Aquatic Life Zones
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Transcript of Aquatic Life Zones
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Aquatic Life Zones
Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover 75% of the
Earth’s surface
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Aquatic Life Zones: The Basics
temperature dissolved oxygen
content availability of food availability of light
and nutrients necessary for photosynthesis.
The key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems are
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Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water
Aquatic life zones• Saltwater: marine • Oceans and estuaries• Coastlands and shorelines• Coral reefs• Mangrove forests
• Freshwater• Lakes• Rivers and streams• Inland wetlands
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Aquatic Trophic Structure
Plankton Floats• Phytoplankton• Zooplankton• Nanoplankton
Nekton Swims Benthos Bottom Decomposers
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Distribution of Marine Life Temperature Dissolved oxygen Availability of food
Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis • Euphotic - light• Disphotic - twilight• Aphotic - dark
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Importance of Marine Aquatic Systems
Irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity
Provide major ecological and economic services.
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Marine Ecological and Economic Resources
Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones• Coastal zone• Usually high NPP
• Open sea• Ocean bottom
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Highly Productive Coastal Zones Estuaries and coastal wetlands • River mouths, Inlets, Bays,
Sounds, Salt marshes• Mangrove forests• High NPP• Nutrients, Light• O2 can be limited
Seagrass Beds• Support a variety of marine
species, stabilize shorelines, reduce wave impact
• High NPP• Nutrients, Light, O2
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Intertidal Zones High NPP• Nutrients• Dissolved O2
• Light Rocky & Sandy shores• barrier beaches
Organisms must adapt to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes
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Coral Reefs
Extremely high NPP• Marine equivalent of
tropical rain forests• Habitats for one-
fourth of all marine species
Tropical• Temperature• Light• Nutrients• O2
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Pelagic and Benthic Zones
Pelagic = Open Ocean Vertically Stratified• Light & Nutrients• Euphotic zone
• Plankton & Nekton• Bathyal zone
• Deposit feeders• Filter feeders
• Abyssal zone:• Deposition of CaCO3
• Upwellings NPP is variable
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Freshwater Ecosystems
Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecological and economic services and are irreplaceable reservoirs of biodiversity.
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Lentic and Lotic Systems
Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater• Lakes• Ponds• Inland wetlands
Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater• Streams• Rivers
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Lentic Systems Formation of lakes• Geologically short-lived
Four zones based on depth and distance from shore• Littoral zone• Limnetic zone• Profundal zone• Benthic zone
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Lentic Nutrient Levels Oligotrophic lakes• Low levels of nutrients and
low NPP Eutrophic lakes• High levels of nutrients and
high NPP Mesotrophic lakes• Intermediate
Cultural eutrophication leads to hypereutrophic lakes
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Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans
Watershed, drainage basin• Surface water runoff• Groundwater storage
Three aquatic life zones • Channel• Riparian• Floodplain
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Marshes Swamps Prairie potholes Floodplains Arctic tundra in summer
Intense Nutrient Cycling and Storage
High NPP
Freshwater Inland Wetlands
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What impacts aquatic life zones?
Marine Agriculture Logging Mining Waste Disposal Dams Overfishing Plastic Melting ice caps and
glaciers
Fresh water Agriculture Logging Mining Waste Disposal Dams Diversions Groundwater withdrawal