ARC 551 - Assignment 2, Group 11 -2015-02-14 · Barcelona is Spain's second largest city, both from...

Historical Significance

Historical Significance Group 11 Agon Basha & Rehan Hussain

Historical Significance Group 11 Agon Basha & Rehan Hussain 1

Table of Content

Geographical Location………………………………

Origin………………………………..........................

Roman and Visigoths..……………………...........

Islam and Spanish March………………………….

Catalonia Independence…………………………..

Imperial Spain…..……….…………………………….

Peninsula War……….…………………………………

Spanish Civil War……….…………………………….

Democracy and Dictatorship.…………………..

Olympic Games……….……………..………………..

Megalithic Architecture……….…………………..

Romanesque Period……….………………………..

Catalan Modernism……….…………………………

Eclecticism and Regionalism……….……………

Casa Batllo…..……….………………………………….

Modernist Architecture……….…………………..

Frank Gehry’s Fish……….……………………………

Agbar Tower.……………………………………………

Herzog & de Meuron’s Forum Building…….

References……………………………………………….

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Barcelona is Spain's second largest city, both from a geographical perspective and from a population perspective. It provides a fascinating juxtaposition of old and new. Its rich history and culture have strong Mediterranean influences, setting it apart from other cities in Spain. This influence, along with its exciting history, makes Barcelona a fascinating city.The first human settlements in Barcelona date back to Neolithic times. The city itself was founded by the Romans who set up a colony called Barcino around what was then the Táber Mountain at the end of the 1st century BC. The colony had some thousand inhabitants and was bounded by a defensive wall, the remains of which can still be seen in the old town.The Romans encircled their city with imposing city walls, which were maintained and even expanded for centuries thereafter. This severely limited the growth of the city and many areas that are now integrated neighborhoods

Geographical Location

Today, Spain is made up of seventeen autonomous communities and Barcelona is the capital of the community known as Catalonia. It is located on the northeastern shores of the Iberian Peninsula. It has two official languages Catalan and Castilian Spanish.


Origin

A Roman marble with Latin text ("COL IVL AVG FAV PAT BARCIN" short for "Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino") about Barcino which is the antic name of the Catalan city of Barcelona.

Carthage Begins to Conquer Spain 241 BC

Barcelona was founded around the year 230 BC by Phoenicians and Carthaginians.Beaten in the first Punic War, Carthage – or at least leading Carthaginians – turned their attention to Spain. Hamilcar Barca began a campaign of conquest and settlement in Spain which continued under his son in law. A capital for Carthage in Spain was established at Cartanega. The original name of the city was Barcino, probably named after the Carthaginian ruler Hamilcar Barca, however, there is literature that by the end of the 1st century B.C., the Romans were the first to have called the city “Barcino”. The city itself was founded by the Romans who set up a colony at the end of the 1st century BC. The colony had some thousand inhabitants and was bounded by a defensive wall, the remains of which can still be seen in the old town


206 B.C. Hispania becomes part of the Roman Empire. Rome rules it for 500 years.As the Romans fought the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War, Spain became a field of conflict between the two sides, both aided by Spanish natives. After 211 BC the brilliant general Scipio Africanus campaigned, throwing Carthage out of Spain by 206 BC and beginning centuries of Roman occupation.The heart of the Roman settlement of Barcino lay within what would later become the medieval city – now known as the Barri Gòtic. The temple was raised on Mont Tàber as a place of worship for Emperor Augustus. Remains of city walls, temple pillars and graves all attest to what would eventually become a busy and lively town. Barcino lived well off the agricultural products and from fishing. Oysters, in particular, appeared regularly on the Roman menu in ancient times. Wine, olive oil and garum were all produced and consumed in abundance.


Romans and Visigoths

After sacking Rome in 410 AD, the Germanic Visigoths swept into Spain, renaming the city Barcinona and making it their capital between 531 and 554 until they moved to Toledo in the 6th century. The Visigoth kingdom came to an end in 711 with the Moorish invasion from Africa.

The remaining columns of the Temple of Augustus

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711 Muslim forces comprised of Berbers and Arabs attacked Spain from North Africa, landed an expeditionary force at present‐day Gibraltar, taking advantage of a near instant collapse of the Visigothic kingdom. During this time Muslims from North greatly influenced art and architecture of the Spain.The Moors had Barcelona under their control for another 100 years until the Franks conquered the city. Louis the Pious, the future Frankish ruler, retook Barcelona from them in 801.

