ARBITRATIONOF

COMMERCIAI.DISPUTES

INTERNATIONAL AND ENGLISHLAWAND PRACTICE

ANDREW TWEEDDALE

KEREN TWEEDDALE

OXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS

Table o/Cases xxxvTables ofPrimary Legislation lxxxviiTables ofSecondary Legislation cixList ofAbbreviations odii

I AN INTRODUCTION TO ADR

1. Alternative Dispute Resolution 3

A. Introduction 1.01The need for a conflict or dispute 1.04Palm tree justice 1.06Some benefits and problems with ADR techniques 1.07

B. Mediation 1.09Mediation procedures 1.12Mediation as a condition precedent to arbitration 1.13The London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) MediationProcedure 1.12Conciliation and thè UNCITRAL Mode] Law on InternationalCommerciai Conciliation 1.17

C. Adjudication 1.22Adjudication as a species of arbitration 1.23Statutory adjudication in England and Wales 1.25Dispute Adjudication Boards, Review Boards, and Resolution Advisers 1.34

D. Expert Determination 1.40A fina! determination of thè issues 1.43Expert determination and arbitration compared 1.45

E. Neutral Evaluation, ICC Rules of Expertise, and Mini-trials 1.50Neutra! evaluation 1.50The ICC Rules for Expertise 1.51Mini-trials 1.52

E Med-Arb and Other Forms of Hybrid Arbitration 1.54

Med-arb 1.55Flip-flop arbitration 1.63

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G. The ICC ADR Rules 1 -67

II INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION:

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

2. The Principles of Arbitration 33

A. Arbitration Defined 2.01

B. Characteristics of Arbitration 2.04An arbitration agreement 2.04An arbitrai tribunal 2.07A dispute or difference 2.09A judicial process 2.11A binding award 2.12

C. Benefìts of Arbitration 2.14

D. The Differing Forms of International Arbitration 2.16Arbitrations between legai individuata 2.17Arbitration between States and individuata 2.18Arbitrations between States 2.19

E. Domestic and International Arbitration Compared 2.27

International arbitration and thè New York Convention 2.29

E Commerciai Arbitration 2.44

The meaning of commerciai under thè UNCITRAL Model Law 2.45The meaning of commerciai under national laws 2.48The commerciai reservation within thè New York Convention 2.56Commerciai dispute changing to non-commercial dispute 2.57

G. Reciprocity 2.58

Reciprocity and defences to enforcement 2.61

3. Arbitration Institutions and Ad Hoc Arbitration 61

A. Introduction 3.01

B. Institutional Arbitration Bodies 3.03The London Court of International Arbitration 3.04American Arbitration Association and thè International Centre forDispute Resolution 3.09Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute 3.11Singapore International Arbitration Centre 3.14Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre 3.15Netherlands Arbitration Institute 3.16China International Economie and Trade Arbitration Commission 3.18The International Commerciai Arbitration Court of thè Chamber ofCommerce and Industry of thè Russian Federation 3.19

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The London Maritime Arbitrators Association 3.20World Intellectual Property Organization 3.21German Institution of Arbitration 3.22The International Chamber of Commerce 3.23

C. The ICC Rules of Arbitration 3.25The ICC Arbitration clause 3.26Introductory provisions 3.27The Request for arbitration 3.30The Answer to thè Request and counterclaims 3.37Autonomy of thè arbitration agreement 3.39The arbitrai tribunal 3.40The arbitrai proceedings 3.49Establishing thè facts of thè case and hearings 3.58Interim measures of protection 3.60TheAward 3.61Costs 3.73Miscellaneous provisions and thè appendices 3.75

D. Ad Hoc Arbitration and thè UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 3.76The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 3.78

4. The Arbitration Agreement and thè Parties 97

A. Introduction to thè Arbitration Agreement 4.01

Arbitration agreements and submission agreements 4.03

B. Agreements in Writing 4.05Definition of'in writing' in thè New York Convention 4.06Definition of'in writing' in thè UNCITRAL Model Law 4.09Difficulties in interpreting thè phrase 'in writing' 4.11Incorporation of arbitration dauses 4.15Variations to thè arbitration clause 4.22

