Aquasafe Lds Usermanual

7/27/2019 Aquasafe Lds Usermanual

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AQUASAFE

Leakage Detection System

USER MANUAL


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TABLEOFCONTENTS

1 ABOUTAQUASAFE.............................................................................................. 6

1.1 Overview............................................................................................................6

1.2 AQUASAFEArchitecture...................................................................................7

1.2.1 AQUASAFEServer......................................................................................7

1.2.2 AQUASAFELDS..........................................................................................8

1.3 Aboutthismanual..............................................................................................8

1.4 Projectreferences..............................................................................................8

1.5 Permissionsanduseraccounts..........................................................................9

2 LEAKAGEDETECTIONBASICS............................................................................ 10

2.1 Whatcausesleakage?......................................................................................11

2.2

Topdown

approaches

.....................................................................................

12

2.3 Bottomupapproaches....................................................................................12

2.4 LeakdetectionusingSCADAdata....................................................................12

2.4.1 Monitoringpressuretransients................................................................14

2.4.2 MonitoringfloworpressureandflowinaLDZ........................................14

2.4.3

Real

time

modelling

support

....................................................................

14

2.5 Limitationsoftheleakagedetectionprocedures............................................15

3 LEAKAGEDETECTIONAPPROACHESIMPLEMENTEDINAQUASAFE...................17

3.1 Patternsestimation.........................................................................................18

3.2 Massbalance...................................................................................................19


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3.3 Nightflowsanalysis.........................................................................................20

3.4

Modelresults

analysis

......................................................................................

21

3.5 Criticalsegmentanalysisandoperationmodelling.........................................22

3.6 OverallAQUASAFELDSanalysis.......................................................................23

3.7 LeakLocationaccuracy....................................................................................27

4 SYSTEMIMPLEMENTATION.GETTINGSTARTED................................................30

4.1 InstallingtheSetup..........................................................................................30

4.2 Technicalsupport.............................................................................................30

5 MAINWINDOW................................................................................................ 31

6 ADMINISTRATIONMENU.................................................................................. 32

6.1 UsersManagementControls...........................................................................33

6.1.1 UserAccounts...........................................................................................33

6.1.2 UserWorkspaces......................................................................................34

6.1.3 ManageWorkspaces................................................................................34

6.1.4 DistributionLists.......................................................................................34

6.1.5 GraphsManagement................................................................................36

6.2 Basecontrols....................................................................................................36

6.2.1

System......................................................................................................

36

6.2.2 MonitoringStations..................................................................................37

6.2.3 Parameters...............................................................................................39

6.3 SourcesControls..............................................................................................40

6.3.1 Alarms.......................................................................................................40


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6.4 ReportsControls..............................................................................................42

6.4.1

ReportTemplate

.......................................................................................

43

6.4.2 Reports.....................................................................................................44

6.4.3 ReportPublishers.....................................................................................47

6.4.4 ReportPublication....................................................................................50

7 OPERATIONMENU............................................................................................ 53

7.1 Creatinganewworkspace...............................................................................53

7.1.1 AddaLineChart.......................................................................................54

7.1.2 AddaMap................................................................................................56

7.1.3 AskforaLogViewer.................................................................................59

8 References........................................................................................................ 60


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AQUASAFELDSUserManual P a g e 6/61

1 ABOUT AQUASAFE

1.1 Overview

AQUASAFEisabusinessintelligencesoftwareplatformsupportedbymodellingtools

and advanceddataanalysissystems developedby HIDROMOD,Lda.AQUASAFEcan

integrate

real

time

data

captured

by

sensors

(local

and

remote)

and

run

periodic

numericalmodels(scheduledatuserdefined intervals)toproduceautomaticreports

forcustomdataanalysisandcomparisonsbetweenmodelresultsandmeasureddata.

Based on a ClientServer architecture and developed with a modular philosophy,

AQUASAFEishighlyversatile,andiscompatiblewithalmosteverykindofdatasource

and model type. This capability is a truly innovative approach, guaranteeing a safe

investmentsinceitseamlesslyaddsnewcapabilitiesasneeded.

TheAQUASAFEplatformboostsefficiencyinoperationsmanagement,providingreal

timeinformationandintegrationwithforecastanddiagnostictools.Accordingtothese

concepts, AQUASAFE works as an integrator for models and external data sources

(includingrealtimedataacquisitionsystems):

1. Modellingresults inrealtimeby integratingrealtimedataorotherexternaldatasources

with

models,

without

human

intervention.

2. Advance troubleshooting through personalized alarms, combining data fromseveralsources(realormodelled).

3. Automaticpersonalizedscenariosimulationstoassessmanagementoptionsinrealtime.

4. Automatic reports for modelling results and/or measurements, based onpredefinedusertemplates.


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5. Practical use of modelling results in operations control room, through the knowhow

of

current

users.

