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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

trSwfpOf 1 {NyDv 2011

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*sme

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trSwfpOf 1

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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*sme

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trSwfpOf 1

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pm 2

t,f'DwmhtrSm

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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pm 3

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*sme

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pm 4

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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pm 5

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*sme

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pm 6

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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pm 7

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*sme

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pm 8

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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trif...&ckdifEkdifiHxGuf o,HZmw&wemokdufukdEkdihfiHom;rykdif qGJiifa&mif;cs vkyfeDpGmutbmrSm t<uD; [deDcvkdYvm;/

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&marmifol

pm 9

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*sme

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trSwfpOf 1

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&cdkifhatmifvHawmf

pm 10

]]Mum;ajrmufOD;acwf &cdkifhatmifvHawmf

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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ukdpH

pm 11

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

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jyefvkdY azmfxkwfjcif;eefY qef;ppfjcif;udpörSm vG,fauvJ topfwDxGifjcif;udpöuawmh roumau rw&mom;bm;rSm tqJuszkdY udpöyg/ topfwDxGifzdkYudpöpGm t"dutedefeefY pmyDMoZm[da& pm&D;MqmwdeefY rsdK;qufopfvlacswd vkyfoifh&,f/ t"dutedefeefY vlacswda& Aef;pum;wdudk xGifwwfuwfaw/ tuRef½dkU vGefca& 10 ESpfavmufu ajymc&,f toHk;tEIef;wcsdKYeefY t*kacmwfumv om;orD;wd oHk;EIef;edefuwfaw toHk;tEIef;wdpGm rwlyg,m/ wcsdKUa0g[m&wduawmh olrsm;bmompum;ukdyHkoDwkyem oHk;uwfaw/ wcsdKU a0g[m&wduawmh ol½dkUpGmol½dkU xGifuwfaw/ a'edef&mrSm ukd,fhzmomukd xGifoHk;wwfzkdYu ykdta&;MuD;a&vkdY xifyga&/ tuRef½dkU ti,facscguAdkufpukyf qkdyem t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;udk 'g½dkuf ,lyem oHk;cuwfaw/ tuRefYnD½dkUacmwfa&mufvmcgawmh ½kyf&Sif qkdyem Arma0g[m&udk ,lyem oHk;uwfaw/ wcguawmh qD;½Hkudk qdwfvkdif; (sick line) qkdyem tuRef½dkU oHk;cuwfaw/ t*kawmh qD;½Hkqkdyem ajymif;oHk;uwfaw/ a,ZkeefY baZmifykdifbJ bmompum;wcka& ajymif;vJ

pm 12

bm

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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pm 13

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*sme

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trSwfpOf 1

r]ukduf}bJ ]n§yf}vmzkdYpGmwd tajctedefwd [dyg&,f/ ZmbJqkdqkd t&ufaomufjcif;eefYywfoufvkdY tuReftBudKufqHk; cspfzkdY aumif;&,f &ckdifa0g[m& ESpfvHk;[d&,f/ ,if;[ifhu ],kdufzG,fOD;} eefY ]yufyufysdK}bJ jzpfyg&,f/ ],dkufzG,fOD;a& t&uf,kdufvkdY yufyufysdKedefvD,ifh} qkda& pum;ukd tuRef½dkU Mum;&a& tcsdefrSm ,if;vl baZmifykdif yHkpH[dzkdYajymp&mrvkd rsufpdxJrSm tm;vHk; jrifuwfyg&,f/ a,ZkeefY yufyufysdK qkda& a0g[m&udktxl; oQif;jyp&m rvkdYAsm,fvkdY xifyg&,f/ t&ufudk aomufvkdY r],dkuf}bJ? ]rl;}auawmh,dkufzG,fOD;u edefrl;zG,fOD; jzpfvm;p&mtaMumif;wd [dedefyg&,f/

tuRef½dkUwd tacscgu rzG,fr&mwdeefY aumfESufau ]tpdrf;vkdufvkdufaumfESufawaxm} qkdyempD vlBuD;olrwdu ajymuwfyg&,f/ a,au tuRefupD]tpdrf;vkdufvkduf} aumfESufpGm r[kwf? csufNyD;om; aumfESufpGm&mvkdYpD jyefajymc&,f/tuRef½dkU vlBuD;olrwdu tpdrf;vkdufvkduf aumfESufpGmudk atmufoBudKqJ&,f qkdyemajymavhajymx [duwfyg&,f/ &ckdifwd&,f aumfESufpGmwd? qJpGmwdrSm atmufom;wdykdif cg;atmufykdif;rvGwf awpum;vHk;wdukd roHk;bJ ,dkif,dkifaus;aus; qJwwfuwfawvkdYvJ ajymoHMum;zl;yg&,f/ qJpGmrSmawmif ,kdif,dkifaus;aus; qJyHkqJenf; [da& qkda&pum;rSm oifhatmifacsawmh pkdif;pm;p&mwckyg/ tuRef½dkUwdrSmu av;NrdKYcpfu &ckdifom;wd yaZmifykdif pum;ajymca&vJ roduwfawtcg ,if;pum;udk t*,ifh,lzkdYpaucufyg&,f/ a,'gvJ &ckdifwd qJyHkqJenf;eefY ywfoufvkdY cspfzkdYaumif;&,f a0[m&wdudk uedefYxufxd xdef;odrf;xm;uwfpGmudk wGdY&yg&,f/ ,if;txJu pum;vHk;wcsdKYukdajymjy&au ]&dwfem}? ]jcif;qkdY}? ]t,ifBuD;oD}? ]oDemus} qkda& pum;wdyif jzpfuwfyg&,f/ qJpGmrSm rr aumfESufaw toHk;tEIef;eefY a,musFm; aumfESufaw toHk;tEIef;awmh wlcsifrS wlygzkdY/ ZmbJqkdqkd ,if;txJu tuRefBudKufaw qJyHkqJenf; &ckdifa0g[m& ESpfvHk;[dyg&,f/ yxr wvHk;u ]zGwf}/ zGwfqkdpGmuawmh owå0g zGwftusifhp½kdufudk,lyem xGifxm;cpGm xifyg&,f/ taotjcm rodyg/ a,'gvJ wa,mufa,mufbm;rSm ]eifu tvSyvS zGwf&mrem;[Jh} qkdyem tqJcH&au uaumif;emwwfuwfyg&,f/

wcgu tuRef&,f oli,fcsif;wa,mufukd &ckdifwd qJau atmufykdif;ryg&,f pum;wdeefY ,kdif,kdifaus;aus; qJwwfuwfawvkdY ajymcg olu oabmrwlyg/tuRef½dkUrSm aemuf atmufykdif;yga& toHk;tEIef;eefY qJyHkqJenf; wck[dyga&vwf/a,'gvJ ,if;toHk;tEIef;aemufrSm *Dwwl&d,mypönf;wckudk jznfhpGufxm;a&vdkY oluajymyg&,f/ tuRefvJ pkdif;pm;rsdK;pkdif;pm; twGuf ray:cg olYukd ZmvJqkdpGmudk rdef;czl;&,f/ olau ajymyg&,f? ,if;pum;u.../ a--mufqkd; ywåvm; vwf/ a--mufqkd;qkdpGmuawmh [kwf,m? yZmvkdY aemufu ywåvm; yg&&,fvJ tuRefrodyg/ a,'gvJa'toHk;tEIef;udk tuRefMudKufedefrdyg&,f/

armifarmif(&ckdifpmyD zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufygpD)

pm 14

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008)\tmPm(3)&yfpvkH;wGif

qkH;½IH;aeonfhwkdif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;

pnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008) ukd pwifa&;qGJcJhykHrSm 1993 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (9)&ufaeYwGif trsKd;om;nDvmcH ac:,lcJh&mu pwifonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHtwGuf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd etz ppfwyfrS a&G;cs,fac:,lcJhykHrS tpjyKí

