Aquatic Ecosystems
description
Transcript of Aquatic Ecosystems
![Page 1: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems
Monday, August 22nd
Reminder: HW3 Part II due Wednesday!Midterm Thursday
![Page 2: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecotone: the transition zone between two diverse communities
Ecotone: the transition zone between two diverse communities
WHAT DID YOU FIND??????WHAT DID YOU FIND??????
![Page 3: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Kelp Effect on WavesKelp Effect on Waves
![Page 4: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kelp forest ecosystemKelp forest ecosystem
Kelp provides otter habitat Sea urchins eat kelp
Otters eat sea urchins
![Page 5: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Kelp forest ecosystem & human valuesKelp forest ecosystem & human values
![Page 6: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Kelp Effect on WavesKelp Effect on Waves
![Page 7: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Impact of Kelp on Low Productivity Terrestrial Env’ts
Impact of Kelp on Low Productivity Terrestrial Env’ts
Example: Channel Islands
•Kelp detritus = nutrient input to intertidal communities
•Marine bird and mammals feed on intertidal organisms
•Feces/guano provide nutrients to terrestrial organisms
•Biggest impact where ratio of shoreline to area is high
![Page 8: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Kelp forest ecosystemKelp forest ecosystem
•30-40 m water depth
•Determined by light availability
•Require high concentrations of nutrients
•Occur mostly in areas of upwelling
•Provide primary production (food) and habitat!
![Page 9: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Selective Pressures in Intertidal ZonesSelective Pressures in Intertidal Zones
Tides Salinity Waves
![Page 10: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rocky Intertidal ZonationRocky Intertidal Zonation
Where to snorkel, rocky shore or sandy beach? Why?
![Page 11: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems
• Oceans • Lakes
• Streams and Rivers• Estuaries
• Freshwater wetlands
![Page 12: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Some General Questions:Some General Questions:
Where does the energy to support aquatic life come from?
How productive are each of the aquatic environments?
What is the limiting factor in each aquatic environments?How are nutrients cycled?
How have humans changed these environments?
![Page 13: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The open ocean is most like…The open ocean is most like…A) a tropical rain forestB) the boreal forestC) the desertD) chaparral
…with regard to productivity.
![Page 14: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Where is the ocean most productive?Where is the ocean most productive?
Where nutrients are available:
near the coastFrom upwelling
• rivers bring nutrients Polar upwelling
– Short, intense productivity
Where sunlight is available:Top 100 meters (euphotic zone)
![Page 15: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) by BiomeNet Primary Productivity (NPP) by Biome
![Page 16: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Atmospheric/Ocean CouplingAtmospheric/Ocean Coupling
surface currents are driven by wind
![Page 17: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ocean: surface currentsOcean: surface currents
![Page 18: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ocean Primary ProductivityOcean Primary Productivity
![Page 19: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Coastal UpwellingCoastal Upwelling
•Most upwelling occurs in responseto longshore winds.
•Upwelling: increased nutrients, increased primary production good fishing!
•El Nino brings warm water, shuts downupwelling, bad for fisheries
![Page 20: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Coastal UpwellingCoastal Upwelling
![Page 21: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Is Primary Production always good for upper trophic levels?
Is Primary Production always good for upper trophic levels?
Harmful algal blooms: toxicity or increase in BOD suffocation, starvation
Red tide
![Page 22: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LA Times:
Altered Oceans
Pulitzer Prize
![Page 23: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The open ocean is most like…The open ocean is most like…A) a tropical rain forestB) the boreal forestC) the desertD) chaparral
…with regard to productivity.
![Page 24: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Coral reefsCoral reefs
Coral reefs are extremely productive Visibility is great! But we know that nutrient-rich water is murky
How is this possible?Where are the nutrients?What terrestrial biome does this remind you of?
![Page 25: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Coral reefsCoral reefs
Efficient cycling of nutrients Complex relationships between
organisms• Corals: plants or animals?• zooxanthellae in coral• intricate food webs
![Page 26: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Freshwater EcosystemsFreshwater Ecosystems
Lakes, streams and rivers
![Page 27: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Light Penetration in LakesLight Penetration in Lakes
Secchi disk
Euphotic zone
Aphotic zone
Sediment
eu: well or good a:
without
![Page 28: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic LakesOligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Lakes
![Page 29: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of Lakes
Epilimnion
HypolimnionSediment
Summer
Thermocline
![Page 30: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of Lakes
Thermocline
Epilimnion
HypolimnionSediment
(wind)
Summer Fall
Well-mixed profileSediment
![Page 31: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Thermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of Lakes
Hypolimnion
Thermocline
Well-mixed profileSediment
Epilimnion
HypolimnionSediment
(wind)
SummerFall
WinterFrozen
Warmer
Well-mixed
Well-mixed profileSediment
Cooling
Cooling
![Page 32: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Thermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of Lakes
Hypolimnion
Thermocline
Well-mixed profileSediment
Well-mixed profileSediment
Epilimnion
HypolimnionSediment
(wind)
SummerFall
WinterSpring Frozen
(4°C)
Well-mixed profileSediment
Cooling
Cooling
Warming
Warming
![Page 33: Aquatic Ecosystems](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070405/56813d21550346895da6e296/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SummarySummary Aquatic Ecosystems
Limiting factors (light, nutrients, dissolved oxygen) and Temperature Rocky Intertidal
Zonation and adaptations Oceans
Productivity: euphotic zone/thermocline/nutrients/BOD/algal bloomsOpen ocean vs. coast
– Nutrients: upwelling and coastal inputs
Coral Reefs (zooanthellae, coral bleaching, ocean acidification, dynamite fishing) Lakes… seasonality of:
Light penetration (euphotic vs. aphotic zones)Temperature (epilimnion vs. hypolimnion)Oxygen (aerobic vs. anaerobic/anoxic)Nutrients (oligotrophic vs. eutrophic)