1.2 AQUASAFEArchitecture

The AQUASAFE platform has three main

components:

AQUASAFEserver AQUASAFELDS

1.2.1 AQUASAFEServer

TheAQUASAFEserverstoresandindexesinternallygeneratedsystemdata(models),

or through external links (Scada systems, FTP, Open DAP, etc.). Apart from this

distributor role, it also schedules tasks, such as

runningmodels,creatingreports,etc.

Communication with the server is done through 2

Webservicechannels: Adataexchangechannel; Anadministrationchannel.


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1.2.2 AQUASAFE LDS

TheAQUASAFELDS

connects

with

the

platforms

server

to

interpret

and

manage

data

andprocesses.

TheAQUASAFEclientcanconnectwiththeplatformsservertointerpretandmanage

dataandprocesses.Thisapplicationcreatesalocaldatacache,updatedautomatically

by a dedicated web service. In this way, the user has access to the latest data

(measured and modelled) available in the server. Even if the connection with the

server

is

disconnected,

the

user

has

information

to

work

with.

This

can

be

critical

in

crisissituations.

The features (GIS, graphics, reports, etc.) have been encapsulated in controls which

maybegroupedbytheadministratorinworkspaces.Eachworkspacemaybeassigned

toanindividualuserorgroupofusers.

1.3 About this manualThis manual explains how the AQUASAFE LDS interface It provides a stepbystep

guideforusingitsmanytools.ThemainfeaturesoftheAQUASAFELDSaredescribed

inSection2.ThesoftwareinstallationprocesscanbefoundinSection3.Mainwindow

isdescribed inSection4.Thetoolsoftheadministrationmenuandsystemoperation

aredescribedinSection5and6.

1.4 Project references

TheAQUASAFE Smartmanagementtoolwasdistinguishedby InternationalWater

Association (IWA) through the Implementation to wastewater system of Simtejo

Lisboa, Portugal. The software received the Honour Award of the IWA Project

InnovationAwards2012(bothintheGlobalandEurope&WestAsiaRegionalAwards

competitions)inthecategoryofOperationsandManagement.


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1.5 Permissions and user accounts

User

accounts

available

on

the

AQUASAFE

platform

can

be

associated

with

various

typesofpermissions;for instance,there isauserwithmaximumpermissions, i.e.the

administrator.For theremaining typesofusers thepermissionsassigned include the

following options: create workspaces, share workspaces, send notifications to the

administratorsandusedatabases.


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2 LEAKAGE DETECTION BASICS

Different definitions of leakage in distribution systems exist. The most frequently used one

defines the leakage as (amount of) water which escapes from the pipe network by means

other than through a controlled action. Water leakage in distribution systems is typically

classified into background and burst related leakage. Bursts (i.e. main breaks) represent

structural pipe failures and background leaks represent the water escaping through

inadequatejoints,cracks,etc.Leakscanalsoexistinservicereservoirsandtanks(Puustetal,

2010).

Backgroundleakageistheaggregationoflossesfromallthefittingsonthenetwork.Suchleaks

aretypicallytoosmalltodetectindividually.Burstleakageoccursfromholesorfracturesinthe

networkthatcanbelocatedusingarangeofspecialistequipment.

While major bursts and gushes on the surface may be reported to water companies by the

public,its

vital

to

keep

on

top

of

other,

less

obvious

leaks.

While

the

most

visible

leaks

may

be

losingwateratahighrate,theyareusuallyreportedandrectifiedquickly.Lesserleaksmaynot

resultinsuchspectacularlossesperhour,buttheycanrunundetectedforfarlongerandoften

leadtohigheroveralllosses.

Althoughthesizeofaholemayoftenbetinyinsomecasesnolargerthanapintheextent

ofwater losses through leakage can be considerable,particularly where theygoundetected

for long periodsof time. It is these types of losses, rather than the more easily identifiable,

largescalelosses,thatposethebiggestproblemforwateroperators.

At this point, it is important to emphasise that leakage can never be eliminated. The sheer

scale of water distribution networks and the inherent difficulties in accessing pipework,

coupledwithotherfactorssuchassupplypressures,ageofpipeworkandsoilcharacteristics,

means zero leakage can never be achieved. Rather than striving to achieve zero leakage,

therefore, the main concern of water operators should be to manage leakage as closely as

possible


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2.1 What causes leakage?

Despitearaft

of

recent

replacement

and

renewal

works

using

modern

plastic

piping,

much

of

the countrys water mains are still made from iron or lead, with some dating back to the

Victorian era. Coupled with this is the high number ofjoints, fittings, interconnections and

relativelyshortpiperunsthatcharacteriseeventhemostmodernwaterdistributionnetworks,

presentingmultipleopportunitiesforleakstooccur.Thesefactors,togetherwithhighersupply

pressures,meanthatsomedegreeof leakage is inevitable.Generally, leakscanbeattributed

tofourmaincauses,namely:

Highersupplypressuressupplypressuresthatexceedtheoriginalparametersofinstalledpipework(particularlyolderpipework)cancausepipesand/orjointstoruptureorburst

Corrosionrustingofpipes,fittingsandjointssteadilyreducestheir integrity,eventuallyresultinginfailure.Causesofcorrosioncanarisefrombothwithinthepipe,suchasacidic

watersfromuplandareas,andoutsideofthepipewheretheexternalpipewallisattacked

byelements in thesoil. Inbothcases,the resultingcorrosioncanweaken thepipewall,

reducingitsabilitytowithstandthesupplypressureandleadingtoeventualfailure.