(14)ESpfausmfMumonfh nDvmcHusif;ycJhykHtv,f? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd 2008 ckESpfarv (8)&ufaeYwGif twnfjyKcJhykHtqkH; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;? typf&yftzGJYtpnf;rsm;?typfr&yftzGJUtpnf;rsm; tygt0if jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm; vkH;0 auseyfvufcHEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhonfh orkdif;om"ursm; trsm;tjym; jzpfay:cJhygonf/

rnfol auseyfonfjzpfap? rauseyfonfjzpfap etz ppftpkd;&onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008)ukd wzufowf t"r®twnfjyKNyD;? ,ck xkdzGJYpnf;ykHjzifhyif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;a[mif; OD;odef;pdefu or®wtjzpf acgif;aqmifum wkdif;jynfukd pwiftkyfcsKyfaeNyD jzpfygonf/

wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;onf rnfrQyif rBudKufapumrl xkdzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'jzifh qufvufzdESdyfcHMu&awmhrnf jzpfygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;? 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;½IH;ae½kHomrubJ wkdif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; vkH;0 vufvTwfqkH;½IH;aeygonf/

,aeY jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[k ac:qkdaeonfhzGJ Ypnf;ykHtajccHOya' (2008)wGif qkH;½IH;ae&onfh wkdif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd pm&if;jyKvkyfMunhfygonf/

jynfaxmifp kor®w

zGJY

pm 15

]]zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;? 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;qkH;½IH;ae½kHomrubJ wkdif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; vkH;0vufvTwfqkH;½IH;aeygonf/}}

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' (2008 ckESpf)wGif tcef;aygif; (15)cef; yg&SdNyD;?t"duusonfh tcef;(1)? (2)? (3)? (4)? (5)? (6) ESif h tcef;(15)wk d YwGifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; csdK;azgufxm;aMumif;awGY&Sd&ygonf/

tcef;(1) EdkifiHawmftajccHrlrsm;õ yk'fr(10) cGJxGufcGifhr&Sd[k jy|mef;xm;jcif;/õ yk'fr (22) t& wdkif;&if;om;pmay,Ofaus;rSKrsm;? &dk;&m"avh xHk;wrf;pOfvm

rsm;ESifh ywfowfívnf;aumif; EdkifiHawmfrS ulnDaqmif&Gufrnf[kqdkjcif;/õ yk'fr(40)t& ta&;ay:tajctaewGif EdkifiHawmfor®w? umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf

ESifh wyfrawmfrS wdkif; (odkY) jynfe,f(odkY) udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&pD&ifpkwdkY\ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m tcGifhtmPmudk oHk;qGJjcif;/

õ yk'fr(45)t& obm0oH,HZmwrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfrSom xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcGifh tmPm&Sdjcif;/

tcef;(2) EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;wnfaqmufyHkõ yk'fr(55)t& jynfe,f-udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;pD&ifpk trnfajymif;&mwGif oufqdkif

&mvTwfawmf\tcef;u@ rygjcif;/õ yk'fr(50-c)t& rnfonfhe,fajrudkrqdk or®wu wdkuf½dkuftkyfcsKyfonfh jynf

axmifpke,fajrtjzpf BudKufovdk owfrSwfEdkifjcif;/õ yk'fr(53)(54)t& wdkif;(odkY)jynfe,f e,fedrdwfrsm;owfrSwf&efvdktyfygu A[dk

tpdk;&\cGifhjyKcsufudk ,l&jcif;/õ yk'fr (56)t& udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm;&Sd yk'fr(196)t& tcGifhtmPmrsm;

rSm yk'fr (40)(54)(99)t& rnfonfhtcGifhtmPmrSs r&Sdawmhjcif;/

tcef;(4) Oya'jyKa&;õ yk'fr(96)(254)t& jynfe,fOya'jyKtmPmtykdif;wGif ta&;rygonfh tm

Pmrsm;om&Sdjcif;? jynfe,frsm;\ tmPmrsm;udk uefYowfcH&jcif;/ (Oyrm -owif;pmxkwfcGifh? &kyfjrifoHMum;xlaxmifcGifh ponfhrD'D,m vkyfief;rsm; vkyfykdifcGifh r&Sdyg/)

õ yk'fr (98)t& MuGif;useftmPmrsm;udk A[dkrS ,lxm;jcif;/õ yk'fr (99)t& ay;xm;onfh Oya'jyKtmPmrsm; r&Sdawmhjcif;/õ yk'fr(115)(147)t& vdktyfrSom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&; vTwfawmfaumf

rwDudk umvowfrSwf zGJYpnf;cGifh&Sdjcif;/

pm 16

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

tcef;(5) tkyfcsKyfa&;õ yk'fr(202) (232-p)t& vlrsKd;pka&;&m0efBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fa&;&m0efBuD;

rxm;jcif;/õ yk'fr(225) (226) (248)t& A[dktpdk;&u jynfe,fa&;&mudpö&yfrsm;wGif pGuf

zufcGifh &Sdjcif;/õ yk'fr(261-c? *)t& jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyfudk (jynfe,ftrwfrsm;xJrS) or®wu

a&G;cs,fcefYtyfjcif;/õ yk'fr(262-X)t& jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf/jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm;u or®wudk wm0efcH

&jcif;/õ yk'fr(264-c-1)t& or®wu jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf-0efBuD;rsm;udk jzKwfypfEdkifjcif;/õ yk'fr(260)(283)t& taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;rSL;rsm;rSm jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJY?

udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;OD;pD;tzGJY twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfaejcif;/õ yk'fr(276)t& udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o OD;pD;tzGJYrsm;wGif wyfrawmfom; (25)

&mcdkifEIef;pD yg&Sdjcif;/

tcef;(6) w&m;pD&ifa&;õyk'fr(308-c)t& jynfe,fw&m;olBuD;csKyfeJY jynfe,f w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk or®wu

cefYEdkifjcif;/õ yk'fr(311-c)t& jynfe,fw&m;olBuD;csKyfeJY w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk or®wu pGJcsuf

wifjzKwfcsEdkifjcif;/

tcef;(15) taxGaxGjy|mef;csufrsm;õ yk'fr(22)/ (354) (365)(450)t& Armpmudk ½Hk;oHk;pm owfrSwfjcif;/ tjcm;rnf

onfh bmomudkrQ ½Hk;oHk; bmompmtjzpf cGifhjyKray;xm;jcif;/

xkdtcsufrsm;ukdMunhfvQif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;wGif ukd,fykdifjy|mef;cGifh vkH;0r&SdbJ? A[kdtpkd;&\ csKyfukdifrI atmufwGifom &SdaeaMumif; ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeygonf/

zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008)onf EkdifiHa&;tmPmrsm;ukdomru wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;toD;oD;\ bmompum;? pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxkH;wrf;pOfvm udpö&yfrsm;ukdyg vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfcGifhay;rxm;yg/

xdkYaMumifh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;taygif;wkdYonf rdrdwkdYtem*wf rdrdwkdYMur®mukdrdrdwkdYzmomrdrdwkdY zefwD;Ekdifa&;twGuf xkd jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008 ckESpf)qkdonfukd wkdufzsufypf&efrSwyg; tjcm;r&Sdawmhaywum;/

aumif;jrwfausmf

pm 17

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1aygufyef;eefYwla& ynm

rjzpfpDcsifyg

tuRef&xm;a&bGJYeefY vkyf&a&tvkyfu o[Zmwrjzpfyg/ ZmjzpfvdkYvJqdkauti,fwef;pufrItif*sifeD,mbGJ Yuk d yd kufNyD;au b0tNcDtedefeefwkdif;jynftNcDtedefu 0rf;a&;cufcJeDa&twGufeefY ½kef;uefeD&a& vljzpfvkdY

udk,feefYtoifhawmfqHk;tvkyfjzpfaw (10)ausmif;om;wukd usL&Sifjy&a&tvkyfeefYtoufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfedef&yga&/

