Because radial shrinkage is not as

pronounced as tangential shrinkage, each piece of lumber will also distort somewhat, the natureand degree of distortion depending largely on the portion of the log from which the piece was

sawed and the orientation of the piece in the log. At a moisture content somewhere between

13% and 19% the piece is considered seasoned and can be installed in a building. After it is in

place in the building, it will continue to lose water under very dry atmospheric conditions, and

reabsorb water when the air is humid. This is usually best observed on a seasonal basis, with

wood members of a building shrinking noticeably during a prolonged heating season, and

swelling during a humid summer.

2. 3/4" X 3 1/2"; 1 1/2" X 3 1/2"; 1 1/2" X 5 1/2"; 1 1/2" X 7 1/4"; 3 1/2" X 3 1/2"; 3 1/2" X 11 1/4"

if surfaced dry.

3. Wood is laminated to achieve a size, shape, or quality of piece that would otherwise beimpossible.

4. Wood panel products are span rated; the first number in the rating (32) is the allowable span

in inches between centers of rafters when used as roof sheathing, and the second number (16)

is the allowable span when used as subflooring.

5. Pressure-treated wood might be specified for applications required increased resistance to

fire, decay, or insects.

6. Redwood, Cypress, and various Cedars are the resistant species most common in North

America.


1. What are the advantages of quartersawn lumber? For what kinds of end uses would youspecify it? (Answer: Quartersawn lumber is less prone to seasoning distortions, has a tighter

grain figure, and has improved surface wearing qualities over plainsawed lumber. It is especially

useful for flooring, interior trim pieces, and furniture stock.)

2. What grade of plywood veneer would you specify for a surface to be painted? For the

backside of a sheathing panel? (Answers: A, D)

3. A variety of questions can be posed that require a knowledge of lumber dimensioning to

solve. For example, you might show a detail of a foundation wall with a nominal 2" sill, 2X12

floor joists, and 5/8" plywood subflooring, and ask the student to figure the total actual distance

from the top of the foundation to the top of the subfloor.

4. What will be the cost of 27 2X8s, each 14' long, if the price of the lumber is $240.00 per

thousand board feet? (Answer: $120.96)


1. The heartwood of a living tree is dead wood. (T)

2. Summerwood is stronger and stiffer than springwood. (T)

3. Box nails and common nails are Interchangeable in construction practice. (F)

4. Wood treated with pentachlorphenol can be painted. (F)


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5. Sheet metal joist hangers are used to make a strong connection wherever wood joists bear

on one another at right angles. (T)


1. Which type of wood shrinkage is greatest? a. Longitudinal b. Radial c. Tangential

(Answer: c)2. Which of the following are growth characteristics: a. Twisting b. Knot c. Check d. Decay

e.Wane f. Cupping (Answer: b,d)

3 Lag screws are inserted with: a. A hammer b. A screwdriver c. A wrench d. A pneumatic gun

(Answer: c)

4. Adhesives are widely used on the construction job site for: a. Laminating beams b.

Connecting framing members c. Bonding the frame to the foundation d. Attaching subflooring

and wall panels (Answer: d)

CHAPTER 4: HEAVY TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTIONAnswers to Questions in the Test

1. Heavy timber framing receives relatively favorable fire ratings because large timbers catch

fire and burn relatively slowly, and do not lose strength as quickly as unprotected steel members

during a fire.

2. Where a wood beam joins a masonry wall, it must be protected against decay from moisture

that may be present in the masonry, it must be anchored to the masonry so it cannot pull away,

and it must be fastened in such a way that it can rotate out of the wall without damaging the wall

if the beam should burn through during a fire.


1. How is floor tilting due to wood shrinkage prevented in a building of Mill construction?(Answer: Columns are detailed so they do not bear on cross-grain wood at the floor lines. This

is done either by using a single long column from foundation to roof, butting column sections to

one another at floor lines with only steel plates between, or using iron pintle caps to transmit

column loads through the floor structures.)

2. Explain why long laminated wood beams are often spliced between columns rather than at

columns. (Answer: By splicing beams with hinge connections at points of zero moment, the

bending action of each beam can be made fully continuous, which results in maximum structural

economy by minimizing the size of the beam.)