Erosionthisproblemoftenoccurswherea leakhasalreadyformed.Jetsofwaterfromtheleakcollectsandorstonesfromtheinstallationenvironmentwhichthenhitthepipe,

graduallyweakeningitandincreasingthelikelihoodofasecondaryleak

Soilcharacteristicschangesinthesoilcharacteristicsatthepointofinstallationcanhaveamaterialimpactonthepipeline.Changesintemperatureandmoisturecancausethesoil

to expandandcontract,potentially causing thepipeline tobend. Movements in the soil

canalsocausemovementofthepipelineand itsassociatedfittings, increasingtheriskof

damageandfailure

Reducingtheamountofwaterlostthroughleakagedependsonboththedistributionpressure

andtheamountoftimetakentoaddressa leak.Where lossesstemfromrelativelysmallbut

steady leaks from ajoint or fitting, such leaks can be especially hard to detect, particularly

wheretheinstallationenvironmentpreventswaterfromrisingtothesurface.


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2.2 Top-down approaches

The

objective

of

topdown

leakage

assessment

approaches

is

to

estimate

the

leakage

in

a

particularsystembyevaluatingdifferentcomponentsof theoverallwaterbalance,primarily

the water consumed for different purposes. The two main approaches used are the IWA

approach (Lambert and Hirner 2000) and the approach used by the OFWAT in the UK.

Althoughquitesimilar,therearesomedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproachesduetoslightly

differentterminologyanddefinitionsused forsomewaterbalancecomponents (Puustetal,

2010).

Despitethesimplicityofatopdowntypeleakassessment,theleakageestimateobtainedvia

this method is referred to as a crude estimate. Gathering such information helps to decide

whatthenextstepinleakagestudiesshouldbeforaparticularnetworkbutitdoesnothelpto

boundpotentialleakareas.

2.3 Bottom-up approaches

Bottomuptype leakageassessmentcanbeconsideredthesecondpartoftheauditprocess.

Thisprocedureisimplementedwhenthecompanyhasconfirmedthedatausedinthetop

downportion.It includeseveryareaofthecompanysoperation:billingrecords,distribution

system,accountingprinciplesetc.Theauditsmainpurposeistofindouttheefficiencyofthe

water distribution system and the measures needed to achieve these. Bottomup audits

requirethemostaccurateanduptodatedatapossible.

2.4 Leak detection using SCADA dataThe supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is an ideal platform for

performingtheadvancedanalysisthatpromptlyidentifiesleakagepresence.

Leakdetectionsystemsbasedonthedatacollectedfromfieldinstrumentstypicallyapplyone

oftheseleakdetectiontechniques:


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Balancing of pipeline input versus output. This leak detection technique relies on thesimplefactthatfluidmassflowintothepipelineequalstheflowoutinaleakfreepipeline.

Adifferencebetweentheinputandtheoutputsuggeststhepresenceofaleak.

Hydraulicanalysis.Measuredvaluesofflowsandpressuresarecomparedwithsimulatedvalues of the same variables, calculated by verified hydraulic models. Significant

discrepanciesmightsignalthepresenceofleaks.

Monitoringofsignalsgeneratedbyaleak.Aburstwillcauseasuddenpressuredropwhichwill create a pressure wave travelling at sonic velocity both upstream and downstream

from

the

leak.

The

location

of

the

leak

can

be

calculated

using

the

time

difference

in

detectionbythenearestsensorsoneithersideoftheleaklocation.

Hydraulic parameters trending analysis. Flow (especially minimum night flow) and/orpressuretrendscanindicatealeak.Typicallyanincreaseintheflowandadecreaseinthe

pressure,comparedtoaverageconditions,suggestnewleakshaveappeared.

Methods supporting techniques 1, 2, and 3 above are used primarily to detect and locate

burstsinwatertransmissionschemeswheremeteringaccuracyisusuallyhigh,operationsare

quitesteady,andthepresenceofnonmeteredcustomersisnegligible.However,thenegative

pressurewavetechniquepresentssomeinconveniences:itonlydetectstheinitiationofaleak

andnotitspresenceafterithasestablished. Further,falsealarmscanbetriggeredbypressure

transientsgeneratedbynoiseproducinginstallationssuchaspumps.

Methodsassociatedwithtechnique4abovearetypicallyappliedtodeterminethepresenceof

leaks within distribution networks, preferably at a districtmeteredarea (DMA) level,

integratingdatafromtheDMAinletmeterwiththeSCADAsystem.

In a typical water supply system, real losses might exist in the distribution networks and in

transmissionschemes.Therefore,itmightbenecessarytodeploymorethanoneoftheabove

mentionedleakdetectiontechniquesinordertoachievecomprehensiveleakdetection.