0rf;a&;twGuf pmjyedef&auavh ausmif;om;q,fa,mufrSm vcyD;NyD;auausmif;ynmukd oifMum;Edkifa& ausmif;om;u ig;a,muf&SdNyD;au usefpGmu ESpfpOfpmoifESpfwkdif; tcrJh oifyD; edef&pGmrSm BuHKUwGeDus jzpfyga&/

tuReftwGufuawmh rvSLwwfau ZD;a&mif;qdka& pum;ykdifjzpfeDa&twGuftuRefYvlrsdK; tacswdtwGuf yD;qyf&pGm rGefjrwfawvkdY ,lqxm;a&twGuf yDwdudkpm;yD;au tm;&Sdedefyga&/ txufwef;ynmwckvHk;ukd wa,mufwnf; bmompHk jyo&a&twGufeefY yifyef;jcif;uawmh tcdsefykd qdkpGm r&dSekifcyg vpmyD;NyD;au aemufq&mwa,muf iSm;&rf;zkdYuvJ tuRefYydkif apwem xm;EdkifzdkY q&mu vkdygoda&/

Zmavmufyif wESpfvHk; tm;cdsefr[dyJ anmif;anmif;eefY jyoc&auavhpmoifESpfNyD;vdkY atmifpm&if; xGufawedefrSm tacswd atmifjrifjcif;pGm tuRefYtwGufwESpfvHk;armeDca& pwfwdudk ajyaysmufpDcyga&/

tuRefpmoifyD;eDca& jzwfoef;csdefumvm (10)ESpftwGif; twDGUtBuHKUxJucHpm;ca& cHpm;csufwudk ajymjy&au aemufvmzdkY tem*gwfrSm tuRefY½kdU &ckdifvlrsdK;trsm;pkpGm udk,fykdifqHk;jzwfEdkifa& pGrf;&nf &dSEkdifuwfzdkYvm;vdkY pdk;&drfpdwf &Sdrdyga&/

rlvwef; twef;ynmudk ausmfjzwfvma& tacswa,muftedefjzifh tajccHynmudk r&ca&twGuf tv,fwef;ynmukd a&mufawcg qufNyD;au tv,fwef;eefYywfoufpGm ynma&; 0D;vm;cygAs,f/ aemufqHk; txufwef;ynm a&mufawtcgxdyfwkduf&ifqdkifvm&a& 'ku©u rdrdudk,f ,HkMunfrIY r&Sdpjzpfvm&yga&/

a'ykdifjzpfvm&pGma& &ckdifjynfolrdzwdrSm qif;&JwGif;eufeDauavhaomh om;orD;ynma&;ukd wwfEdkifoavmuf OD;pm;yD; oifMum;yD; cuwfyga&/

jynfwGif;pD;yGg;a&; usyfwnf;rIaMumifh tdrf[drdom;pktm;vHk;u wa,mufrusef &SmazGpm;aomuf edef&a&acgwfrSm om;orD;ynma&;udk zdzdpnf;pnf; vkyfray;

pm 18

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

EdkifyJ q&m^r vufxJrSm ,HkMunfpGmeefY tyfxm;crda&twGuf twef;ydkifq&muaiG&twef;wufpepfjzifh twef;wufvmcJh&a&b0eefY BuD;jyif;vm&a&twGuf txufwef;ynma&;rSm cdk;cspmrygyJ pmar;yGJcef;xJukd vm;zdkYpGmudk ol½dkUtwGuf 0efvD;As,f/xl;xl;cRefcRef atmifjrifvlwdrSmvJ cdk;csa&tvkyfu rvGwfawtwGuf &cdkifjynf ynma&;rSm tjzLxnftqifhrSm r&SdyJ tqif;[dNyD; tcsif;r&Sda& ynma&;wck jzpfeDyga&/

a'ykdifaiGtm;eefY rorma& enf;vrf;wdeefY &[dvma& ynmukd &m&&Sdxm;a&aemiftem*gwf vli,facswdrSm todynmeefY twwfynmqdkpGm r[da&twGuf wkdif;jynfwm0eftwGuf &Sdquf&rnfh EdkifiHa&; tem*gwftwGuf &ifvD; rpGmyg/

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xufxufpH(&u©tvif;wef; - oEåmajr)

pm 19

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tar&duef ]qef;½dIif;} r*¾Zif;

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t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; rufo,l;tmEdk;

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csm;vfpf uif;pvD

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*sme

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pm 20

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

EdIif;,SOfxm;a&twGuf rr wdb0pGm eif;jym;b0vkdY wkduf½dkufqkdvdkpGm&m jzpfawvkdYxifyga&/

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MuufryifwGefwGef MuufzyifwGefwGef tcdsefwefauawmh rkd;uvif;vmygzdkYpGm&m/

yHokpH (&u©tvif;wef;-udsef;&dyfjrD)

pm 21

'kp½dkuf ckESpfyg;Seven Deadly Sins

- tajccHudk,fusifhw&m; r&SdbJ EdkifiHa&;vkyfjcif;? - Politics without principles;

- tvkyftudkif rvkyfbJ <u,f0csrf;omjcif;? - Wealth without work;

- pm&dwåaumif; r&SdbJ pnf;pdrfcHjcif;? - Pleasure without character;

- ormrI r&SdbJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; vkyfjcif;? - Business without morality;

- vlom;wdkYtm; axmufxm;rI arwåm*½kPm r&SdbJ odyÜHvkyfief; vkyfjcif;? - Science without humanity;

- tusifhoDv tm;xkwfrI r&SdbJ bmomw&m; vdkufpm;jcif; - Worship without sacrifice

E. Stanley Jones

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*sme

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trSwfpOf 1

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trSefqkd&aomf Ak'bmomonf owåavmuwGif ynm&Sdwkdif; vufcHusifYokH;aom avmuokH;yg;\ tESIdif;rJh? jrifhjrwfaom vlom;Ak'¨wyg;\ rdrdukd,fwkdifudk,fus

pm 22

wef

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

vkdufemusifhokH;í 'ku©? y&da'0? aomua'greó paom qif;&J'ku©aygif;rsKd;pkHjzifhjynfhESufaeaom vlavmuvlYb0rS vGwfajrmufzkdY&ef nTefMum;jyoxm;aom =vGwfajrmufrIvrf;pOf+wck jzpfonf/ xkdvrf;pOfonf omrmefvlom;rsm;uyif pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfí em;vnfoabmaygufEkdifaom vlYavmuvlYobm0 (Nature Dhamma)rsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onf/ Ak'\vrf;pOfukd em;vnfoabmaygufaomolonf obm0"r®rsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufoljzpf\/ xkdYtwl obm0"r®rsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufaomolonfvnf; Ak'¨\"r®rsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufoljzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf Ak'¨\ t,l0g'vrf;pOfonf vlYavmuvlYobm0\ vrf;pOfrsm; jzpfaomaMumif;yif jzpf\/ owå0gwOD;wa,mufonf arG;zGm;vmNyD;aemuf aoqkH;&rnfqkdonfrSm rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS jiif;y,fír&Ekdifaom (Universal Truth) obm0"r®\ trSefw&m; jzpf\/