1. Two-inch framing members are permitted in the roofs of Heavy Timber buildings. (F)

2. Floor constructions in Heavy Timber buildings may not have any internal cavities. (T)

3. Finish flooring over the structural deck of a building of Mill construction is optional. (F)

4. All Heavy Timber buildings must have exterior masonry or concrete walls. (Fe-such walls are

not required if there is sufficient space between buildings.)


1. Wind uplift of the roof of a building of tradition Mill construction is counteracted by: a. Tying

the roof beams together with iron dogs b. Using scuppers around the perimeter of the roof c.


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Using only heavy timber roof decking d. Running a steel anchor strap down the masonry wall

from the end of each roof framing member (Answer: d)

2. Which of the following heavy timber frames must be buttressed or tied at the base to resist

horizontal thrusts: a. Arch b. Continuous beam c. Rigid frame or portal frame d. Dome e. Truss

(Answer: a,c,d)

CHAPTER 5: WOOD LIGHT FRAME CONSTRUCTION


3. In balloon framing the studs run in one piece from the sill to the rafter plate, while in platform

framing the studs are interrupted by the floor platforms. Balloon framing has less vertical

shrinkage from drying out of the wood, while platform framing is easier and safer to erect and is

automatically firestopped, for which reasons it has become the method of choice.

4. Platform framing is automatically firestopped at each floor by the double top plate.

5. A wood beam under the ground floor of a platform frame will probably dry and shrink, allowing

the floor to tilt, while a steel beam will not. A glue laminated wood beam is an acceptable

substitute for a steel beam because it is made of thoroughly seasoned wood and will be fairlystable dimensionally.

6. A platform frame building is braced laterally either by let-in diagonal bracing at the corners, or

by rigid sheathing such as plywood panels or diagonal boards.

7. A building code deals with the combustibility of platform framing in several ways. Most

importantly, it restricts the height and size of such buildings, to keep occupant loads low and

escape routes short. Escape of occupants is also facilitated by smoke and heat alarms, and

bedroom windows of a size sufficient to permit the passage of occupants and firefighters.

Building codes also encourage (and in many specific instances require) the protection of the

wood frame with fire-resistant materials such as gypsum board or plaster, and sometimes with

sprinklers.Additional Questions

1. How is a platform frame anchored to a concrete or masonry foundation? (Answer: By means

of anchor bolts embedded in the foundation, to which the sills are attached.)

2. Diagram in simplified fashion how a carpenter uses a framing square to lay out a common

rafter and a hip rafter. (The answers can be extracted from Figures 5.47 and 5.51.)

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of roof trusses as compared to conventional

roof framing? (Answer: In many cases trusses are quicker to erect and use less material than

the rafters and ceiling joists they replace. They can also span much farther than most

conventional roof framing. In most cases, however, roof trusses are difficult to adapt to

nonstandard or highly complex roof shapes, and they destroy most of the usefulness of the attic

space.)

4. Sketch a floor framing layout for the plan shown, using joists spaced 16" o.c. [Furnish a plan

that is not too extensive, but that does include a stair opening, cantilevered floor bays on two

adjacent sides, and interior partitions in both directions.]


1. A platform frame can be made entirely of nominal 2-inch lumber, plus suitable sheathing and

subflooring materials. (T)


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2. Foundations can be built entirely of wood. (T)

3. A foundation can be insulated either on the exterior or the interior. (T)

4. Wall frames are built in a horizontal position. (T)

5. The size of floor joists is independent of the species of wood used. (F)

6. Joist bridging is required by most codes. (F)

7. Subflooring runs under the sole plate in a platform frame. (T)8. A rake is the same as an eave. (F)=

E. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Interior nonbearing partitions that run parallel to the floor joists can be supported by: a. Joist

hangers b. Supporting studs c. Double joists d. Transverse blocking between joists c. Headers

(Answer: c,d)

2. Studs that support two floors and a roof may be: a. 2 x 4, 24" o.c. b. 2 x 4, 16" o.c. c. 2 x 6,

24" o.c. d. 2 x 6, 16" o.c. (Answer: d)

