Aquatic Physiology Respiration gill diffusion hemoglobin pH Regulation gas bladder osmosis ion...
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Transcript of Aquatic Physiology Respiration gill diffusion hemoglobin pH Regulation gas bladder osmosis ion...
Aquatic Physiology
RespirationgilldiffusionhemoglobinpH
Regulationgas bladderosmosis ion balanceexcretion
Chapter 3: Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, Table 3.1
Chapter 4: Figures 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 (Eq.)
Chapter 5: Figures 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (5th ed.)
Chapter 6: Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6
elasmobranchs and coelacanthslipid/oil-filled liver
1/3 of body wt90% oil
~ food reserve ~ buoyancy at any depth, P
also cartilagerigid fins for lift
South American lungfish
Australian lungfish
African bichir
Asianclimbing perch
North American gar
physoclistous physostomous
osteichthyans:air/gas bladder
Figure 5.1, 5th ed. only.
gas bladder
~ air/gas reserve~ buoyancy declines w/depth, P
PV = nRT (ideal gas law)
pressure x volume = # gas molecules x constant x temperature
aquatic environment: 10 m decrease in depth ~ 1 atm increase in pressure
gas bladder:
neutralbuoyancy
½ @ 10 m
1/3 @ 20 m
pressure volume 1/4 @ 30 m
P ~ 1/V
sink...
pike perch
physostomous (open to gut/ mouth) physoclistous (closed to gut/mouth)
Gas Bladder: 2 types
surface to 100 m > 100 m depths
rete (mirabile)gas gland
physostomous (open to gut/ mouth) physoclistous (closed to gut/mouth)
25x rete length ~ 10x max. depth
gas bladder gas gland and rete system
deepsea snaggletoothAstronesthesto 200 m
rete mirabile =“wonderful net”
rete (mirabile)gas gland
Figure 5.2 [5.1] Figure 5.3 [5.2 4th and 3rd Eds.]
high pressure gas diffusion
very high pressure
2. salting out (HCO3-)
decrease in blood volume (V)and increases pressure (P)
1. Root effect (H+)increases O2 (n)and increases pressure (P)
PV = nRT
rete (mirabile)
bicarbonate equillibrium
glucose:a. lactate (salting out)b. hydrogen (Root effect)c. carbon dioxide (inflation)
surfactant increases surface wall tension to prevent pressure collapses (see in lungs)
Gas bladder
otherwise impermeableexpandable
gas gland
pressure: very high less high lower
Aquatic Physiology
RespirationgilldiffusionhemoglobinpH
Regulationgas bladderosmosis ion balanceexcretion
Chapter 3: Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, Table 3.1
Chapter 4: Figures 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 (Eq.)
Chapter 5: Figures 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 (5th ed.)
Chapter 6: Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6
osmosisdiffusion across a semi-permeable membrane
pressure builds
regulation...
high to low (dilution)
impermeable to solutes = ions/salts: Na+ Cl-
H+ HCO3-
NH4+ NH3
permeable to water
freshwater (+)
(+ + +)1. gains water
osmosis
2. loses water (dilute urine)
kidney production
3. loses salts
4. salts in
gill active transport/exchange
hyper-osmotic
saltwater (+ + +)
(+)
osmosis
2. drinks water3. gains salts
4. salts out
gill ATP active transport
1. lose water
some divalent salts Ca2+, Mg2+ out in urineno well-developed kidney
hypo-osmotic
urea, salts
elasmobranchs and coelacanths
retain urea [saltwater]
(+ + +)
saltwater (+ + +)
iso-osmotic = equal
nitrogen pathways
size smaller largersolubility higher lowerorgan for excretion gill kidneyexpense lower hightoxicity higher lowerwater required yes nototal N/molecule 1 2use in regulation ion exchange iso-osmosis
elasmobranchs and coelacanths
(+ + +)
saltwater (+ + +)
iso-osmotic = equal
1. gains salts in food
2. salts out via rectal gland
nitrogen pathways
size smaller largersolubility higher lowerorgan for excretion gill ~ NH4
+ kidneyexpense lower hightoxicity higher lowerwater required yes nototal N/molecule 1 2use in regulation ion exchange iso-osmosis
freshwater (+)
(+ + +)1. gains water
osmosis
2. loses water (dilute urine)
kidney production
3. loses salts
4. salts in via NH4+ and H+ exchange for Na+
gill active transport/exchange
hyper-osmotic
tetrapods
fishes
kidney nephron
capsule = filter (salts)
loop = reabsorb water: constriction salts: wave