Charlemagne's knights pushed in after them and installed themselves at the head of the border counties to guard the southern flank of his empire. The Spanish Re‐conquest began in this zone, who became known as the Spanish Marches (La Marca Hispánica). The Franks under Louis the Pious takes Barcelona and founds the Marca Hispànica (Spanish March) in what would become Catalonia. In 878 unifies the Catalan counties and establishes the House of Barcelona, a dynasty that lasts 500 years.

While the rest of Spain remained Moorish, Barcelona and the rest of Catalunya retained its links to the rest of Europe. Catalunya's flag of four red stripes on a gold background represent four bloody fingers drawn across the shield.


Islam and Spanish March

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988 After Louis V refused to help repulse Moorish raiders in 988, the counts of Barcelona Count Borrell II declared their independence from the Franks, making Catalonia effectively independent .This is celebrated as Catalunya's birth as a nation state and it was soon enlarged through a series of marriages and military adventures.

1137 The marriage between the then‐count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer IV, and the daughter of the king of Aragón united the two territories, bringing with it a vast increase in economic prosperity and political power, Catalan‐ Aragonese monarchy sets the scene for Catalonia’s golden age. At the height of the middle ages, Barcelona experienced a flourishing era of prosperity that affected all aspects of city life, ruling the Mediterranean coast all the way to Nice.

These centuries saw the construction of magnificent Gothic buildings such as the cathedral and other palaces and monuments. Barcelona acted as the focal point for the exchange of scholar and scientific knowledge between the European and Muslim worlds and the arts flourished under the great patronage. Foreign trade saw to it that shipbuilding and conquest were established.

Jaume I at only 21 years of age, sets off in 1229 with fleets from Tarragona, Barcelona, Marseilles and other ports. His objective was Mallorca, which he won. Six years later he had Ibiza and Formentera. Later he took control of Valencia too. This was no easy task and was only completed in 1248 after 16 years of grinding conquest. All this activity helped fuel a boom in Barcelona and Jaume raised new walls that increased the size of the enclosed city tenfold.The empire‐building shifted into top gear in the 1280s when Jaume I’s son Pere II took Sicily. Malta, Gozo and Athens were also briefly taken.

In spite of the bloodshed and the expense of war, this was Barcelona’s golden age. It was the base for what was now a thriving mercantile empire and the western Mediterranean was virtually a Catalan lake


Catalonia Independence, Golden Age

The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the two royal lines, uniting all the Spanish Christian kingdoms in one inheritance. By the 16th century,Barcelona began to loose its importance and power. During the following years, conflicts raised between Barcelona and Madrid. Madrid became the center of political and economical importance.

Spain Starts to Build an Overseas Empire 14921492 This year also saw the discovery of America by Columbus, financed by Isabella. Christopher Columbus arrives in the New World, beginning an era of exploration and conquest. Roman Catholicism is established as Spain’s state religion. Within 10 years, most Jews and Muslims are forced to convert or leave. Columbus brought knowledge of America to Europe. 1492‐1500, 6000 Spaniards had already emigrated to the “New World”. They were the vanguard of a Spanish empire in south and central America – and nearby islands – which overthrew the indigenous peoples and sent vast quantities of treasure back to Spain. When Portugal was incorporated into Spain in 1580, the latter became rulers of the large Portuguese empire too.

in the 17th century Catalonia went to war with Spain, declaring its independence with the support of France.

From the 15th to 18th centuries Barcelona entered a period of decline, while it struggled to maintain its economic and political independence. This struggle ended in 1714, when the city fell to the Bourbon troops and Catalonia’s and Catalans’ rights and privileges were suppressed.However, from the end of the 18th century, the position of Barcelona as a Mediterranean port and the proximity of lignite deposits in the Berguedà became important factors in the Industrial Revolution. Catalonia as a whole, and Barcelona in particular, became important industrial centers, with an increase in wealth


15‐18th Century, Imperial Spain

1808–14, Peninsula WarBarcelona was annexed by Napoleonic France and incorporated into the First French Empire as part of the department Montserrat. When the king hand over in favor of his son Ferdinand and then changed his mind, French ruler Napoleon intervened and he simply gave the crown to his brother Joseph, a dire miscalculation. Parts of Spain rose up in rebellion against the French and a military struggle ensued. Britain, already opposed to Napoleon, entered the war in Spain in support of Spanish troops, and by 1813 the French had been pushed all the way back to France. . Experiments are made in democratic government, but when King Fernando VII is restored in 1814 he only seeks to reinstate the absolute monarchy.