C. Arbitrability 4.23The workof UNCITRAL 4.26New York Convention, Artide 11(1) 4.28Disputes capable of settlement by arbitration 4.31Disputes which are nuli and void, inoperative, or incapable of beingperformed 4.33Public policy and contracts contra bonos mores 4.36Arbitrability and thè burden of proof 4.54

D. Separability of thè Arbitration Agreement 4.55The doctrine of separability 4.56The rationale for thè doctrine of separability 4.59Limits to thè separability doctrine 4.60Separability and thè UNCITRAL Model Law 4.62

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E. Capacityof thè Parties 4.63

Capacity and State entities 4.66Capacity and autonomous principles 4.71Agency 4.73

E State Immunity 4.78

Acta iure imperii 4.79Acta iure gestionis 4.80Jurisdictional immunity 4.81Enforcement immunity 4.82

5. The Arbitrai Tribunal and Jurisdiction 139

A. The Relationship Between thè Arbitrai Tribunal and thè Parties 5-01The appointment of thè arbitrai tribunal 5-03A truncated arbitrai tribunal 5-11Removal of thè arbitrai tribunal 5-14Immunity from suit 5-19

B. The Obligations and Duties of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 5-23Acting fairly and impartially as between thè parties 5-25Independence and impartiality 5-28Obligations imposed by professional ethical standards or rules 5-35Completing thè arbitration and issuing an award 5-38

C. Multiparty Arbitration 5.39Problems involved in multiparty arbitrations 5-40Consolidation usually not permitted 5-45Sufficient nexus to consolidate arbitrations 5-48

D. Jurisdiction of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 5.63The wording of thè arbitration agreement 5-64The need for a dispute 5.70

E. Kompetenz-Kompetenz 5.72

Kompetenz-kompetenz and exclusivity 5.75

6. The Applicable Law 179

A. Introduction 6.01

B. The Choice of an Applicable Law 6.04

C. The Application of National Laws 6.10The choice of a neutral applicable law 6.11Dépecage 6.12The tronc commun doctrine 6.15Stabilization clauses 6.19Lois de polke (mandatory rules of law) 6.21

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D. Contrat Sans LoiLex contractus

Equitable principles

E. Transnational LawLex mercatoria

Uniform laws and codified principlesPublic international law

E Conflict of Laws

An express or implied choice of law made by thè partiesWhere thè parties have not chosen an applicable lawAscertainment of thè law to determine thè approachSummary

7. The Procedural Laws of thè Arbitration

A. Introduction

B. The Law Applicable to thè Arbitration AgreementAn express choice of law to govern thè arbitration agreementThe application of autonomous legai principlesConflict of laws rulesThe law of thè seat of thè arbitrationThe choice of substantive lawSummary

C. The Law Applicable to ArbitrabilityWho determines thè law applicable to arbitrability?Arbitrability and thè New York ConventionArbitrability and mandatory lawsSummary

D. The Lex Arbitri and thè Curial LawThe lex arbitriThe curial law or procedural lawThe delocalized arbitration

8. Preliminary Proceedings

A. Introduction

B. Party AutonomyThe choice of arbitrai situsParty autonomy and thè choice of laws and rulesRestrictions on party autonomy

C. Commencement of thè ArbitrationLimitation periodsConditions precedentThe 'Notice of Arbitration'

6.236.256.28

6.336.356.406.46

6.486.506.606.686.77

215

7.01

7.047.067.077.097.147.177.20

7.21

7.237.277.327.37

7.387.387.607.72

255

8.01

8.028.048.098.11

8.12

8.138.168.21

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D. Preliminary Meetings 8.28

The UNCITRAL notes on organizing arbitrai proceedings 8.30Further directions 8.52

9. The Powers of thè Arbitrai Tribunal and Interim Measures ofProtection 281

A. Ascertaining thè Powers of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 9.01The arbitration agreement 9.03The seat of thè arbitration and procedural law 9.07

B. The Powers of thè Arbitrai Tribunal When Acting as Amiable

Compositeurs 9.12

C. The Powers of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 9.14Rebus sic stantibus and rectification 9.15The power to compel arbitration 9.16Kompetenz-kompetenz 9.18Use of experts and evidence 9.19Taking evidence 9.20Amendments to thè award 9.21Disclosure 9.22Striking out for want of prosecution 9.33The arbitrai tribunali sanctions in thè event of a breach of an order 9.36

D. Interim Measures of Protection 9.37Measures relating to thè production of evidence 9.39Conservatory measures 9.42Security for costs 9.49A référé-provision 9-53