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2.4.1 Monitoring pressure transients

One

of

the

commonly

used

the

techniques

for

pipe

burst

detection

is

based

on

monitoring

pressuretransientsinthedistributionsystem,whichoccurafterasuddenfailure(rupture)ofa

pipe.Bymeasuringpressureatdifferent locationsataveryhighsamplingrate(e.g.2000Hz)

the propagation of the pressure transient in the network can be measured, and the burst

locationcanbeapproximated.Thetechniqueisonlyapplicableforactualbursts.Pipefailure

which develops gradually will not induce a pressure transient and will therefore not be

detectedbythistechnique.

2.4.2 Monitoring flow or pressure and flow in a LDZ

Whenflowandpressuremeasurementsarepresenttheycanbeusedforonlinemonitoring.

StephenMounceresearcheddetectiontechniquesandtestedthosetechniquesinarealwater

supplysysteminNorthYorkshire,UK.Inapracticalapplicationinasixmonthtestperiodthe

system was able to detect 7 of 18 reported bursts (11 events missed), where the system

generatedatotalof46alerts(39werenotrelatedtoactualbursts).

2.4.3 Real time modelling support

Integrationofnearrealtimehydraulicdatawithhydrauliccomputersimulationmodelsallows

utilityengineerstooperateandcontroltheir largescale,urbanwaterdistributionsystems in

real time. In conventional practice, hydraulic models are calibrated off line (USEPA, 2005),

typically using a oneweek sample of flow rate and pressure measurements within the

network.

Thereafter, uncertain system parameters (e.g., water demands and pipe roughness) are

adjusted until an acceptable match is achieved between the model outputs and physical

observations.Themainlimitationofallofflinecalibrationproceduresisthattheyapproximate

theunknownparametersusingashorttermsampleofhydraulicdata.Thecalibrationresults

mayrepresentthesystemhydraulicsduringtheshortperiodofthesamplingprocedure,but

theycannot beexpected to accurately represent thesystemconditions for the full range of

operational conditions that can occur. In principle, much more realistic predictions can be


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achieved by updating the hydraulic state estimation using continuous online hydraulic

measurementsprovidedbyasensornetworkinstalledwithinthedistributionsystem.

Severalstudieshaveproposedmethodsforassimilatingonlinemeasurements intohydraulic

state estimation models. Davidson and Bouchart (2006) proposed proportional and target

demand methods. These are two techniques for adjusting estimated demands in hydraulic

modelsofwaterdistributionnetworkstoproducesolutionsthatareconsistentwithavailable

SCADAdata.Shangetal (2006)presentedapredictorcorrectormethod, implemented inan

extendedKalmanfiltertoestimatewaterdemandswithindistributionsystems inrealtime.A

time

series

autoregressive

moving

average

model

was

used

to

predict

water

demands

based

on the estimated demands at previous steps; the forecasts were corrected using measured

nodal water heads or pipe flow rates. Although these studies were not tested against real

world cases of complicated urban water systems monitored with online sensors, they

providedamodelingframeworkandthemathematicaltoolstoenablelargerapplicationstobe

usedformorecomplexsystems.

2.5 Limitations of the leakage detection proceduresTheefficiencyofleakagedetection/locationdependsonthequalityandquantityoffielddata

collected (pressure, flow rates, GIS information such as diameter, pipe roughness, etc) and

mostly on the head losses (and consequently on the flow velocity) throughout the pipe

networksystem.

The reliability on the leakage detection and location procedure depends highly on the flow

changesduringa day time.That means that for oversizedsystems, thedetectionof leakage

pointswouldbemoredifficultandthereliabilityofferedbythealgorithmwouldbelower.The

searchingmethodsuccessisdirectlyrelatedtothetotalheadlossthataleakageiscausing

alongawatermain.Therefore,aleakagewillonlybedetectedwithahighdegreeofreliability

ifthewaterthat isbeing lost issignificantand ifpressure loggers installed inthesystemare

capableofregisteringthechangesinpressure.

Theprobability to locateminor leakages tends tobevery lowwithautomaticmethods. In

thesecasesitishighlyrecommendabletocomplementtheautomaticleakagesearchmethod


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by means of acoustic methods, even though the success of these lattermethods is very

dependentonthepipematerial.

As the leakage search method is not based on a deterministic method but on a heuristic

method (evolutionary algorithm), it does not make any assumption about the objective

functionwhichonlyconsistsofminimizingthedifferenceoftheobservedandcalculatednodal

hydraulicheadsandpipeflows.

Under high flow velocity conditions (higher head losses), the water loss detection using the

model might be affected by errors introduced into the model parameters such as pipe

roughness for instance. That is why it is important tobuild a verygood calibrated hydraulic

model.

It isnoteasytoprovidefiguresonthepercentageofsuccessortheefficiencyofthe leakage

detection/locationmethod,noteventheauthorsofthealgorithmareofferingconcretefigures

aboutitsinceitisnotanexacttechnique.