aexGufvQif ae0if&rnf/ t&mwpfck(Zmwd) jzpfwnfjcif;&SdvQif (r&P)ysufpD;jcif; ed*kH;&Sd&rnf/ avmuwGif taMumif;ESifhtusKd;onf qufpyfjzpfay:aeNyD;?xkdtaMumif;ESifhtusKd;aMumifhyif uREkfyfwkdYrsufpDjzifh ukd,fwkdifukd,fus jrifawGY&ekdifaomvlYywf0efusif? rsufpDjzifh rjrif&aomfvnf pdwfjzifh cHpm;í od&SdEkdifaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;wGif þobm0"r®rsm;onf tNrJpD;qif; jzpfay:aeonf/ xkdobm0"r®rsm;ukd rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS vGefqefí &Ekdifrnf r[kwfay/ xkdt&mrsm;ukd Ak'\vrf;pOfwGif taMumif;ESifYtusKd; qufpyfjzpfay:aeaomoDtkd&D y#dpöorkyÜg'f (In-

dependent Origination) [kac:onf/ xkduJhokdY Ak'¨vrf;pOfrsm;onf avmu"r®obm0w&m;rsm;tay:wGif tajccHítESpfcsKyftm;jzifY tewå0g'vrf;pOf jzpfonf/xkdYaMumifh Ak'bmom\wefzkd;onf jrwfAk'w&m;awmfrsm;\ t"dyÜg,f? tESpfom&rsm;ukdem;vnfoabmaygufaom ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf wefzkd;rjzwfekdifaom jynfwefywåjrm;ESifh tvm;wl\/

okdYaomfvnf; ,aeYacwf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom jynfwefywåjrm;ukd ig;odef;avmufyJ wefzkd;odaom awmif,morm;ESifh tvm;wlaeonf/tb,faMumifhqdkaomf &wemokH;yg;\ *kPfaus;Zl;? Ak'¨bmom\ tESpfom& wefzkd;t&nftaoG;ukd aumif;aumif;rod&Smaom rd½kd;zvm emrnfcH Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; jzpfonfukdom awGY&aomaMumifYwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if[k trnfcHxm;aomAk'bmom0ifwkdif;onf rd½kd;zvm emrnfcH Ak'bmom0iftqifhjzifh &yfwefYraeyJ? Ak'\w&m;awmfrsm;ukd trSefwu,f em;vnfoabmaygufaom ppfrSefaom Ak'bmom0ifaumif;wa,mufjzpfatmif BudK;pm;vQuf rdrdwkdY &&Sdykdifqkdifxm;aom wefzkd;&SdaomvlYb0ukdvnf; jrwfAk'¨\ vrf;nTefYrIjzifh wefzkd;&Sd&Sd aexkdifwwfatmif MudK;pm;Mu&ayrnf/

t&Sifa&0w (M.A-Buddhist Studies)

pm 23

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*sme

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trSwfpOf 1

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___

&moDEDG . . a'tcsdefudkqdkau tbkacswdtBudKufqHk; ../ ausmif;ydwf&ufav ..yl&rSef; ZmuodzdkY/ tdrfruyf? ,mruyf arsmufoQLH;atmif uZwfuwfaw/ <uDacsaumufwrf;? xkwfqD;xdk;wrf;? ykef;wrf;0Sufwrf;? rkefYa&mif;wrf; tpHkygh/

½Hk;orm;? urf;orm;wd? tpdk;&0efxrf;wd? tvkyform;wd? v,foQif? ydkufoQif wdavha'tcsdefqdk em;uwfzdkYxifa&/ yl&yif&a&? ½kef;&uef&a& wESpfvHk;/ om;acspm;zdkYorD;acspm;zdkY tzttdk? trdttdktwGuf qD;zdk;? aygifwwkwf? vufwwkwfxdkifpm;uwfaw 0rf;&Dqmwdavh uwfvdkYygcsifygzdkYod/

tuRef½dkU tacscgqdkau ppfawGrmu tdrfwdrm qefqDqm;jiKyf? MuufoGefwdudk oBuFefruscif t,ifjznfhxm;uwf&a&qdk,ifh/ oBuFefwGif;psD;cufawqdk0g/ twGuf ay:rd,ifhaxm arareefY,if;cg ppfawG psBuD;rm om;trdESpfa,muf acsmhyif; xGuf uwfawqdkufum;eefY/

&Gmwdrmqdkauawmhcg jrifczl;yg,ifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;wdrm vlwdpkeDuwf,m/ tvSLtwef; tcsuf? tjyKwfwd twGuf/ rsuf&dyfavh jyp&mrvdk rsufNcDavh jyp&mrvdkarmif;axmif;? wkef;xkp&mrvdkbJ toQLdoQLd udk,fhtodaemifh udk,fa&mufvmuwfyg,ifh/

oufawmfwdBuD;,mAsmvf . . &cdkifjynfrmygh/ tysdKaygufpacsb0 &efukef&TDNrdKUawmfMuD;rmygh/ trSwfw&acswd? twdGYtBuHKwd? ajymp&macswd ruef[d uwfyga& vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rm/ pdwfxJwdrm "gwfyHkwd wjzwf .. jzwf ½dkufxm;a&ydkif pdkOf;pm;vdkufauuGif;ceJ .. uGif;ceJ ay:vmyga&/ ,if;wGuf oBuFeftrSwfw& tedefeefY tuRef

EDG

pm 24

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

&cdkiforD;ysKd rSwfrdorQacswdudk cs&D;vdkufcsifodrfha&/tdk;vl½dkU . . tdrfudk atmifhrdvdkufaweef;/ tuRefoBuFefuswdkif; tdrfeefY rdbnDtudkarmifESrwdeefY 0D;eD&a&tcsdefumvapmf oHk;ESpf[dvm;ygAsmvf/ tjcm;vlwdeefY EdIif;pmvdkufauawmh tenf;acs&modrfh/ a,'gavh udk,fhydkif tm;i,fwwfaw orD;ysdKwa,muftwGufawmhcg i&Jru ylavmifBuD;us vGef;yga&/

aMomf okc .. okc .. toufBuD;vmau rdzeefY cGJcGm&a&? armifESrwdeefY cGJcGm&a&?cspfOD;olacswdeefY cGJcGm&a&/ &ifemaumif;xref;/ jynf&cdkifrm ighcspfolacs ppfom;wd&Davmif;apmfrsm; cHevD &zdkYvm; oBuFefrm .. igawmifravmif;zl;od/(wcsKdUarmif;armif½dkU rpdk;&drfbJ[dzdkYvm; . . a'ydkif)

*ktuRefu &efukefrm ½dk;vGef;tm;BuD;a& trd&ifcGifrmBuD;vdkY tqiftysifzuf pdwfra&muf tcspfa&;tcspf&m bmnmuGDuG pdwfra&mufbJ wpmpm (*suef;awmhr[kwfyg) ynmM[mvm&apmf . . .tdcsf? ysif;aumif;xref;? tysKdacs&mrem; a'tcsdefrvSau Zmtcsdefcgvm;vdkY vScD&zdkYvJ a'tcsdefpdwful; r,Ofau Zmtcsdefcg pdwful;,OfcD&zdkYav; . . / (apmwuwufapmfwd apmwuwufapmfwd) eDtkHYod aumif;ajymcsifeDa& a'tcspftaMumif; aemufqHk;rS y&dowfav oQLUpm;awmfrlyg/