E. The Power to Make Orders for Provisionai Relief WithoutNotice 9.54

E Court Enforcement of Orders for Provisionai Relief 9.57

Applying a system ofexequatur 9.58Court assistance in support of an order for provisionai relief 9.60The English system 9.64Enforcement of interim measures of protection under thè New YorkConvention 9.66

G. The Power to Review Decisions of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 9.67

The jurisdiction of thè courts 9.68The jurisdiction of thè arbitrai tribunal 9.80

10. Evidence, thè Award and Remedies 319

A. Introduction 10.01

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B. Evidence 10.03Witnessesof fact 10.04Expert evidence 10.07Documentary and real evidence 10.12

C. Hearings 10.14Representation of thè parties 10.15Hearings and thè IBA Rules of Evidence 10.16The UNICTRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitrai Proceedings 10.18

D. The Award 10.21Distinguishing an award from an order 10.23The various types of award 10.32Exceptions to thè principle of finality of awards 10.47Requirement of an award 10.53

E. Remedies and Orders 10.58Monetary orders 10.59Orders 10.66Interest 10.67Costs 10.68

11. Privacy and Confidentiality 349

A. Introduction 11.01

B. Privacy 11.05Privacy and concurrent arbitrations 11.08

C. Confidentiality 11.09

The basis for imposing an obligation of confidentiality 11.11

D. Exceptions to thè Confidentiality Obligation 11.14Where a party consents to thè disdosure 11.15If thè court makes an order or grants leave for disclosure of suchdocuments or evidence 11.16When it is reasonably necessary to protect thè legitimate interests ofthè party to thè arbitration 11.17Where thè interests of justice require disclosure 11.21Confidentiality and thè public interest exception 11.23

E. Recent Arbitration Cases Concerning thè Public Interest

Exception 11.29

Principles of international law 11.37

E Confidentiality and thè Publication of Judgments 11.43

G. Confidentiality and Third Parties 11.46

H. Conclusion . 11.48

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12. Challenging thè Award 371

A. Introduction 12.01

B. Challenging thè Award at thè Seat or Piace of thè Arbitration 12.04The country in which thè award is made 12.06The law under which thè award is made 12.13Whether thè award is domestic or foreign 12.16The final and binding nature of thè award 12.17Time-bar provisions 12.18

C. The Grounds for Challenging an Arbitrai Tribunal's Award 12.21Jurisdictional challenges 12.23Breaches of naturai justice 12.35Appeals on points of law 12.44Miscellaneous challenges 12.49

D. Defences to Setting Aside an Award 12.62Excluding thè jurisdiction of thè courts 12.63Waiver and estoppel 12.66

E. Recognition, Confirmation, and Actions on thè Award 12.70Action on thè award 12.71Recognition of thè award 12.73Actions on a judgment confirming an award 12.74

E Setting Aside and Remitting thè Award 12.77The effect of setting aside an award 12.77Remitting an award 12.79

G. Challenges in thè Courts of Other Countries 12.80

13. Recognition and Enforcement of thè Award 407

A. Introduction 13.01Passive and active challenges 13.02The difference between recognition and enforcement 13.03The forum for enforcement 13.05Time limits 13.07

B. The Procedure for Recognition and Enforcement 13.09

C. Grounds for Refusing Enforcement Under thè New YorkConvention 13.11Incorporation of thè New York Convention into a country'smunicipal law 13.13The burden of proof 13.14Artide V(l)(a)—incapacity and invalidity 13.15Artide V( 1 ) (b)—violation of due process 13.17Artide V(l) (e)—scope of jurisdiction 13.21

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Artide V(l)(d)—irregularity in thè composition or procedure 13.23Artide V(l)(a)—award set aside, suspended, or not binding 13.28The lex fori grounds for refusing enforcement 13.39Arbitrability 13.40Public policy 13.43

D. Artide V—an Exhaustive Defence 13.61Non-domestic awards as distinct from international awards 13.62Procedural grounds for refusing enforcement under thè New YorkConvention 13.66Incorporation of thè New York Convention into national legislation 13.76

E. Waiver and Estoppel 13.77Waiver and international public policy considerations 13.81Reservations 13.82Estoppel under thè law of thè seat of thè arbitration 13.83