Howevertheconsultantexperienceshowsthat ifdataqualityandquantityaregoodenough,

theerrors

obtained

in

comparison

with

acoustic

methods

are

much

lower

(measured

as

distance to the real leakage), provided the water leakage is originating a head loss several

timesgreaterthantheerrorofthepressuremeters.


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3 LEAKAGE DETECTION APPROACHES

IMPLEMENTED IN AQUASAFE

The methodology being used in AQUASAFE to support leakage detection includes 3 basic

procedures:massbalanceanalysis,flowandpressuredataanalysisandmodelsimulations.

Theleakagedetectionalarmswillbeactivatedwhensomeabnormalityisdetectedinthemass

balanceanalysis (includingnight flowsanalysis),and/or in thepatternanalysisand/or in the

model/datapressurepatternsanalysis.

Regardingthemassbalancesitiscommontoobservenotfullyclosedmassbalances.Thismay

mean that consumptions nonconsidered in the mass balance are taking place or that there

still remains some minor issues of signals calibration in the SCADA system. In any case it is

necessarytotakethisfactinconsiderationinthemassbalance.

Theproposed

solution

is

to

apply

adata

pattern

analysis

to

the

mass

balance

and

to

trigger

an

alarm when the mass balance residual deviates from the expected patterns. However, this

methodwillonlyindicateifthereisapossibleleakageinthespecifiedLDZ.Inthecaseswhere

thesignals(e.g.pressureandflow)arenotproperlyfilteredbytheSCADAsystemAQUASAFE

providesasetofautomaticprocedurestocleanthesedatasets:

Mappinggapperiods:theabsenceofvalueswithinaperiodlargerthanapredefinedtime

length(ex.30min)itisassumedtobeagap;

Filtervaluesbelowaminimumandamaximumvalues;

Filtervaluesthathaveatimevariationlargerthanathreshold.Themaingoalofthisisto

filterspikes;

Filter consecutive values that have exactly the same value. It is common to observe

periodswhereconsecutivevalueswithexactlythesamevaluearerecorded;

Filternoisyperiods.Inthiscaseatimewindowisspecified,forexampleaday.Inthiscase

for each day is compute the standard deviation and the average. If the ratio standard


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deviation:ifaverageisaboveaspecifythresholdtheperiodisconsiderednoisyandthe

valuesoftheentireperiodarefilterout.

3.1 Patterns estimation

For the patterns estimation the user only needs to specify the type of pattern to compute:

daily pattern or weekly patterns or weekend / week day pattern. The methodology used

computesforeachhourofthepatterncyclechosenthemedian(orpercentile50)oftheentire

signaldataafterbeingfilter.

ThecomputedpatternscanbeuploadedtoAQUASAFEtoconfigurealarmsthataretriggered

when a specific signal (flow, pressure or mass balance) is outside of specified limits in

persistentway.The limitsaredefinedbytheuser.Thefigurebelowshowsacasewherethe

flow(blueline)iscomparewiththefollowlimits:

Upperlimit(orangeline)= pattern+20% Pattern(blackdotline) Lowerlimit(redline)=pattern20%

This kind of approach implies that, at least, the noise introduced by the leak be more

relevant that the uncertainty associated to the sensor itself. It is necessary to take in

consideration that no matter the analysis is made its accuracy depends of the quantity and

qualityofthedataavailable.Forinstancewithshortlengthrecordsitisnotpossibletoidentify

seasonalpatterns

and

we

may

be

using

awrong

pattern

in

aspecific

month

case

we

dont


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haveenough informationtoknowthattheconsumptions inthatspecificmontharedifferent

fromthepreviousone.

3.2 Mass balance

AmassbalancetoolisrunningforeachLeakageDetectionZone(LDZ).ForeachLDZtheinflows

andtheoutflowstimeseriesaremapped.Themassbalanceiscomputedonlyfortheinstants

where are valid values available in all inflow and outflows time series. For instants that are

insideatimeseriesgapthemassbalance innotcomputeandthis is instant isconsideredto

belongto

the

mass

balance

time

series

gaps.

InthefigurebelowitispresentedthemassbalancecomputedalongoneweekforoneLDZ.In

the figure theblack line represents theLDZoutflow, thebluedots represent theLDZ inflow

andthereddotsthemassbalance.

The above described approaches, when used together, have the capability to map the

probability of a leak on an area controlled by a pressure meter but they are not able to

preciselypinpointtheleaklocation.

Thecombineduseofthemodelresultsmayhelptogetamorepreciselocationoftheleak.In

this procedure the calibrated model is keep running in short periods intervals (lets say 30

minutes)andthemodelresultsarecontinuouslybeingcomparedwiththemeasureddata.In

case ofa relevantmodificationof the usual level ofagreementbetween themodeland the


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datapressurevaluesanalarmistriggeredpointingwhichsensoriscloserofthelocationofthe

identifiedanomaly.Thisimpliesafullyandtrustycalibratedmodel.