___

]]a'..Zdacsrav vlu&mi,fa& uaumif;tvSvdkapmfrem;}}]] . . . yJuvJ rsm;ovm; rrdef;auh . . . }}

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aumif;avmif;uwfawjrif,ifh vysdKacswd ol½dkUudk/ rdwåm&DrSef; ZmrSef;nmrSef; vJrod/ab;u t&D;MumjzLqdkifu MumqHokwfacgufqGJokwfwdudk pD&m vQm&nfus eDapmf/tdkif; .. wck&m .. ol½dkUu w&ufrSmwcg&m tvSqifa&/ tuRefu &Dwzvm;ESpfzvm;pGwfvdkY EIcrf;qdk; paujy,fvm;apmfeefY vm;Asvf tvSqifzdkY .. tenf;qHk;(5)cgavmufawmh uszdkYxifa& tvSqifapmfw&ufudk/ ,if;wGufxDG;xDG;½dkU rmrm½dkUurdwfuyfwdbmwdudk aemufqdk0SuFxm;uwFaw/

pm 25

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

araru oBuFeftv,fedrm qwfeH csufyga&/ a,au &cdkif½dkU xHk;pHtwdkif; tdrfwdudkvdkufvdkY 0DyD;&yga&/ tuRefavmuf ttdyfBuD;a& rru tuÐstopf? zdeyf topfeefYyJrsm;&zdkYvdkY papmxvdkufaw tdyf&mu/ rkefYawmifrusufod tuRefu qifNyD;eDAsmvf/awmfa&eef; tapmfrm &cdkiforwdu tvSrBudKuf yHkwHk;vdkY ajymuwfaw .. MunfhzdcstuRefqdkau ydpduavmifacsodrfh/

___

bmbmaumif;rIeefY bl;oD;awmifr@yfrmawmhcg q,fwef;NyD;avmufuyif okH;ESpfr@yf0ifzl;yga&/ tl; .. ,if;cg M[ufzdkYoDatmifwwfeD,m/

&Davmif;zdkY ac:r&vdkY? ykef;eDvdkY r@yfoQifrwd rmefyguwfeefY/ ajymca&ydkif &efukefrmBuD;vma& araravmif;&dyfatmufrm eD&a&cg rdwfuyfavh rvdrf;wwf EIcrf;qdk;avhrqdk;wwfeefY r@yf0if tvSwdtywd? yy0wDwdMum;rm tuRefu rif;uko nra,mifa,mif M[ufyga&eefY&m/

a,'gavhoGifh aus;Zl;tEkarm'em wif[dyga&/ &efukefodrfjzLuGif;rm okH;Budrf&Davmif;r@yf 0ifca&twdGYtBuHKa& tuRef 2009 -2010 ESpfwdrm ynm'ge vm;vdkY ydkYcsa&cgaumif;tokH;0ifvm;apmfygrem;/ b0opfaus;&GmvdkYac:a& &cdkifjynf t0D;a&muf &cdkifom;wda& &cdkifpum;uvJGvdkY usefa&trdsK;om;a&; vu©Pmwd ,Ofaus;rIxkH;wrf;pdkOfvmwd ajcmufoGdysufokef;Aem ZmeefYwlavqdkau .. toD;t&Guf 00Dqqmr[da&opfajcmufyifeefYvm;vdkY o@mefwl eDyga&/

a,cg tuRef½dkUoBuFefcszdkY eHomoDG;yGJ usif;yzdkY bk&m;&DcsdK;zdkY pa&tqifhqifhudk pepfwusESESpfqufwdkuf &Gmol&Gmom;? ausmif;olausmif;om;wd tiftm;eefY uaumif; tm;&yg;&ppnfuum; r@yfeefY avmif;eefY oBuFefzGifhyJGwdeefY oodkufjrNrdKuf usif;yEdkifca&/

&cdkifpmyDeefY ,dkOfaus;rItzJGYu xkwfaw &cdkif½dk;&m oBuFefyGJawmf vufurf;aMumfjimpmapmifacsaMumifh tuRefa& .. eHomoDG;yGJeefY oBuFefr@yfzGifhyGJedwdrm &cdkifol&cdkifom;wd tv,frm &ckdif½dkU\ oBuFefqdka&t"dyÜg,f? oBuFefjzpfay:vmykHordkif;eHomoDG;yGJqdkapmfZmav ZmaMumifh eHomoDG;&av bk&m;ZmaMumifh &DcsdK;&av tpoQdapmfwdudk oQif;jyajymqdkcGifh&ca&twGuf tuRef½dkU &cdkifjynft0D;a&muf &cdkifom;wda& rdrd½dkUrm a'ydkifcspfzdkYaumif;a& ½dk;&mwdudk yaysmf&&Tif qifEGJcGifh &uwfaw/tuRefavh aysmfawmifuzdkYvm; wynfhracswd uuwfygpDaMumif; udk,favhwcgavhruzl; .. 0ifu&a& ..aumif;&,f&a& aysmfzdkYavhaumif;yga&/

pm 26

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

,if;csifheefY rvkHavmufygod/ tuRef½dkU rdwåm&Davmif;a&o½kyfo@mefudk jy&yga&/tqifhqifh Zmykdifavmif;&a&/ vlysdKu tysdKudk ZmydkifcspfaMumif; Zmavmuf cspfaMumif;?rdwåmtaMumif;wdudk oBuFefrm zGifh[EdkifaMumif;? &Gmom;acs? &Gmoracswd &ifwdESvkH;wdckefvm;atmifxd pGrf;aqmifc uwf&ygoda&/ tbm .. &Gmu vysdKodk; wdudkrsm;txifvm;Aem t,ifronf;vdkufygauh/ Zmtcsdefu wdkufxm;a& oHcsyfwd eefYrodtuRef½dkUtysdKwodkufudk vmvdkYceJYcuwfygoda&/

]]]]]]]] rSwfrdoda& . . Zm[ifh }}}}}}}}

]]csKdifapmfeHa& tdrfu0gBuD;r}} ]]edAÁmefrSmav AdkuifvkyfNyD;om;}}

2008 ckESpfuawmhcg b0rm ttD;csrf;qkH;umvvdkY ajymvdkY&yga&/ oBuFefwGif; 11&ufrSm bmbmaemifhwwl 'kv’b &[ef;cHAem omoem&dyfudk cdkvIHcuwfyga&/

_ _ _

axm .. *kavhMunfh a'ESpfoBuFef usjyefzdkYAsmvf/ tysdKacswd? vlysdKacswd ab;ab½dkU?t&D;acs½dkUtm;vHk; vvIyf&&G jzpfvmuwfAsmvf/ tdrfudkjyefa&vlujyef? rjyef&a&vlwdurjyef&? udk,fheD&yfrm r[kwfvdkY ADG'D,dkMunfhyem tvGrf;ajza&vlu ajz&/ tif;..okc .. okc/ rsefrmEdkifiHawmfom;rsm;\ b0/

]] olYrsufESm eHYoma&mif yy0wDawmif oQHK;&yg,ifh ESpfopfrSm wdkif;&u©twdkif;tqr[d tD;csrf;pDaMumif;yg Œ Œ Œa0 ... av ... av ... av ...

tolYorD; rqdkEdkif vysdKwusdKif0dkif;0dkif;vnfvdkY }}

]] udkudkwa,muf aysmufvdkYeD arQmfolarm a'goydkrd idkcsifpdwfeefYrsuf&nfpdk ... baZmifvJudkudk ...