3. A gable roof requires:, a. A ridge beam supported at intervals by columns or walls b. Ceiling

joists to tie it against lateral thrust c. Either of the above d. Neither of the above (Answer: c)

CHAPTER 8: MASONRY


1. There are 3 syllables in "masonry." It should never be pronounced "masonerry."

2. The most common types of masonry units are bricks, concrete masonry units, and stone

.3. Mortar serves as an adhesive, holding masonry units together; as a cushion to create full

bearing between units; as a sealant to keep weather from penetrating between units; and as a

part of the finished surface of the wall.4. Bricks and blocks are laid by processes that are very similar, but a brick is placed with one

hand, while a block requires two.

5. Mortar joints are tooled to give a neat appearance of the desired type, and to compress the

face of the mortar and make it more weathertight

.6. A structural bond ties two or more wythes of masonry into a single wall.

7. A cavity wall prevents penetration of water through a masonry wall by putting a continuous

vertical airspace between the outer and inner wythes of masonry. When water reaches the

cavity, it has no place to go but down. At the bottom of the cavity, the water is caught by a

flashing and drained out through weep holes. (For cavity wall details see the illustrations in

Chapter 8.)

8. Stone is laid differently than brick in that it is sometimes irregular and each piece must

chosen and trimmed to fit; stones are often too heavy to lift by hand and must be lifted with

lewises and hoists; mortar joints in fine stonework are raked out and later pointed with

nonstaining mortar; and acids are not usedto clean many types of stonework.

9. External flashings should be installed at intersections of masonry walls with roofs or decks, to

prevent penetration of water. Internal flashings should be installed wherever water might


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penetrate or accumulate inside a wall, such as over lintels and shelf angles, under copings and

sills, at intermediate floors that bear on the wall, and at the base of the wall.

10. Weep holes should be provided just above each internal flashing, in the outside wythe of the

wall. Their function is to drain water that accumulates over the flashing. They may be

constructed by leaving out the mortar in head joints, laying short pieces of rope in mortar joints

and then pulling them out, or by inserting plastic or metal tubes in the mortar.11. Ordinary construction uses floors, roof, and interior walls of balloon frame construction, while

Mill construction uses heavy timber framing for internal construction. The heavy timbers and

decking used in Mill construction are slow to catch fire. Ordinary construction is usually

protected with plaster or gypsum board over the wood components, and by firestopping

between floors. Wood members bearing on the masonry walls in either system are firecut to

prevent them from toppling the wall should they burn through in a fire.

Solutions to Exercises in Text

1. A restaurant is classified in Figure 1.1 as Type A-3, Assembly. In Type 4 construction, the

building would be limited to 3 stories or 40' of height, with a maximum of 12,600 square feet perfloor--but because the building is more than 2 stories high, Figure 1.2 tells us that we must

reduce the allowable floor area by 20%, which comes out to 10,080 square feet per floor. In

Type 3B construction, these figures drop to 2 stories, 30', and 8,400 square feet, respectively. If

unprotected steel joists are substituted for the wood joists, the construction type becomes 2C,

but the figures remain the same as for unprotected Ordinary construction. If precast concrete

plank floors with a fireresistance rating of 2 hours are used, the building becomes

incombustibles By looking in the chart in Figure 1.3, line 11, we see that incombustible buildings

with 2 hour floor construction are classified as Type 1B construction. Returning to the chart in

Figure 1.1, we find that our masonry restaurant building with precast concrete plank floors would

have no limitations on height or area.2. This wall will consist of 17 blocks and 16 mortar joints. Its length will therefore be 16 times

16", plus the last block at 15 5/8". This adds up to 271 5/8", or 22'-7 5/8".

3. This opening is equivalent to 4.5 blocks at 16" of length each, plus one mortar joint of 3/8".

This works out to 72 3/8", or 6'-0 3/8".

4. 44 courses times 8/3 inches per course equals 117 1/3", or approximately 9'-9 3/8".


1. What are the components of modern masonry mortar? (Answer: Portland cement, lime, fine

aggregate (sand), and water.)