Inthecaseoftheexistenceofsomeadvanced leakagedetectionalgorithm,suchas theone

included in the Bentley Darwin Calibrator, it may be possible (depending of the network

characteristics, theaccuracyof theavailabledataand the leakagedimension) togeta close

location. This tool consists of an automatic calibration and leak detection system for water

distribution networks. It allows the speeding up of the lengthy calibration process and

detection through automatic simulation of millions of solutions, as well as identifying those

that

adjust

to

their

field

data.

Leakdetectionfunctionalityallowstheminimisationoftheeffortassociatedwithfieldworkto

identifypointswithmoreprobability,allowingworkteamstoconcentrateonlimitedareason

thefield.

Oneofthestrongaspectsofthistechnologyistoallowtheuser,inaneasyandefficientway,

toidentifythenetworksectorswiththegreatestleakprobability.Theprocessisbasedonthe

dynamic module, real information (pressure and flow) in some points of the network and a

genetic optimisation algorithm which automatically develops the leak search process. This

technology is already quite consolidated, having been applied in several complex real cases

with success, confirming their robustness in face of several types of situations

(http://www.bentley.com/enUS/Promo/New+Oil/)

3.3 Night flows analysis

Flow

and

pressure

values

in

water

distribution

networks

tend

to

be

highly

variable.

This

variability is mainly due to water consumption variability in time. Additionally there is also

somehighfrequencyvariabilityassociatedwiththelevelofaccuracyofthesensoritself.Inthe

night period the signals time variability tends to be lower and becomes easier to detect

persistentanomalieslikeleaks.AQUASAFEforeverysignaltimeseriesisabletocomputethe

averagevalueforthenightperiod.

Forexample inthecaseofthemassbalanceofaLDZthefinalresulttendtohaveapattern

type

evolution

like

the

one

present

in

the

figure

below

(red

dots)

due

to

sensors

errors

or


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uncontrolled inflow/outflows. In this case the AQUASAFE user has two ways of configure a

mass balance alarm: one way (mentioned above) is to configure the alarm considering the

deviations in relation a defined pattern; an alternative way is to configure an alarm for the

averagevalueofthemassbalanceforthenightperiod.Thismassbalanceparametertendsto

haveaconstantvalue in timeandamoresimplealarmcanbeconfigured (see figurebelow

blackdots).Inthiscasethealarmthresholdcanbeconsideredconstant.

3.4 Model results analysis

AQUASAFEcancomplementthesensorsanalysiswithmodelresults(WaterGems)forcedwith

realtimedataruninoperationalway.Themainboundaryconditionofthewaterdistribution

modelistheLDZsoutflows.Inthecaseofaleakthemodelforcedwithrealtimedatagivean

approximateimageofthewaterdistributionnetworkwithno leaks.Awayofdetectingthe

areaoftheleakintheLDZiscomparingthemodelpressureresultswiththesensorspressure

data.ThisisquiteeffectiveinLDZswherethepressuregradientisstrong.

To help AQUASAFE operator to identify more easily the areas where model results diverge

more from the measure data the pressure differences are normalized. For each LDZ the

differencebetweenthemeasuredandmodelresultsiscomputedinallpressuresensors.This


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parameter isnormalizedusingtheminimumandmaximumdifferencesoccurring intheLDZ.

The final parameter is a percentage where 100% corresponds to higher pressure difference

occurringinaninstantand0%theminimum.

The figure below exemplifies the method for a virtual case where WaterGems was used to

simulate a leak in point Emit 03 and compare these results with a situation without a leak.

Bothmodelssolutionwherecomparedandtheparameterdescribedabovewascomputein7

points(FNB1toFNB7LDZoutflowpoints).Thefiguresshowsthebiggerpressuredifferences

are located inthemonitoringpointsdownstreamofthe leakasexpected fromthehydraulic

point

of

view.

3.5 Critical segment analysis and operation modelling

Besides

the

evaluation

of

the

occurrence

of

a

leak

in

the

network,

AQUASAFE

leakage

detection system may include complementary analysis tools that may help to maintain a

continuous awareness of the more critical areas. Some hydraulic models such as Bentley

WaterGemsincludeanalysistoolsthatallowtheidentificationofcrucialelementsinthewater

distributioninfrastructureandtheevaluationoftheassociatedfailurerisk.Theseanalysistools

include the consideration of the network pressure distribution (higher pressure areas have

moreprobabilityoffailure),theageandmaterialofthepipesandthehistoryofleaksineach

area.


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This information may also be used to adopt improved operational controls based on rules,

variable velocity (VSP) pumping and the dependent pressure consumption (PDD), that

minimiseenergyconsumptionandimprovesystemperformance.

3.6 Overall AQUASAFE LDS analysis

The main objective of LDS project is to set up a system capable to maintain a continuous

monitoringoverthenetwork inordertodetectinpropertimetheoccurrenceofaleakagein

thenetwork.TheLDSincludesthreemaincomponents:

Areal

time

data

acquisition

system

supported

by

the

SCADA;

AnetworkhydraulicmodelbasedonBentleyWaterGEMS;

AninformationtechnologyplatformbasedonAQUASAFE.