E The Enforcing Court's Discretion to Enforce an AnnulledAward 13.84The efFect of setting aside or annulling thè award 13.85

G. The More-Favourable-Right Provision 13.98

The requirement to apply thè more-favourable-right provision 13.101The more-favourable-right provision and thè UNCITRALModel Law 13.105

14. Treaties and Conventions 449

A. Introduction 14.01

B. The Washington Convention 1965 14.03The jurisdictional basis for ICSID arbitrations 14.06The procedure for thè arbitration 14.14The award and remedies 14.20The Washington Convention and English law 14.23Precedents 14.24

C. The European Convention 1961 14.25Dispute arising from international trade 14.26The parties' connection with rwo or more Contracting States 14.29The arbitration agreement 14.31

D. The Panama Convention 1975 14.32Enforcement of a Panama Convention award 14.33Inter-American Commerciai Arbitration Commission Rules 14.34

E. Bilateral and Multilateral Investment Treaties 14.36Fork in thè road provisions 14.40Enforcement of BITs and MITs 14.41The February 2004 Draft Model US BIT 14.42

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III ARBITRATION UNDER ENGLISH LAW

15. Introduction to English Arbitration Law 477

A. The Development of Arbitration Law 15.01The development of a commerciai court system in England 15.04The development of a body of arbitration law 15.10

B. The English Arbitration Acts 15.169 & 10 Will 3, e. 15 to thè Common Law Procedure Act 1854 15.16The Common Law Procedure Act 1854 15.24The Arbitration Acts 1889 to 1934 15.26Arbitration Act 1950 15.28Arbitration Act 1975 15.33Arbitration Act 1979 15.35Courts and Legai Services Act 1990 15.39

C. The Arbitration Act 1996 and thè DAC 15.42

16. The Scope and Characteristics of Arbitration 493

A. Characteristics of an Arbitration 16.01

B. Principles of thè Arbitration Act 1996 16.05Introduction 16.05Fair resolution of disputes by an impaniai tribunal withoutunnecessary delay and expense 16.07Party autonomy 16.10Minimal intervention from thè court 16.12

C. The Scope of thè Arbitration Act 1996 16.22The seat of thè arbitration 16.22Scope of applications 16.23Arbitration Act 1996, sections 85-87 16.30Mandatory and non-mandatory provisions 16.33Agreements in writing 16.34Orai arbitration agreements 16.40

D. The Meaning of 'Disputes' 16.44'Dispute and 'difference' 16.45Indisputable disputes 16.47Claims 16.49Form of wording 16.50Future disputes 16.52

17. Commencing an Arbitration 513

A. Application of thè Limitation Acts 17.01Limitation Act 1980 17.03

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Foreign Limitation Periods Act 1984Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971When time begins to runWhen time ceases to run

B Commencing an ArbitrationDefault provisions

C. The Arbitration NoticeValidityExpress or implied request to appoint an arbitrator

D. Terminating thè Arbitration

18. Extending Time to Commence Arbitration Proceedings

A. Contractual Time Bar Clauses

Barring thè claim and thè right to arbitrateExtinguishing thè claimBarring thè right to arbitrateWhen time begins to runThe statutory provisions in thè Arbitration Act 1996, section 14

B. Extending Time to Commence Arbitration ProceedingsConditions for making thè applicationMaking thè applicationThe orderCross applicationsGrounds for making thè applicationCircumstances outside thè reasonable contemplation of thè partiesConduct of a party which makes it unjust to enforce thè time barprovisionThe court's residuai discretion

^9. The Parties

A. Introduction

Capacity of a partyCapacity of thè CrownCapacity of foreign States under English law

B. Persons Claiming Through or Under a Party to an Arbitration

AgreementTrustees and personal representativesTrustee in bankruptcyLiquidation and administrationAssigneeAgents

17.0517.0617.0917.12

17.13

17.15

17.21

17.2317.24

17.38

529

18.01

18.0418.0618.0818.0918.16

18.1718.2018.2418.2518.2618.3218.33

18.4618.47

547

19.0119.0219.0719.10

19.13

19.1319.1619.1819.2619.38

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C. Third Parties 19.44Novation 19.45Guarantor, surety, and indemnifiers 19.48

D. Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 19.56Where a third party has a right to enforce a term of a contract 19.57Where a third party is treated as a party to thè arbitration 19.61Rights of sub-contractors and privity of contract 19.64

