Aquatic Feed Nutrition - UWSP docs...Pyridoxine B6 Protein metabolism Yeast, cereal brans, egg yolk...
Transcript of Aquatic Feed Nutrition - UWSP docs...Pyridoxine B6 Protein metabolism Yeast, cereal brans, egg yolk...
Aquatic Feed Nutrition
• Principle of aquatic feed nutrition
• Feed and feeding management
Dong-Fang Deng ([email protected])
Objective of Feeding
To provide the nutritional requirements for
• good health & optimum yield
• minimum impairment on the environment
• cost effective operation
What to feed How much to feed What is the most efficient way to feed
How does fish food affect production costs?
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = Feed fed (g)/Fish weight gain (g)
Feed
Fish Water Quality
Feed Management
Feed accounts for 30-70% cost in aquaculture production
FCR = 1-2
Trout Feed Salmon Feed
Year 1970 2000 1970 2000
Digestible protein (%) 28 41 43 35
Fat (%) 6 25 14 33
FCR 1.95 1 2.45 0.8
Protein
•Consisting of a polymer of amino acids.•Indispensible amino acids (IDAA): are required from feeding.•Dispensable amino acids (DAA): can be synthesized by fish.
Amino Acids: building blocks of proteins
Indispensible Abbreviation
Arginine Arg
Histidine His
Isoleucine Ile
Leucine Leu
Lysine Lys
Methionine Met
Phenylalanine Phe
Threonine Thr
Tryptophan Trp
Valine Val
Dispensable Abbreviation
Alanine Ala
Asparagine Asn
Aspartate Asp
Cysteine Cys
Glycine Gly
Glutamate Glu
Glutamine Gln
Proline Pro
Serine Ser
Tyrosine Tyr
Common Protein Ingredients
• Fish meal and Fisheries by products
• Animal byproducts (meat and bone meal, poultry by product meal )
• Plant protein (Soybean meal, canola meal, extruded pea seed meal, corn gluten)
• Novel protein: algae, yeast, distillers dry grain with solubles (DDGS), insect protein
Body pool amino acids
Glucose
Dietary Protein
Ammonia & urine Body protein
Physiological needs
Lipid
Catabolism
Catabolism
Functions of Protein
Energy
Functions of Carbohydrates
Cheapest energy sources.
Carbohydrate can be converted into fat.
As a binder to support different physical quality of feed pellets and faeces
Function in cell membrane structure and immune system
Carnivores fish: 15-20%Omnivores fish: up to 40-50%
Common Carbohydrate Sources
• Wheat Flour/Starch, Wheat Bran
• Corn Flour/Starch
• Potato Starch
• Rice
• Cassava
Sources Starch Content Granule Size (um)
Maize 69 35-40
Wheat 65-68 22 (2-26)
Potato 73 40
Rice 88 3-8
Different carbohydrates are varied in digestion
due to their different structures
Lipid
Free fatty acid
Cholesterol
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
•Naturally occurring organic compounds
•Insoluble in water
Functions of Lipids
Palatability Essential fatty acids and energy. Biological membranes (phospholipids and sterols). Enzyme cofactors, fat soluble vitamin carriers, and
fatty acid chaperons. Metabolic regulations and immune functions
Lipid level in fish feed: 5-40% High lipid diet is recommended in RAS or high density
culture system
Common Shorthand Common Name Notation Source
Lauric acid 12:0 Coconut, palm
Myristic acid 14:0 Butter, animal fat
Palmitic acid 16:0
Stearic acid 18:0
Oleic acid 18:1(n-9)
Linoleic acid 18:2(n-6)
Linolenic acid 18:3(n-3) Marine oil, linseed oil
EPA 20:5(n-3)
22:5(n-3) Marine fish oil or algae oil
DHA 22:6(n-3)
Animal and vegetable oil
Universal
Adverse Effect of Excess Dietary Lipid on Fish
• Fish Health: high visceral lipid & fatty liver
• Oxidation problem
• Food intake: decreased intake of other nutrients
• Quality of end product (color, texture, storage shelf-life ect)
Vitamins
• Is present in natural foods in trace amounts.
• Must be obtained from the diet.
• Is essential for normal health, growth, and reproduction.
• Result in a specific deficiency disease or syndrome if it is inadequate from a diet.
• Water and fat soluble vitamins
A vitamin is an organic compound which
Vitamin Function Sources
Thiamin B1 Carbohydrate metabolism Plant seeds, animal tissues
Riboflavin B2 Hydrogen transfer Plant seeds, animal tissues
Pyridoxine B6 Protein metabolism Yeast, cereal brans, egg yolk
Pantothenic acid Lipid & carbohydrate metabolism Cereal, yeast, liver, fish
Niacin Hydrogen transfer Green vegetables, yeast, liver
Biotin Carboxylation & decarboxylation Egg York, animal organs, milk
Folic acid Single-carbon metabolism Yeast, green vegetables, fish
CyanocobalaminB12
Red blood cell formation Fish, and animal tissues
Choline Cell membrane component Wheat germ, soybean, heart
Inositol Component of cell membranes Animal tissue, peas, bean
Vitamin C Blood clotting, collagen synthesis Citrus fruits, liver, kidney
Water-soluble Vitaminfunctions as a coenzyme or a cofactor
Fat-soluble Vitamin
Vitamin Function Sources
Vitamin A Epithelial tissue maintenance, vision
Cod liver oil
Vitamin D Bone calcification, parathyroid hormone
Cod liver oil
Vitamin E Biological antioxidant, reproduction
Plant seed oils, corn oil
Vitamin K Blood clotting Alfalfa and green leafy
Minerals
• Are inorganic elements required for tissue formation, osmoregulation and other metabolic activities.
• Macro minerals: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), and chlorine (Cl).
• Macro minerals constitute 60-80% of all the inorganic elements in the body.
Macro mineral Function
Calcium Bone, regulation, membrane permeability
Phosphorus Bone, muscle
Magnesium Enzyme activity
Sodium Osmotic balance
Potassium Osmotic balance
Chloride Osmotic balance, acid-base balance
Sulfur Sulfur amino acids, structure
Functions of Macro Minerals
Functions of Micro Minerals
Micro mineral Function
Copper Metalloenzymes
Cobalt Vitamin B12
Chromium Carbohydrate metabolism
Iodine Thyroid hormones, growth
Iron Hemoglobin
Manganese Matrix of bone
Molydenum Xanthine oxidase
Selenium Glutathione peroxidase
Zinc Metalloenzymes
Energy
• Energy metabolism in fish is similar to that in mammals and birds with two notable exceptions:
– fish do not expend energy to maintain a body temperature different from that of their environment.
– the excretion of waste nitrogen(ammonia) requires less energy in fish than it does in land animals. ( Human: urea, bird and reptiles: uric acid)
Largemouth bass spends more energy in growth than Tuna
Factors affect energy need• Species• Water flow rate• Body size• Feeding level• Temperature and salinity