1814 onwards Barcelona’s trade and industry steadily expands, and from the 1830s it has the first steam‐driven factories in Spain.1836–8 Dissolution of most of Barcelona’s monasteries, opening up large areas for new building.1848 Spain’s first rail line is built from Barcelona to Mataró.1860 The building of the city’s grid (Eixample), designed by Ildefons Cerdà, begins.The city began to gain importance again during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, being seat to the World's Fair in 1888. Once its influence was recovered, Catalonia returned to its nationalist pretensions demanding more political freedom and boosting its cultural identityIn 1897, the city absorbed six surrounding municipalities and the new district of the Eixample was laid out.The Spanish‐American War 1898The remainder of Spain’s American empire – Cuba, Puerto Rica and the Philippines – was lost in this conflict with the United States, who were acting as allies to Cuban separatists.


19th Century, Napoleon and Spanish‐ American War

1931‐1936King Alfonso XIII is forced out. Spain becomes a republic. Five years later, the country is plunged into civil war.The Spanish Civil War 1936 – 39Elections in 1936 revealed a Spain divided, politically and geographically, between the left and the right wings. As tensions threatened to turn into violence, there were calls from the right for a military coup. On 17 July 1936, an army uprising in Morocco kick‐started the Spanish Civil War, the result was a bloody civil war that lasted three years. The Nationalists ‐the right wing led in the later part by General Franco ‐ was supported by Germany and Italy, while the Republicans received help from left wing volunteers (the International Brigades) and mixed assistance from Russia. In 1939 the Nationalists won.

Bombing of Barcelona was a series of Nationalist airstrikes which took place from 16 to 18 March 1938, during the Spanish Civil War. Between 16 and 18 March 1938, Barcelona was bombed by bombers of the Italian, Aviazione Legionaria. These bombers flew from Mallorca with Spanish markings, Barcelona had little anti‐aircraft artillery and no fighter cover. The Spanish Republican Air Force didn't send fighters to Barcelona until the morning of 17 March.The bombings affected all the city and the bombers didn't attempt to destroy military targets. On the night of 18 the working class districts were badly hit. The Italian bombers dropped 44 tons of bombs, and there were more than 1,000 civilian dead and 2,000 wounded.


20th Century, Spanish Civil War

Franco’s Dictatorship 1939 – 75Francisco Franco Bahamonde was a Spanish general who was the dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975The aftermath of the civil war saw Spain governed by an authoritarian and conservative dictatorship under General Franco, he emerges as the war’s victor. Opposition voices were repressed through prison and execution, while the language of the Catalans and Basques were banned. Franco’s Spain stayed largely neutral in World War 2, allowing the regime to survive until Franco’s death in 1975.

When Franco died in November 1975 he was succeeded, by Juan Carlos, an inheritor to the vacant throne. The new king was committed to democracy and careful negotiation, as well as the presence of a modern society looking for freedom, allowed a referendum on political reform. The swift switch from dictatorship to democracy became an example for post‐communist Eastern Europe.Pressure for change was particularly strong in Barcelona, which considered that it had been punished during nearly forty years of Francoism for its support of the Republican government1977–8 First democratic general elections since 1936, and first local elections, won in Barcelona by Socialists. Catalan autonomy statute granted and Catalan recognized as official language.

With the reinstatement of democracy in 1978, Barcelona society regained its economic strength and the Catalan language was restored.


20th Century, Dictatorship and Democracy

The development of Barcelona was promoted by two events: Spanish accession to the European Community, and particularly Barcelona's designation as host city of the Summer OlympicsThe 1992 Summer Olympic Games, were an international multi‐sport event celebrated in Barcelona, Spain. The 500th anniversary of Columbus’ voyage to America is celebrated around the country as well.The celebration of the 1992 Olympic Games had an enormous impact on the urbanism and external projection of the city of Barcelona. The Games enabled billions in infrastructure investments that are considered to have improved the quality of life and attraction of the city for investments and tourism,making Barcelona one of the most visited cities in Europe after Paris, London and Rome.