E. Multiple Parties 19.66Third-party actions 19.67Consolidation of proceedings and concurrent arbitrations 19.69Whether a previous award can bind an arbitrai tribunal 19.71Tripartite agreements 19.75Arbitration rules providing for consolidation or concurrent hearings 19.80Name borrowing 19.81

20. The Arbitration Agreement 581

A. Introduction 20.01The separability of thè arbitration clause 20.02

B. The Underlying Contract 20.08Repudiation of thè underlying contract 20.09Contract not conduded 20.10Inconsistency 20.14Conditions precedent 20.15ScottvAvery clause 20.16Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 20.17

C. The Validityof thè Arbitration Clause 20.20The parties 20.21Agency 20.22Uncertainty 20.24Consumer agreements 20.28

D. The Form of thè Arbitration Agreement 20.30Contents of an arbitration clause 20.32Implied terms 20.35Incorporation of thè arbitration agreement 20.37'Ad hoc' or submission agreements 20.38Option to arbitrate 20.45Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) clauses 20.46Variation of thè arbitration agreement 20.49

Construction of Arbitration Clauses 20.50

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2121

212121212121

.01

.02

.07

.08

.09

.12

.16

.2121.222121

21

.23

.24

.25

21.2721.

21.21.

21.21.

.29

30.31

3334

21. Incorporating thè Arbitration Agreement 609

A. IntroductionStatutory provisions

B. General PrinciplesThe arbitration clause as a collateral contractNegotiability of thè contractMutual intention of thè partiesAppropriateness of arbitration clause to subject matter of thè contractUncertaintyHuman rightsRepugnancyParamount clause

C. Construction and Engineering Contracts

D. Bill of Lading CasesEvidence of mutuai intention

E. Reinsurance and Retrocession ContractsArbitration agreement not agreed when contract is made

E Other AgreementsCompanies

22. Appointing thè Arbitrai Tribunal and thè Cessation of its Office 623

A. Composition of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 22.01Chairman or umpire 22.03

B. The Appointment of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 22.10Appointment by a party 22.11Appointment by appointing authority 22 A3Default provisions 22 A AAppointment by thè court 22.23

C. Death, Resignation, and Revocation 22.32Death of an arbitrator 22.33Resignation of an arbitrator 22.34Revocation of thè arbitrai tribunal's authority 22.37

D. Removalofan Arbitrator 22.39Statutory provisions 22AlJustifiable doubts as to thè arbitrai tribunal's impartiality 22.42Absence of required qualifications 22.55Incapacity 22.57Refusing or failing to act as required 22.58

E. Casual Vacancy 22.60

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23. The Roleof thè Arbitrai Tribunal 649

A. The Role and Function of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 23.01The statutory duty 23.02

B. The General Powers of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 23.09Consolidation of proceedings and concurrent hearings 23.10Choice of law 23 AlProcedural and evidential powers 23.12The appointment of experts, legai advisers, and assessors 23.25Security for costs 23.35Directions in relation to any property 23.49Evidence to be given on oath or affirmation 23.51Preservation of evidence 23.52Provisionai awards 23.53

C. Powers in thè Case of a Party's Default 23.60Power to strike out a claim 23.61Proceedings in thè absence of a party 23.77Peremptory orders 23.81

D. Immunity of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 23.84

24. Challenging thè Arbitrai Tribunal's Jurisdiction in thè Proceedings 683

A. Introduction 24.01

B. Arbitrai Tribunal Determining its own Jurisdiction 24.04Matters of jurisdiction 24.07Objecting to thè arbitrai tribunal's substantive jurisdiction 24.21Time limits for making thè objection 24.27

C. Application to Court to Determine Jurisdiction 24.35Mandatory conditions 24.41Making thè application 24.42Time limits 24.46

D. Refusing to Participate in thè Arbitration 24.47

E. Applications Under thè Arbitration Act 1996, Section 72 24.54Declarations 24.55Injunctions 24.64

25. Powers of thè Court 705

A. Introduction 25.01Mandatory sections 25.02Non-mandatory sections 25.03Excluding thè court's powers 25-04

B. Incidental Powers 25-05Service of documents 25.06

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Charging property with thè payment of a solicitor's costs 25.08Reference of interpleader issues to arbitration 25.09Orders relating to property where Admiralty proceedings are stayed 25.13

