ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO1 Des smart grids aux smart communités japonaises From...

ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 1

Des smart grids aux smart communités japonaises

From Smart-Grids to Smart Communities in Japan

Yveline LECLERLyons Institute of East Asian Studies

Professor at Sciences-Po Lyon

ARC 6: Forum "Le Web : quelles mutations dans la prise des décisions ?"


Plan of the paper

Point 1 draw the energy and environmental situation of Japan over time

and the policy landscape that led to the smart community concept development

explain what a smart community is or is supposed to be Point 2

presents the program describing main characteristics of each selected projects

Point 3 concludes by pointing out some of the questions

preliminary surveys have unveiled• The multi-actors governance• The overlapping programs through the case of Kyoto (city and

prefecture)


A new demonstration program

In 2010 METI launched the « Demonstration of Next-Generation Energy and Social System » program

Based on: former experimentation on smart-grids and on green technologies

developed by Japanese firms• ICT integrated to power grids, making them ‘smart’ and opening the

door to new solutions To address global warming , reduction of GHG, security of

purchasing etc., while maintaining good quality and stability of grids• Introduction of large quantity of renewable energies into the grid; • Stability ensure thanks to real time consumption control through

visualization functions; • Possibility for power provider to adjust demand-offer by introducing

power from non renewables when demand peak/not enough renewables


Smart-grids experimentations

To take a strong position in establishment of international standards,

to gain markets in growing worldwide demand for such infrastructure

and finally to strengthen the country competitiveness

Japan Smart Grid Technology Market Value Forecast2011 to 2016 (in U.S. millions)

Source: Zpryme Smart Grid Insights, March 2012


What is a smart community ？

According to METI home page: “regional deployment of next-generation energy and

social systems that combine in multiple ways concepts such as the “coordinated use” of energy, which means effectively using not only electricity but also heat and untapped energy as well as the transformation of regional transport systems and people’s lifestyle”.


Why smart community and not smart-grid?

The idea seems to be that: thanks to the world leading electric power grid

network that the country could build and with Japanese companies know how and

innovation in ICT and environmental technologies

it is now possible through coordination and cooperation between

power suppliers and demand side usersto achieve a greener social systemSmart Communities were born


Smart community: techno ＋ human

While smart-grids refer to technologies only smart communities would be (or are supposed

to be) the combination of technologies and social system

involving citizens whose lifestyle will (or has to) change accordingly

Citizens’ involvement pointed out by all promoters as a key factor of success

Reality ?


A new brand to be exported?

Projects remain heavily technology oriented Include awareness campaign or education programs at

schoolsbut participation to the definition of their future

standards of living not on the agenda

A marketing offensive to be attractive to populations worldwide?


Smart communities METI selection

4 areas selected for large-scale pilot projects (April 2010) Over 20 areas applications Funded during 2010-2015

Reasons for choice:quality of the project proposed specificities of each area to test the new

configurations in different environments: – A large city for Yokohama– a provincial city for Toyota– a science city for Kyoto-Keihanna district – a special zone in an industrial city for Kitakyushu


The 4 large scale-pilot projects

Source: Hironori Nakanishi (METI), Japan’s Approaches to Smart Community.


multi-actors issues

players are numerous Cities/prefecture at the head Consortium coordinated whether by a leading company or by a

special institution/association created for the purpose governance (and players) close to knowledge clusters (MEXT in

2002) + users to be involved• researches on clusters have shown how difficult it was to manage

cooperation between industry-academia and government (special action to promote cooperation needed)

Smart communities need new institutional arrangements to make the structure

cooperate and workresults and changes they will be able to induce in the life

style will probably depend on it


Programs overlapping: Eco-Towns

Smart communities not the only program to promote sustainable cities of the future: in 1997, the Eco-town Model project was launched

jointly by METI and Ministry Of Environment (MOE)• help local authorities to establish a resource-recycling socio-

economic system through cooperation with residents and industries

• building environmental industries while reducing and recycling waste to be reused (3R)