pdwful;qwfzdkY aumif;vdkufaw a'tcsKd; ... rBudKufESif;udkudk }}

]] rdwåm&Dwayguf avmif;csifodrfha& ... rif;zvm;eefY avmif;&pDAvif }}

]] r@yfwum avmif;BuD;xJrm &DudkjznfhvdkYav qifwl0wfpkH0wfNyD;autwm&Davmif;uwfapmf pdwfb0if wd&Tifvef;pDyga& ..

pm 27

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

t,ifu oBuFefjyefvGrf;rdyga& }}]] &DrGef;vm;Asmvfvm; .. csrf;vdkYpum;rajymapmfvm .. rif;cspfolu

apmifh,ufMunfheDvdkY&mvma0 .. rif;rsufESmu eDjref;vdkY M[ufoGD;jzmapmfvm; }}

]] cGifhjyKygarar udk,fh½dk;&m rysuf&atmif .. ausmif;ydwf&ufrm rysif;&atmifr@yf0ifzdkY cGifhjyKygarar }}

]] a'r@yfxJrSm vlavhroQd vwmwdk; vwmwdk; ....../ }}

qdkif;oHAHkoH? ywfwvm;oHwd? tcef;acsti,facsxJueDvdkY Mum;eD&apmfaMomf okc .. okc? uHaumif;vdkY uGefjyLwmwvHk;[deDvdkY r[kwfau oBuFefteHYawmif&EdkifzdkY r[kwf/

]]udkif; &ckdiforD;ysdKrm aemufqHk;tydkufa&mufAsm Zwfodrf;ydkif;a&mufAsm ..tpGmydkifodrf;zdkYa&mifZwfu}}

auGuGif;&a& cspfolwdtaMumif; ..rcspfvdkuf&bJ 0D;vm;&a& cspfolwd taMumif;?a,[macswdudk ESvkH;om;u tcspfpdwfwd Edk;Mum;vma&txd MunfheD zGJYyvdkufarum;/

t[rf; t[rf; ../

ta0cspfol ..thHMop&m rif;eefYig uHMur®mu oBuFefrm ESpfa,mufwwl wcgavhaysmfyGJrETJ&odrfh0ga,eefY/ rif;bkef;BuD;0wfawtcsdef igu r@yf0ifa&/ igoDvoQif0wfawcg rif;u oBuFefusa&eefY/ ig&Gmwdudk vm;&a&tcsdefwdrmawmhcg ajymreDauhzd/igu &Gmom;acswdeefYygh ../ (t*ifhr[kwfyga0 .. ppGm&m) vGrf;csdef EGrf;csdefawmifr& vdkufygcspfol .. ,if;ESpfwdu tcsdefwd ighwynfhacswyef;acswdeefY jynfheDvdkY/

a,au Zm&zdkYa'ESpf pmar;yGJavhNyD; ttD;oomqdkcg vGrf;uGefaqmifvdkY vGrf;jycsifa&/cspfolighrm vkyfp&mtvkyfr[dvdkY&m/ rif;uawmhcg udk,fhjynfudk,fh&Gmrm udk,fhvlrsdK;wdudktodwd? ynmwd rQ0DyD;zdkY wm0ef,l vm;a&ygh a'ESpf/ igjrifed,ifh &Gmu uvdrfharacswdB[drm yJrsm;eDzdkYapmfudk/ tpuyif rif;u rracswdB[da&mufau *dkufu wydómeefYav/

aemufESpfwdrsm; oBuFefrm qkHwGdYjzpfau rdwåm&Dacswaygufavmufawmhcg ESzl;pm*a[qufzdkY tuRefYyufckH;xufacs armifu iGDzvm;eefY oGef;avmif;yD;yg/ acgif;ikHYvdkYM[ufNyHK; NyHK;jyvdkufau odvdkufzd ..cspfol/ woufpmtwGuf ESvkH;om;udk qufovdkufapmfjzpfaw/ oBuFef&ufjrwftvGefrm armifeefYr,f vufxyfuwfygar/

ausmhMumndK(&cdkiforD;ysKd)

pm 28

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

tnGefYrusdK;od rkd;rkefwdkif;rD;ygumt&Sif - r[morw&mZgu ajymzl;apmf pum;wcGef;udk oDvm;zkdY tcsdefxdrdvDzdkY rxif? &ifxJrSm tck tcsdefxd emMuifeDqJ? pdkif;pm;wdkif; MuufoD;zjzef;xrda&/ [kwfaw? a'pum; igrrda,/ a'csifhudk ajymjycsifa&/ Zgolyif em;axmif

axmif? raxmifaxmif? raxmifcsifauvJ &a&/ cHpm;csifauvJ &a&? rcHpm;csifauvJ&a&? ,if;tcsdefu taMumif; t*ifh*ifhjzpfcuwfapmf&m rvm;? ppfyGJqdkapmftaMumif;ajymjycsifyga&a'/

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pm 29

igh

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

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ighb0rSm igjyefcGifh&ygzdkY odvm;csifh? oGD;wdk;a&m*g [dvdkY ighrsufESm nmzufwjcrf; acgif;wjcrf; udkufeDa& qdkapmfudk owdxm;rdvmyga&/ ighrsufem vDjzwfvm;zdkYapmfudk pdk;&drfvma&/ a,auvJ igqD;0g;pm;zdkY wckydkifvJ rpOf;pm;rda'/ ighrSm aumif;aumif; tvkyfwd vkyfzdkYapmf [deDa&vdkY xifa&/ igaumif;aumif; tvkyf rusD odvdkYxifa&/ ight&SifusqHk;vm;ca& &cdkifEdkifiHawmftwGuf igZgydkif vkyfyD;&ygzdkYvJcsifh/,if;ydkifpdkif;pm;vdkufwdkif; igaumif;aumif; 0rf;enf;&a&/ vufeuftm;udk;eefY tEdkifusifhyem e,fcsJUNyD; udkvdkeDuRefb0a&mufatmif vkyfxm;a&twGuf ig½dkUEdkifiHawmfudk Zgydkifjyef&atmif vkyf&ygzdkYvJ qdkapmfudk igpdkif;pm;yga&a'/ a'ydkifpdkif;pm;vDwdkif; tNzDuwckxJ&m [dyga&/

pm 30

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

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pm 31

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

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pm 32

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

ighEdkifiHawmfudk igrvkyfEdkifcvm;qdkyem pdkif;pm;rdapmf ajymeDapmfyg&m/ avmurSm udk,fvlrsdK;eefY udk,fhEdkifiHawmftwGuf rvkyfyD;Edkifcau aumif;aumif;&SufzdkYaumif;yga&a'/a,Zl;eefYvJ ight&Sif r[morw&mZgu toufudkwpdacsvJ ta&;rpdkufbJ t&SufudkumuG,f,if; ppfyGJrSm oDvm;c&apmfrvm;/ atmufom;wdu &ckdifjynfem;rSm a&mufeDygAsefa,/ ,if;tcsdefrSm &cdkif&Sifbk&if r[morw&mZgudk orD;unmudk qufoauppfNyDNidrf;NyD;au jyefvm;ygar/ orD;udk&m ryD;au ppfwdkufvD&zdkYAsef qdkyem atmufom;bk&ifu ,if;ydkifppfaMunmcyga&0g/ ,if;csifhudk ig½dkUt&Sifu ig½dkU bdk;bD;bDbifvufxufuyif wcgacsvJ rMum;zl;a& a'ydkiftjzpftrsdK;qdkapmf r[dcygbJ ighvufxufa&mufcgrS orD;udkyD;vdkY ppfNyDNidrf;&zdkYqdkau toufudk&m toDcHzdkY/ &cdkifvlrsdK;ordkif;udktoDrcHAsefqdkyem e,fcsJUusL;ausmfppfyGJudk wdkufc&yga&/ udk,fhtcsif;csif;rnDnTwfvdkY&cdkifEdkifiHawmfppf½IH;vm;ca& 1784 ckESpf 'DZifbm 31 &ufedqdkapmf ight&Sif pGefYvTwfcHc&a& &cdkifEdkifiHawmf jzpfvm;cyg,ifh/ ,if;ydkifusqHk;vm;c&a& &cdkifEdkifiHawmfudkESpfaygif; 226 ESpfausmfvma&tcsdefxd ig½dkUwckacsvJ rvkyfEdkifbJ jyefvdkY r&Edkifygoda'/