C. Enforcing Peremptory Orders of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 25.14

D. Securing thè Attendance of Witnesses 25.17Restriction 25.18Relevance of thè seat of thè arbitration 25.19Rule of privilege 25.21Disclosure against third parties 25-22

E. Supporting Arbitration Proceedings 25.23Relevance of thè seat of thè arbitration 25.25Who may apply 25.26Application subject to condition in section 44(5) of thè ArbitrationAct 1996 25.27Court's powers same as in civil proceedings 25.29Court's power to take thè evidence of witnesses 25.32Evidence and property 25-33

E Stay of Legai Proceedings 25-45Granting a stay under thè court's inherent jurisdiction 25-47Statutory conditions for making thè application 25-50Issues of jurisdiction 25-64Award condition precedent to thè bringing of legai proceedings 25-67Disputes as to whether an arbitration agreement is rime barred 25-68

G. Extending Time Under Sections 50, 79, and 80(5) 25.69Arbitration Act 1996, sections 50 and 79 25.69Disunction between thè Arbitration Act 1996, sections 79 and 80(5) 25-73

H. Determining a Preliminary Point of Law 25-77Conditions for making thè application 25-78Appeals 25.82

26. Procedural Matters Under thè Arbitration Act 1996 739

A. Making an Application to Court During thè Arbitration 26.01Applications for interim remedies 26.05Applications under thè Arbitration Act 1996, sections 32 and 45 26.06Applications for a witness summons 26.09Applications under thè Arbitration Act 1996, section 9 26.10Application 'upon notice' 26.11

B. Serving thè Claim Form 26.13Time for service 26.13Methods of service 26 A4Service out of thè jurisdiction 26.15Acknowledgement of service 26.16

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C. Case Management

D. HearingsJudgments

E. Procedural Matters Regarding Challenging and Appealing thèAwardApplication to challenge thè awardApplication 'on notice'Application to appeal on a point of lawThe hearingHearings for permission to appeal under section 69(3)Reopening thè decision giving leave to appealRehearing of witnesses

E. Appeals to thè Court of Appeal

G. Enforcing thè Award by Summary ProcedureInterest on thè award

27. Challenging and Appealing thè Award

A. Lack of JurisdictionArbitration Act 1996, section 67Substantive jurisdictionDisputes as to thè existence of an arbitration agreementMisuse of thè Arbitration Act 1996, section 67RemediesFunctus officioAppeal

B. Serious IrregularityArbitration Act 1996, section 68(2)Substantial injusticeThe grounds of challengeRemediesAppeal

C. Challenging and Appealing thè Award—SupplementaryMattersReasonsExhaustion of any available arbitrai process of appeal or review

D. Time LimitsThe rules of thè courtExtending time

E. Court OrdersReasonsSecurity for costsPayment into court

26.17

26.2026.24

26.2526.2526.2626.2726.3226.3326.4726.48

26.53

26.5426.59

761

27.0127.0227.0427.0527.0627.0827.0927.10

27-1127-1327.1427.1927.5027.52

27.5327.5327.56

27.6027.6127.62

27.6327.6327.6627.67

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E Effectof Court Orders 27.68

G. Non-participation in thè Arbitration 27.70

H. Loss of Right to Object 27.71

Defence 27.74Time for making thè objection 27.76Taking part in thè proceedings 27.78Jurisdiction dealt with as a preliminary issue 27.80

I. Waiver 27.81

J. Costs of thè Application 27.82

28. Appeal on a Point of Law 797

A. Introduction 28.01

B. Circumstances Where there is No Right to Appeal 28.03Agreement to waive thè right to appeal 28.03Agreement to dispense with reasons in thè award 28.04Failure to exhaust other available means of appeal 28.05Failure to bring thè appeal in time 28.06

C. Questions of law 28.07Where thè proper law of thè contract is a foreign law 28.08Where thè parties have chosen a foreign law as thè procedural law 28.12Questions offact 28.13The question of law must arise from thè award 28.14

D. Statutory Conditions for Bringing an Appeal 28.23Agreement of thè parties 28.24

E. Statutory Conditions for thè Granting of Leave to Appeal 28.27Section 69(3)(a) grounds for granting leave 28.28Section 69(3)(b) grounds for granting leave 28.29Section 69(3)(c) grounds for granting leave 28.32Section 69(3)(d) grounds for granting leave 28.45