AllthedatacollectedbytheSCADAsensorsandmodelresultsconvergeinAQUASAFEplatform

which is maintaining a continuous data analysis in order to detect any anomaly that may

indicate the probability of a leakage occurrence. The accuracy in what respects the leakage

volumeandlocationdependoftheavailabilityandqualityofthedatabut,nomattertheinitial

level of success, it is proved that this type of systems are continuously improving as the

knowledgeaboutthenetworkitselfalsoimproves.

The general AQUASAFE Screen overview shows the status of all Leakage Detection

Zonesidentifyingifthereistheprobabilityofleak.BasicallyforeachLDZacolorbased

onthemassbalancealarmlevelindicatesthepresentstatus:

greynodataavailablefromSCADAatthetime

0/blue

no

leak

detected

1/orangeapossibleleakmaybeoccurring

2/redleakdetected


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AmapzoomintoLDZ4:

Incaseoftheidentificationofaleakduetoanabnormalmassbalanceitispossibleto

askforthemostprobable locationofthe leak. Inthefollowingexamplea leakalarm


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caused by opening a discharge valve was simulated. As the mass balance alarm was

triggered,

the

LDZ

polygon

became

red

and

the

alarm

value

(2)

was

registered

on

the

righttable.Incaseofnodataavailableonrealtime,theLDZpolygonbecomegrey,and

novalueisdisplayedontherighttable,asshowninthefollowingfigues.


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ForeachLDZadetailedworkspaceshowingthetransmissionmainsmapwithSCADA

signals

geo

located,

the

SCADA

filtered

signals

chart

and

the

mass

balance

alarms

table

andchartisalsoavailable.Incaseofamassbalancealarm,theLeakLocatortoolcan

beusedtolocatetheleak,asexemplifiedonthefollowingfigures.


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3.7 Leak Location accuracy

A

leak

test

performed

in

Muscat

network

by

means

of

opening

a

discharge

valve

identifiedonthenextmapwasperformedinordertoassessthepotentialaccuracyof

theleakagedetectionmethodsimplementedinAQUASAFE.

InthistesttheSCADAsignalsthatwerebeingcollectedonrealtimewerefilteredby

AQUASAFE.Assoonastheanomalyinthemassbalancewasdetectedamassbalance

alarm was triggered showing the water loss volume, as shown on the next chart

images

Immediatelytheleaklocatortoolwasactivatedandtheleaklocationwasidentifiedas

exemplifiedin

the

following

figure.

Discharge


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In thiscase the leakwas located withanaccuracyof2.2% in distanceand0.37 % in

volumeasdepictedinthefollowingtables:

Locationaccuracy:

ReallocationoftheDischargevalve LeakLocationPredictedDistance

Error(m)

%Error(DistanceError/Distance

betweenthe

measuring

points)

Longitude

Latitude

Longitude

Latitude

58.14430706 23.58335657 58.14346629 23.58239414 137 2.2%

(coordinatesonWGS84referencesystemEPSG4326)

WaterLossaccuracy:

LeakVolumePredicted(m3/h) 59.40

Date RealWaterLoss(m3/h) %Error

7311310:10AM 59.66 0.45%

7311310:20AM 59.50 0.17%

7311310:30AM 59.25 0.25%

7311310:40AM 59.17 0.37%

Finally the output of the AQUASAFE Leak Locator can be exported to a report as

presentedonthefollowingfigure.


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Date:

Leakdetecteddetails:LeakDetectionZone:LeakSize: m3/hPipeDiameter: mmLocation: LAT

(WGS84) LONG

PublicAuthorityforElectricity&Water MuscatWaterSupplySystem,Oman Aquasafe LeakDetectionSystemAutomaticReport.

LEAKDETECTIONREPORT

LEAKLOCATIONMAP


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4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION. GETTING STARTED

4.1 Installing the Setup

The installation of AQUASAFE Client has no specific requirements; just go to the

addresshttp://rusyalreservoir/AquaSafeInstaller/index.htmwheretheAquasafeClient

is

available.

Click

Install

and

then

Next

until

the

installation

process

is

complete.

4.2 Technical support

AQUASAFEsupportquestionsmaybesentviaemailto:[email protected]


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5 MAIN WINDOW

Main window of AQUASAFE Client is composed by icons menu in the upper right

corner and a bar where the workspaces are placed (central bar at top). The main

available icons on the AQUASAFE platform are described in Table 1. The Server

Configurationmenuisonlyavailabletouserswithadministratorprivileges.

Table1:MainmenusavailableontheAQUASAFEplatform

Design Type of Menu

Show/Hide Workspaces List(allows to make visible or hide the list of available workspaces)

Add Gadgets to Workspace (allows to add new functionalities to aworkspace such as map or graph views, activate alarms and reports,

etc.)

Server configuration (allows to manage user accounts, create distributionlists, create reports and alarms, add new data sources, etc. only available

for accounts with administrator privileges)

Manage Workspaces (allows to create new workspaces or modify theexisting ones)


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6 ADMINISTRATION MENU

TheServerConfigurationwindowenablestheusertomanage theAQUASAFEserver

features.Thesefeaturesaregroupedinfourcategories:i)Usersmanagement,ii)Base,

iii)Sourcesandiv)Reports.