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,if;twGufeefYvJ ight&Sifudk igOD;nTwfvdkY ajym&Japmfyga'/ z½kdz&J vufeufudkiftzGJYwd rjzpfpDbJ wckwnf;jzpfzdkY vdkyga&a'/ ,if;vufeufudkiftzGJYudk xdef;csKyfedkifzdkYEdkifiHa&;ygwDwcku [deDzdkY vdkyga&a'/ ,if;ydkif xdrf;odrf;uGyfuJEdkifa&; EdkifiHa&;ygwD[deDNyD;au awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk qifETJrS udk,f½dkU &nfrSef;a& awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifzdkYr[kwfygvm;a,/ a'ydkif rl0g'wdeefY trsdK;udkcspfaw pdwf"gwfwdeefY vkyfcau ZgyifrqdkwedrSm udk,fhMur®mudk udk,f½dkUzefwD;vdkY &vmzdkY apmfyg&ma'/ a,au &cdkifvlrsdK;wdu

pm 33

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

Zgcsifhudk pdkif;pm;eDvdkY pdkif;pm;vkyf&ygzdkYvJ ight&Sif/ ig½dkUbk&if rif;c&D wnfaxmifcyema'rSmum; &cdkifEdkifiHawmfvdkY <uD;aMumfca& ig½dkU EdkifiHawmfudk trSefyif ig½dkU ydkifqdkif&zdkYr[kwfygvm;csifh/

,if;&cdkifEdkifiHawmf ig½dkUbk&if r[morw&mZgvufxufrSm atmufom;vufxJ usqHk;vm;cyga&a'/

a,Zl;eefY ig½dkU &cdkifEdkifiHawmfudk ig½dkU vufxJa&mufatmif ig½dkU jyef,l&zdkYapmfyg&m/

a'csifhu ighrl0g'ygt&Siff/ ighpdwfqE´ygt&Sif/ urÇmBuD;rysufpD;o&Gd ig½dkU&cdkifEdkifiHawmf [deDygzdkY&m/ &cdkifvlrsdK; [deDygzdkY&m/ &cdkifpum; [deDygzdkY&m/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rl[deDygzdkY&m/ trsdK;oDvudk apmifha&Smufaw &cdkifvlrsdK;vdkY [deDygzdkY&m/

,if;&cdkifvlrsdK;wdqdkapmf &cdkifjynfudk cspfawvlrsdK;vdkY jzpfvmuwfzdkY apmfyg&m/ight&Sif - ig½dkU oDvm;cauawmifrS ig½dkUt½dk; &cdkifNrDrSm r[dcauvJ e,fcsJUudk awmfvSefca& rif;om;BuD;&TDbef; qdkapmf &cdkifawmfvSefa&;ordkif;rSm tvSyvS armfuGef;xdk;xm;apmf [dyga&0g/ uOÆejrpfta&SUbufu 0NzD;csyfawmifxufrSm awmfvSefa&;rsdK;cspform;BuD; rif;om;BuD;&TDbef;t½dk;*lqdkapmf tckcsdefxd wnfwefYvdkY [deDyga&a'/ ,if;awmifwef;udkMunfhAsefqdkau igh&ifxJrSm rsuf&nfusavmufatmif cHpm;&apmf &ufjywfygt&Sif/ rif;om;BuD;&TDbef;ydkif tcktcsdefrSmvJ &cdkifEdkifiHawmfjyefvnf&pDzdkYtwGuf toufpGefYvm;ca& awmfvSefa&;ol&Jaumif;wdum; renf;ygAsefum/

trdrod tzrod awmfvSefa&;e,fNrDrSm wdkufyGJ0if,if; usqHk;vm;ca& ol&Jaumif;wdudk xm0&tav;jyKyga& ight&Sif/ awmfvSefa&;e,fNrDrSm udk,fhtcsif;csif;ypfowfeDuwfaw &cdkifvufeufudkiftzGJYu vlwdudk igaumif;aumif;&GHyga& ight&Sif/rkef;wD;yga& ight&Sif/

&cdkifEdkifiHa&;avmurSm pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;eefY &cdkifEdkifiHjyefvnf&&SdzdkYtwGufajymeDuwf vkyfeDuwfaw vlwdudk igaumif;aumif; OD;nTwfyga& ight&Sif/

&cdkifEdkifiHa&;avmurSm tzGJYwdzGJYyem udk,fhxrif; wvkyfpm;&zdkYtwGuf udk,f½dkU&yfwnf&zdkYtwGuf rpkpnf;bJ jzpfeDuwfaw &cdkifEdkifiHa&;tzGJYu vlwdudk igrkef;wD;yga&ight&Sif/

ighpdwfqExJrSm igcspfaw&cdkifjynfudk &cdkifvlrsdK;wdu ydkifqdkifcsifyga&/ igcspfaw&cdkifjynfrSm igwpufacsavmuf touf&SifzdkY vDwpufacsavmuf ig½IcGifh &csifygoda&/ ight&Sif - ighacgif;udkyGwfowfNyD;au ighudk BudKqdkyD;ygem;&ma'/

ight&Sif - tnTefYrusdK;oda& rdk;rkefwdkif;rD;wd avmifeDapmfudk Nidrf;owfcGifhZgtwGuf r&EdkifygodvJcsifh/

usdef;&dyfNrD

pm 34

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

pm 35

vlxktkHY<urIeJY vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;wkdY Armjynf'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyJGBuD;um; rNyD;qkH;ao;yg/1962 ckESpf rwfv(2)&ufaeYrSm 1960 ckESpf ygwDpkHa&G;aumufyGJuaewufvmwJh w&m;0iftpkd;&w&yfukd ppfwyfutmPmodrf;NyD; wkdif;jynfukd

ppftkyfpku tkyfcsKyfvmcJhwm ESpfaygif;(50)eD;yg; &SdvmygNyD/tJ'Dh tESpf(50)c&D;ukd jyefMunfh&if ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm tcsKd;tauGU tvSnfh

tajymif;awG jzpfay:cJhwmukd awGU&ygw,f/t&ifqkH; ppftmPmodrf;NyD;NyD;csif; ay:vmwJh ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIukd &uf

&ufpufpuf ypfowfvkdufw,f/ Zlvkdif(7)&uf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHvkdY xif&Sm;cJhwm'DaeYtxdyg/