E Appealing thè Refusai to Grant Leave to Appeal 28.47

The Court of Appeal's residuai discretion 28.49

G. Orders of thè Court 28.52Confirming thè award 28.53Varying thè award 28.55Remitting thè award 28.56Setting thè award aside 28.58Award is a condition precedent to thè bringing of legai proceedings 28.59

H. Appealing a Substantive Decision to die Court of Appeal 28.60

The requirement of leave 28.60Appeal under thè Arbitration Act 1996, section 69(8) 28.63

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29. Powers of thè Arbitrai Tribunal in Respect of thè Award 825

A. Remedies of thè Arbitrai Tribunal 29.01Declaration 29.02Orders 29.03

B. Awards on Different Issues 29.10Discretionary power 29.12Difference between partial and provisionai awards 29.14

C. Correction of Award or Addi tional Award 29.16Correction of an award 29.17Additional award 29.20Time limits 29.21

D. The Award on Costs 29-24The costs of thè arbitration 29.25Parties' agreement on costs 29.30Power of thè arbitrai tribunal to allocate costs 29.31Offers to settle and Calderbank letters 29.40Recoverable costs of thè arbitrai tribunal 29.49Conditional fees 29.62

E. Power to Withhold Award in Case of Non-payment of Fees andExpenses 29.63

E Liability for thè Arbitrai Tribunal's Fees and Expenses 29.67

Joint and several liability 29-68Challenging thè level of fees and expenses 29-69

G. The Award of Interest 29.71

Interest on sums paid before thè commencement of thè arbitration 29-73Interest on sums remaining unpaid at thè date of thè award 29-74Interest on sums paid during thè arbitration proceedings 29.75Exercise of thè discretion 29.76The saving provision in thè Arbitration Act 1996, section 49(6) 29.78

30. The Award 861

A. Time for Making thè Award 30.01

Extending time for making thè award 30.02

B. Settlement . 30.04

C. The Form of thè Award 30.07In writing 30.08Signature 30.09Date of thè award 30.10Reasons 30.11Seat of thè arbitration 30.14

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D. Piace Where thè Award is Treated as Made 30.15

E. Notification of thè Award 30.16

E Effect of thè Award 30.17

G. Enforcement byWayof Summary Procedure 30.23Burden of proof 30.25Mandatory grounds for refusing leave 30.26Discretionary grounds for refusing leave 30.27Suspension of thè court's enforcement order 30.33Recognition and enforcement of foreign awards 30.34

H. An Action on thè Award 30.35

Jurisdictional basis for actions on thè award 30.36Burden of proof 30.37

I. Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards 30.40Enforcing a foreign award by an action on thè award 30.42Summary enforcement under thè Arbitration Act 1996, section 66 30.43Administration of Justice Act 1920 30.45Foreign Judgments (Reciprocai Enforcement) Act 1933 30.47Foreign awards and thè Arbitration Act 1950, Part II 30.49New York Convention awards 30.50

J. Enforcement of Awards Made in thè United Kingdom 30.74

K. Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 30.75

IV PRECEDENTS

I. Arbitration Agreements 899

II. Mediation Agreement 905

III. Appointments and Jurisdictional Clauses 909

IV. Commencing thè Arbitration 913

V. Joinder and Consolidation Clauses 915

VI. Terms of Reference in an International Arbitration Conducted

under thè ICC Rules of Arbitration 917

VII. Procedural Clauses 921

Vili . Pleadings and Awards 933

DC Applications to thè Court 941

V APPENDICES

1. Arbitration Act 1996 959

2. Civil Procedure Rules and Practice Directions Part 62:

Arbitration Claims 1007

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Contents

3. Departmental Advisory Committee on Arbitration Law: Reporton thè Arbitration Bill 1021

4. Departmental Advisory Committee on Arbitration Law:Supplementary Report on thè Arbitration Act 1996 1075

5. UNCITRAL Model Law on International CommerciaiArbitration 1085

6. Convention on thè Recognition and Enforcement of ForeignArbitrai Awards 1103

7. UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitrai Proceedings 1107

8. IBA Rules on thè Taking of Evidence in InternationalCommerciai Arbitration 1125

9. Rules, Conventions, and Arbitration Related Websites 1135

Bibliography 1137Index 1141

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