2. What are the major molding processes for clay bricks? (Answer: water-struck and sand-mold,

which are hand molding processes, and dry-press and stiff mud, which are machine molding

processes)

.3. Sketch an elevation view of a portion of a brick wall laid in running (or common, English,

Flemish) bond. t answer: see Figure 8.17).

4. What are the three major types of building stone? (Answer: sedimentary, metamorphic,

igneous) Give an example of each. (Answers: Sedimentary--sandstone, limestone, travertine;

Metamorphic--marble, slate; Igneous--granite.)


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5. What is the usual way of adding vertical and horizontal steel reinforcing to a concrete

masonry wall? (Answer: vertical reinforcing bars are grouted into the hollow cores of the

masonry units at the desired intervals, and horizontal joint reinforcing made of very thin steel

bars is laid into the bed joints of mortar at the desired intervals.)

6. What is the chief reason to build a masonry cavity wall? (Answer: A cavity wall is much more

resistant to the passage of water than a solid wall. Additionally, a cavity wall may be thermallyinsulated by adding slabs of plastic foam insulation within the cavity.)

7. Sketch a detail section of the base of a cavity wall with a brick facing and an 8" concrete

block backup. Label all the parts.


1. Quicklime is mixed with Portland cement, sand, and water to make mortar. (F)

2. Masonry units should always be wetted before laying. (F. under most conditions units should

be laid without wetting).

3. Bricks shrink considerably during firing. (T)

4. There is no truly standard brick size. (T)

5. Mortar color is of little consequence to the finished appearance of a brick wall. (F)6. Flemish bond is purely decorative. (F)

7. It is possible to build a brick dome without using formwork. (T)

8. It is almost impossible to build brick walls that contain steel reinforcing bars. (F)

9. Limestone is easily cut just after it is quarried, but becomes harder with age. (T)

10. Ashlar stone is very irregular. (F)

11. Marble work should be cleaned with muriatic acid after the mortar has hardened sufficiently.

(F)

12. There is no truly standard size of concrete block. (F)


1. Portland cement mortar that is growing hard before use may be retempered with water andused: a. within 30 minutes of its mixing b. within one hour of its mixing c. within 90 minutes of its

mixing d. within a half day of its mixing e. within a day of its mixing (Answer:c)

2. The most standard mortar joint thickness is:

a. 1/8" (3.2 mm) b. 1/4"(6.4 mm) c. 3/8" (9.5`mm) d. 1/2"(12.7 mm)

e. 5/8"(15.9 mm) (Answer: c)

3. Which of the following mortar joint profiles are appropriate use outdoors in a severe climate:

a. weathered b. concave c. vee d. flush

e. raked f. stripped g. struck (Answer: b,c)

4. Type I (moisture-controlled) concrete masonry units should be specified:

a. Where appearance is important

b. In damp weather

c. For underground work

d. In severe climates

e. Where shrinkage of a wall must be controlled

(Answer: e)

5. Movement joints should be located in masonry walls:


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a. at discontinuities where cracks would tend to form

b. every fourth course

c. every sixth course

d. every seventh course

e. at a change of brick bond

(Answer: a)

6. Internal flashings should be located in masonry walls: a. below copings and sills b. above

lintels and shelf angles c. below lintels and shelf angles d. at the base of the wall e. every sixth

course (Answer: a,b,d)

CHAPTER 9: STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION


1. Steel is any of a range of iron alloys that contain less than 2% carbon, while iron may contain

a larger proportion of carbon.

2. Steel structural shapes are produced by passing steel between rollers while it is still hotenough to be formed easily. The different weights and thicknesses of a shape are produced by

varying the spacing between the rollers.

3. The fabricator receives steel shapes from the mill and prepares them for specific building

frame by cutting them to length, punching or drilling connector holes as required, adding

connecting angles and plates, and cambering and priming the components as required. The

erector receives these prepared building parts from the fabricator and assembles them on the

building site.

4. A W21 X 68 is a wide-flange steel section nominally 21" in depth and weighing 68 pounds per

linear foot.