NyD;awmh ppftkyfpk[m 1963 ckESpfrSm jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; ac:oa,mifvkyfw,f/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJukd ppftkyfpkuyJ jyefzsufypfw,f/

tJ'DhacwftJ'Dhtcgu urÇmrSm acwfpm;aewm qkd&S,fvpfpepfr[kwfygvm;/tJ'Dhtcg ppftkyfpku ArmjynfBuD;ukd qkd&S,fvpfpepfeJY pcef;oGm;awmhra,mifa,mifjrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpfvkdY wDxGifNyD; twkta,mif qkd&S,fvpfpepfvkyfief;pOfawG tm;vkH;ukd vkyfaqmifcJhwm usKyfwkdY tm;vkH; awGYjrifcJh&NyD;ygNyD/

jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpfpepfukd taumiftxnfaz:zkdY wygwDpepfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' twnfjyKjy|mef;cJhw,f/ ]]74 zGJUpnf;ykH}}vkdY usKyfwkdY ajymajymaewJhzGJYpnf;ykHaygh/ tJ'Dh ]]74zGJYpnf;ykH}}vnf; twnfjyKNyD;a&m? 1974-75-76 ckESpfawGrSmtvkyform;oydwfwkdufyGJ? ausmif;om;oydwfwkdufyGJawG jzpfvkdufwmygh/

tJ'Dawmhvnf; jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qkd&S,fvpf a<u;aMumfxm;wJh ppftkyfpku aoewfawGeJY ypfvkdufwmygh? &uf&ufpufpuf owfjyNyD;? zrf;qD; axmifcs ypfvkdufwmygh/

1976 ckESpf aemufykdif;rSmvnf; Armjynfte,fte,f&yf&yfu EkdifiHa&;orm;awGukd ppftkyfpkqefYusifvkdYuawmh zrf;qD;axmifcs ESdyfpufcJhwmcsnf;ygyJ/

1987 ckESpfa&mufawmh aiGpuúLawG zsufodrf;vkdY ausmif;om;awGu qEjywJhtcg ausmif;awGydwf? ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;qD;jyef/ 1988 ckESpf rwfv(13)&ufrSmawmh ausmif;om;eJY t&yfom; jyóemjzpfawmh ausmif;om;awGukd wzufowf ypfowfcJhjyefw,f/ tJ'Dhausmif;om;oydwfwkdufyGJuae aemufqkH;rSm ]]74zGJYpnf;ykH}}eJY]]wygwDpepf}} zsufodrf;a&;udk awmif;qkdNyD; &Spfav;vkH;qkdwJh wEkdifvkH; vlxktkH<urIBuD;jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'Dhtcg uav;? vlBuD;? &[ef;oHCm? oDv&Sifrusef urÇmausmfatmif&uf&ufpufpuf ypfowfw,f/ ppftkyfpkxJrSmyJ tmPm vufajymif;vufvTJ vkyfNyD;?ppftkyfpkuyJ wkdif;jynfukd quftkyfcsKyfcJhwmyg/

usKyf

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*sme

,f

trSwfpOf 1

pm 36

1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv(18)&ufaeYuae pNyD; ppftkyfpk[m e0w emrnfwyfvkduf? etzemrnfwyfvkdufeJY wkdif;jynfukd ppftkyfpkemrnftrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;NyD; 'ku©ay;cJhygw,f/ &Spfav;vkH;qkdwJh vlxktkH<urIBuD;u odyft&Sdeft[kefBuD;vGef;awmh ppftkyfpk[m EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG zGJYcGifhay;NyD;? 1990 ckESpf ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyGJukd rjzpfraevkyfay;cJh&wm tm;vkH;todyg/

'gayr,fh tJ'Dha&G;aumufyGJrSm jynfolvlxkBuD;u trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyfukd pkNyHKrJay;cJhMuw,f/ 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyf tEkdif&oGm;jyefawmh tmPmrvTJ&a&;twGuf 1^90 trdefYaMunmcsufxkwfvkdxkwf? aemufawmh trsdK;om;nDvmcHtwkqkdwm usif;yNyD;? 1990 ckESpfrSm ta&G;cH&wJh jynfolYvTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,fawGqkdwm zGJYpnf;ykHa&;qGJa&;twGufomjzpfw,fvkdY vdrfvnfjyefw,f/

aemufqkH;rSm 2003 ckESpfa&mufawmh ppftkyfpkuyJ wkdif;jynfukd qufvuftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tcsuf(7)csufygwJh vrf;jyajrykHqkdwmukd yGJxkwfvmw,f/ vrf;jyajrykH vrf;ckvwfrSm 2007 ckESpfrSmwifyJ &[ef;oHCmawGOD;aqmifwJh a&T0ga&mifvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;vnf; jzpfygava&m/ a&T0ga&mifvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;rSm usKyfwkdYzufu wavQmufvkH;awmif;qkdvmcJhwJh awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;qkdwmukd awmif;qkdcJhMuw,f/ 2007 a&T0ga&mifvIyf&Sm;rIukdvnf; xkH;pHtwkdif; owfjzwfzrf;qD;rIawGeJY wkHYjyefcJhwmygyJ/

a&T0ga&mifvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;&JU t&Sdefuvnf; urÇmeJYt0ef; ½kdufcwfoGm;jyefawmhqufqHa&;0efBuD; OD;atmifMunfeJY a':atmifqef;pkMunfeJY awGYqkHw,fqkdNyD;? awGYqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twkukd ppftkyfpku wDxGifzefwD;cJhjyefw,f/ a&T0ga&mifvIyf&Sm;rIumvvnf; awmfawmfvnf; vGefoGm;a&m 2008 zGJYpnf;ykHqkdwmukd ZGwftwif;t"r® twnfjyKNyD;? 2010 a&G;aumufyGJukd wzufoyf xif&mpkdif; usif;ycJhjyefw,f/ 2008 zGJYpnf;ykHukdppfwyfucsnf;yJ tkyfcsKyfvkdY&atmif a&;qGJxm;w,f/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJusawmhvnf;ppfom;awGu t&yf0wfvJNyD; BuHYzGHYygwDtjzpf a&G;aumufyGJ0if rJvdrfrJckd;eJY tEkdif,lcJhMuwm urÇmhtv,frSm BudKwifrJtckd;qkH;EkdifiHtjzpf &SufzG,fvdvd jrifcJhMu&NyD;ygNyD/

aemufqkH;awmh ppfAkdvf? ppfom;awGyJ trsm;pkygwJh vTwfawmfqkdwmBuD;usif;yNyD; ppftkyfpkuyJ jynfolYtrkef;ukd qufvufcH,lvsuf usKyfwkdYwkdif;jynfBuD;ukdqufvuf tkyfcsKyfaeygNyD/

'gawGukd jyefMunfh&if ppftkyfpk[m ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;rSm jzpfay:vmwJh tcsdK;tauGYwkdif;twGuf EkdifiHa&;tvSnfhtajymif;rsdK;pkHvkyfNyD; ppftmPmwnfNrJa&; vkyfcJhwmusKyfwkdY xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGYae&ygw,f/

tJ'DhrSm usKyf pOf;pm;rdwmu 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGbufuvnf; tJ'Dh ppftmPm&SifpepfjyKwfusNyD;? 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHxlaxmifa&;twGuf tcsdK;tauGYwkdif;rSmrSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJY rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifrI &SdzkdYvkdw,fqkdwmygyJ/

'DaeY ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifqkdwm xdyfqkH;u vlxk taxmufcHqkH;

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*sme,f

{NyD 2011

pm 37

wa,mufukd ajymygqkd&ifawmh a':atmifqef;pkMunfuvGJvkdY wjcm; r&dSygbl;/'gayr,fh usKyfwkdY jynfolvlxktwGuf a&SUwef;uae wkdufyGJ0ifay;aeMuwJh?

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