– 26 eco-towns labelled under this program


Programs overlapping: EST and EMC

In 2004, MLIT started the Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) model project jointly with MOE Pilot cities supported to promote public transportation, smoother

car traffic, environmental improvement for bicycles and pedestrian, law-emission vehicles and so on

in 2008, the Eco-Model City project was launched by the Cabinet as part of the revitalization policies The project aims at building a green economy (ambitious target

of GHG emissions reduction). EMC share a lot of elements with smart communities, although not centred on smart-grids.

13 cities have been selected as EMC also called low-carbon cities

3 EMC selected as smart communities: Kitakyushu city, Yokohama city and Toyota city


Smart communities booming

Fukushima accident accelerate the consciousness of Japan vulnerability: nuclear as a solution rejected by populationSmart communities quite fashionable, cities want to

be oneAnd companies willing to capture the new market

create their own smart communities


The Kyoto EMC

Kyoto city an EMC, but not a smart community • Smart-City = prefecture project of Kyoto-Keihanna designated

(Kyoto-Keihanna only government labelled smart community to start the project without relying on achievements under the EMC scheme)

EMC project defined around 3 areas: pedestrian-centred urban planning:

• expand policies for eco-commuting (200 local government and public offices and 700 other offices: total: 190 000 persons);

• implement low carbon public transportation (highly frequency, highly reliable buses; power city buses with biodiesel);

• promote transition of the entire vehicle fleet to eco-cars and EVS by 2018;

• develop the necessary charging infrastructure for EVs.


The Kyoto EMC

low carbon building and use of local materials: • extend CASBEE Kyoto-certified buildings

• low carbon buildings (energy saving, long-lasting structures) using locally produced materials

• renewable energies (promote solar power system by expanding subsidies, deploy wood pellet production equipment)

lifestyle changes: • establish an eco-fund to implement environmental policy by

promoting activities in the community and at school and business;

• the “Do You Kyoto ?” project (the 16th of each month, anniversary of the Kyoto protocol: no TV, no video game campaign at kindergarten, lower light/candle day at restaurants…)


Kyoto cityfrom EMC to smart community ?

ASTEM, in charge of a study group (kenkyukai): “study group on Kyoto smart city” formed in December 2011 includes as members: Kyoto city representatives, research institutes

and/or professors (ASTEM, Ritsumeikan University) and companies (Kansai power Company, Omron…)

study the transforming of Kyoto city in a smart city/community main elements:

integrate renewable energy (solar with storage capacities, small hydro device, heat, biomass),

transform houses in smart houses equipped with solar panels and visualization functions,

develop an eco-transportation system through eco-friendly buses, EVs, a bicycle rental service, to tend to 0 emission streets

implement an eco point system to serve as incentive to transform the house in smart house; or to shift from car to EVs or from EVs to bicycle

the whole coordinated by an EMS (ICT center).


The Kyoto city project

Source: NAKAMURA Yukihiro, 2012.


Final remarks: overlapping EMC project is going on, but:

Local funds are tight even for a large city like Kyoto Cities appointed as Eco-Town, then EMC and finally smart

community (for example Kitakyushu), are benefiting from a larger support.

It is not the case for Kyoto (local incentives): The new consciousness of energy, environment importance

coming out from Fukushima accident will it be strong enough to push inhabitants, small business, shops owner etc. to equip houses with solar panels at its own costs in a period of economic uncertainty, income lowering ? Will eco points be enough as incentives?

Or will the newly reviewed FIT making it more advantageous to invest in devices for producing solar (or other alternative) energy in house (business) be a better incentive.

This needs to be surveyed carefully


Thank you for your attention

ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO1 Des smart grids aux smart communités japonaises From...

Documents

Transcript of ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO1 Des smart grids aux smart communités japonaises From...