5. In a moment connection, the flanges or a beam or girder are attached to the adjoiningmember with welds (or, rarely, with bolts) that are as strong as the flanges themselves. One

member cannot rotate without rotating the other member. In a shear connection, the welds or

bolts are designed to transmit only the vertical load from the beam or girder to the adjoining

member, and small rotations are possible between the two members. Moment connections are

used for joints that must be made rigid to contribute to the overall rigidity of the building, or to

create structural continuity between members. Shear connections are less expensive than

moment connections and are used for all other connections.

6. The top flange of a beam is often coped so its top surface can lie in the same plane as the

top of a girder to which it is connected. The bottom flange is coped in a knife connection to allow

the beam to be inserted between the connecting angles by sliding it in from above.

7. Composite construction allows a steel beam or deck and the concrete fill above to act

together as a single structural unit, which allows the use of a lighter steel member than would

otherwise be the case.

8. Steel is advantageous in a fire because it is incombustible and does not contribute fuel to the

fire as a wood beam does. Steel does, however, lose much of its strength at elevated

temperatures, so must be protected by incombustible materials that will insulate it from the high

temperatures of a fire.


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9. Trusses, dome, arches, cable net structure, space truss

.Answers to Exercises

3. A department store is classified as Use Group M, Mercantile. Assuming it has no automatic

fire suppression system, we see from the table in Figure 1.1 that the lowest type of construction

that might permit a four-story building with 17,500 square feet per floor is Type 2A, but we must

correct the allowable area per floor (22,800) with a 10% adjustment for a four-story building asspecified by Figure 1.2. This gives 20,520 square feet per floor, which is greater than the 17,500

we wish to build, so Type 2A construction will suffice. Moving to Figure 1.3, we can now

determine on line 9 that lower-floor columns must have 2-hour protection, on line 11 that floor

beams must be 1 1/2 hours, roof beams (line 12) must be 1 hour, and walls around shafts and

stairways (lines 5 and 6) must be of 2-hour construction.


1. Why are the edges of steel members beveled in some cases before welding? (Answer: A

beveled edge allows access for the welding electrode so multiple passes can be made to fill the

joint with weld metal to the same thickness as the member being connected).

2. What is the difference between an AISC Type 1 connection and an AISC Type 2 connection?(Answer: The Type 1 is a moment connection, and the Type 2 is a shear connection.)

3. Where is a seated connection likely to be used, and why? (Answer: A seated connection is

used to connect a beam or girder to a column web, because it allows better access for

pneumatic wrenches in this restricted location than does a framed connection.)

4. In what circumstance is a butt plate used in a column-to- column connection? (Answer:

Where the column changes from one nominal size of section to another.)

5. Why are columns spliced at waist level above the floor? (Answer: This avoids conflict with

beam-column connections, and is convenient for the ironworkers to reach.)


1. Most steel beams are I-beam shapes. (F)2. Open-web steel joists are made by cutting the web of a wide-flange section along a zig-zag

path, then rejoining the two halves in a greater depth by welding. (F)

3. Riveting of steel building frames is obsolete. (T)

4. In slip-critical connections, the bolts grip the two steel components so tightly together that the

load is transferred between them by friction. (T)

5. Plumbing-up refers to the process of raising sections of steel from the ground to their position

in the building. (F)

6. Column baseplates for smaller columns are usually attached to the columns in the fabricator's

shop. (T)

7. Plate girders are available from stock in a variety of sizes and spans. (F)

8. Rigid frames are economical for low-cost manufactured steel buildings. (T)

9. Tensile structures made of steel cables can be made rigid against wind uplift. (T)

F. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Steel structural`: shapes are produced by: a. casting b. forging c. die- forming d. rolling e.

milling (Answer: d)

2. The width of the flange of a W12 X 14: a. is 12" b. is 14"


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c. is the standard 6" dimension used for all W sections d. is up to the mill that produces it e.

must be looked up in a handbook (Answer: e)

3. Mild structural steel is designated by the ASTM number of:

a. A36 b. A242 c. A441 d. A572 e. A588

(Answer: a)

4. The following materials are good for fireproofing steel columns:a. Concrete b. Brickwork c. Metal lath and plaster d. Gypsum board e. Spray-on fireproofing

f. Mineral fiber slabs g. Intumescent coatings

(Answer: all of the above)

Arch 211 Fieldtrip Notes

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