20th Century, Summer Olympics

The nomination of the city as organizer was the spark that led to the application of a previously elaborated ambitious urban plan. Barcelona was opened to the sea with the construction of the Olympic Village and Olympic Port in Poblenou, a decayed neighborhood. Various new centers were created, and modern sports facilities were constructed. The construction of ring roads around the city helped reduce the density of the traffic, and El Prat airport was modernized and expanded as two new terminals were opened. New hotels were built and some old ones were refurbished.The 20th century ushered in widespread urban renewal throughout Barcelona city, culminating in its landmark Eixample district, which showcases some of Barcelona’s most distinctive Catalan art‐nouveau, or modernista, buildings. The Catalan Antoni Gaudí, one of the most eminent architects, designed buildings such as the Casa Milà, the Casa Batlló and the Sagrada Família church, which have become world‐famous landmarks.In 2004, the Forum of Cultures reclaimed industrial zones to convert them into residential districts. A model which Barcelona is looking towards the 21st century

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Megalithic Architecture

In what is known as the stone age, the most expanded megalith in the Iberian Peninsula was the dolmen (Naveta d’Es Tudons) These funerary chambers used to trapazoids which were formed with large stones implanted into the ground, and as they were piled on one another, they form the rooftop. Designed like a boat upside down measuring typically 14.5m long by 6.5m wide and 4.55m high

As the typogrphy evolved, an entrance corridor would appearThe best preserved examples these types of architecture are present in the Balearic IslandsA central pillar was used to hold the dome up

Plan

Elevation

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Romanesque Period

Romanesque first developed in Spain in the 10th and 11th centuriesPrimitive Style which exercises thick walls, a lack of sulpture and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches

Santiago de Compostela

The Santiago de Compostela cathedral is the main cultural center of the communityMeasures 97m in length due to the need of hosting a large number of pilgrims

The spaces include a large hall which leads into an open four transept chapels

The building recieves indirect lighting through the windows of the aisles

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Catalan Modernisme

In the late 19th century, Barcelona was allowed to expand beyond its historic limits

Modernisme movement - incorporating past styles and used organic forms (works of Antoni Gaudi are great examples) mixing traditional architectural styles with the new. (La Sagrada Familia)

La Sagrada Familia: Construction began in 1882. Still under construction. Proposed to be complete in 2026 Best Structure of Catalan Modernisme Gaudi developed a system of angled columns Horizontal loads are transferred through the colums on the interior The fine structure was intened to enhance the temple’s acoustics and the quality of light The Spanish Civil War had setback the vision, and much of Gaudi’s documentation had been left behind Gaudi himself, viewed the projct as a collective work of generations In the recent decades, the La Sagrada Familia has adopted comtemorary digital design and contruction technologies Although Gaudi’s vision has been applied as closely as possible, the design of the temple collaborated over a span of centuries Present cheif Architect: Jordi Fauli

http://www.madridsensations.com/the-palace-of-communications/

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19TH Century Eclecticism and Regionalism

During the second half of the 19th century, architectural revivals dominanted the scene in Europe which also co-exist in Spain. Architects started to focus on choosing which appropriate historical styles were relvent to thier new designs. Neoclassicism had opened the gates to Neo-Gothic, Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Byzantine, Neo-Romanesque, and so on which led to a new style made of the mixture of several old styles in the same constructionArchitects began to take some features of several of the styles of the past

New MaterialsDuring the Industrial Revolution, the use of iron and glass became the main materials used.These materials were used and applied to new train stations, winterhouses, industrial buildings and pavilions for exhibitions

The Palace of Communications

An eclectic building, with neogothic and modernist and resaissance featuresWith monumnetal marble stairs, iron and glass structure of the superior floors which allow for natural light to spread all over the interior, stained glass in the celing, ceramics in the staircases and mythological representations

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How is Barcelona’s Arcitecture distinct? -Bold, brash, corolful, harmonious, varied and unique -Blends old and new really well

Casa Batllo-built in 1904 and 1906-original facade-imagination-new composition of stone and glass-external walls - wavy shape ------> plastered with lime mortar and coveref with mosaic of fragments of colored glass-roof is in the shape of the animals back with large iridescentscales-Ground and first foor includes pillars of Montjuic stone which form, bone like shapes -Balcony railings, in the shape of masks, mafe of iron cast in a single peice-House is a dialogue between color and light-skylights shaped like tortoises sheels-large animal spine-spacious, open plan-surface are of 5,000 m2

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In Barcelona, there became a variety or design concepts that became recognized An example is the Torre Agbar or Agbar Tower by Jean Nouvel which combines different architectural concepts, resulting is a striking structure. -Built with reinforced concrete -Covered with facade glass

Modernist Architecture

Around 1930, two groups of young Architects practicing the Modern Movement in Spain began to explore how a modenist style of Architectue could be incorporated into new designsThis was fueled in 1929’s World Fair that was held in Barcelona, and Mies van der Rohe’s Pavilion became an instant iconRohe’s minimalism and notions of truth to materials influnced treatment of planes in space (visually seemingly like the overhaning roof as being unsupported)

In 2006, the exhibition “On-Site” became the pinicle that defined Spain as the country that became recognizd as an international center for design innovation and excellence

“As Terence Riley, then in charge of the Architectural Department of the MoMA said: "There is not a "Spanish" architectural style. But there is an increasingly level of quality and beauty within the new projects, probably more than other part of the world.”

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Frank Gehry’s Fish (Peix in Catalan)

-Built for the 1992 Olympics

-Extremely large fish sculpture

-Functions as a Landmark in the Olympic Village

-Does NOT have a particular purpose , something inbetween building and sculpture

-Designed to glimmer and twinkle, like a fish under water

-Can be visually seen from far distances and works well

-Hallow interior

-Measures 35 x 44 meters

Materials:

- stone-steel-glass-copper colored shiny metal plates sparkle in sunshine

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Barcelona is often praised by architects for its town planning

Chamfered corners to buildings - flat edges, this helps cross roads to have an open feel and extra room at street corners is gained Gives Barcelona a sociable and communal atmosphere

Barcelona’s Avenida Diogonal - large street that runs diagonal through the center of the city

Agbar Tower

-Built with reinforced concrete-covered with glass facade (4,500 window openings - cut out of the structural concrete)-Design was influenced by two of the most representative symbols of Catalan culture-The building is formed as a union of 2 opposites: -Lightness of glass that covers the building in the form of slats -massiveness of the concrete structure-This is NOT a tower or a skyscaper, but rather an emerging form because it is located in the center of a quite town-Surface evokes water-Facade is smooth and continuous-Bright and transparent

Years of Construction - 2001-2005Height - 144.44 mNumber of Floors - 35 + 4 basement levels

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Concept is based on two non-concentric oval cylinders topped by a glass dome

Inner cylinder contains the circulation and connects the 31 elliptical stories, which are free of columns

The outer cylinder has two skins: A concrete interior covered with sheet of aluminum The other consisting of nearly 60,000 glass plates (colored)

The two membranes allow for ventelation of the building

It uses a sophisticated LED system, which allows for better light

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Herzog & de Meuron’s Forum Building

Main building of the Forum was built in 2004

Triangular volume, less geometric

Volume of flat, blue and compact

“Viewed from above, the building is a perfect equilateral triangle of 180 meters from side suspended on pillars. But his regular appearance changes when it sees the court: the construction reaches some 25 meters above the floor and play with the heights within this volume, dropping a level with the audience and opening holes to win public spaces.”

“The volume is triangular "cut" with patios, which provide multiple relationships between the level of the street and the building, creating different viewing angles and changing lighting. To maintain the vitality of the building and his interactions with the outside world, the program included some additional spaces, as a commercial area with a large open source, a place for relaxation and meditation around a courtyard with water, a small chapel, a bar and a kiosk, seeking to satisfy public needs more diverse.”

“Although the columns and precast concrete look Poutrelles an industrial recycling, the covers are stretched, with tirillas fabric and hanging widgets, which give a remarkable lightness, movement and sound.”

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References

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ARC 551 - Assignment 2, Group 11 -2015-02-14 · Barcelona is Spain's second largest city, both from...

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