Thiswindowisacessedtroughtheicon intheMainWindow.

TheUsersManager controls allow creating new accounts, attributing workspaces to

users,managingtheworkspacesandcreatingdistributionlists.

TheBasemanagementcontrols allowaccess to the systemconfiguration in terms of

themonitoringstations,parametersandmodelsmanagedbytheplatform.

TheSourcesmanagementcontrolsofprovidesaccesstothedatasourcesandtotheir

configurationincludingthesetupofalarmsandmanagethediskspace.

Finally the Reports management controls allow the configuration of automated

reports.


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6.1 Users Management Controls

6.1.1 User Accounts

To add a new user account or manage an existing account select the appropriate

option in the Administration Controls window ( ) and fulfil the information

requestedonthescreen.

At this dialog it may be set or modified the username, the password, the role

(administrator,

power

user,

user),

the

contacts

(email

and

phone

number),

the

language (PTorEN)and theTime Zone (UTC orMuscat). There isalso theoption to

blocktheuser.

ToaddanewuserclickontheAddbutton.Foreditordeleteanexistinguser,pointto

thatuserinthepanel.Onceitselecteditwillappeartwobuttons:oneforedit(pencil)

andanotherfordelete(cross).


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6.1.2 User Workspaces

Inorder

to

distribute

workspaces

by

the

different

users

select

the

User

Workspaces

option . In this dialog it can be viewed the workspaces used by each user and

remove or attribute existing workspaces to each user.Todo this select the required

workspaceandusethepenontherightsidetoeditthepermissions.

6.1.3 Manage Workspaces

ToeditordeleteworkspacesselecttheoptionWorkspacesManager .Byselecting

the required Workspace it will appear on the right side the option edit (pen) and

delete(trash).

6.1.4 Distribution Lists

Thiscontrol

allows

the

creation

of

distribution

lists

by

grouping

several

different

users

to which specific information (reports, alerts, etc.) should be sent automatically. To

create a distribution list selected the appropriate option ( ) in the Users Controls

anddothefollowingactions(seesequenceofactionsbellow):

provideanameandadescription,

selecttheuserstowhichyouwantdistributetheinformation,

provide

other

contacts

(beyond

users)

to

which

you

want

distribute

the

information


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6.1.5 Graphs Management

Managinggraphs

in

AQUASAFE

means

basically

to

make

available

aset

of

templates

that may later be used to produce reports. This option is usually very useful if it is

intendedtoproducesomegoodlookingreports.

Thewaytousethisoption isverysimple.StarttocreateaReportTemplatethat it is

intendedtobeusedandloadittotheAQUASAFEplatformusingthedialogthatwillbe

displayedwhenselectedthecontrolCharts intheUsersControlssection.

Loadachart

template

into

AQUASAFE

server

6.2 Base controls

6.2.1 System

TheSystemcontrol ( )is intendedtoabletogather inonesingleserverapplication

differentnetworksystems.Ifthereisjustonesystemtomanagethiscontrolisnottoo

much

relevant

but

if

there

is

more

than

one

independent

systems

to

manage

this

controlassumesagreatimportance.

Thesifferentsystemscanbelinkedinatreeformatinawaythatonesystemmayhave

othersystemsinside.


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Toaddanewsubsystemjustclickthepluissigninfrontofanexistingone.Theremain

featuresarecommontotheothercontrols:add(pen)ordelete(trash).

Introducinganew

system.

Provide

aname

and

adescription.

6.2.2 Monitoring Stations

TheMonitoringStationscontrol( )isintendedtoenableuserstoaddormanagethe

points where there is data available to manage within AQUASAFE. By selecting this

controlamapwillbedisplayedshowingthelocationofthepointswherethereisdata

available.Thisdialogalsoenablestheuserstoaddnewmonitoringstations, importa

list of monitoring stations from a csv file or export the existent list in the same csv

formatorkmlformat.


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MonitoringStationsdialog

Casetheuser intendstoaddoreditanewMonitoringStationhe/sheshouldusethe

appropriate option on the left top of the window to add or the pen icon that will

appearwhenpoitingtothestationnameandfulfiltherequiredinformation.

MonitoringStationsrequiredinformation.Thesamplingcodeisimportantonceitis

troughthiscodethatitismadethelinktotheSCADAsystem.


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6.2.3 Parameters

TheParameters

control

( )

has

asimilar

purpose

of

the

Monitoring

Stations

control

in this case for the Parameters recognized by the system. Similar Add, Import and

Exportactionsareavailable.

Parametersdialog

Foreachparameteritispossibletoenterasetofconversionrulesfordifferentunits.

This option is very useful when importingdata from different providers that may be

recorded also in different units. For example in the above shown dialog the velocity

maybeimportedinm/sorkm/honcearuleforconvertingm/sinkm/hwasprovided.

Whenadding

anew

parameter

the

displayed

dialog

presents

this

option

allowing

the

usertodefineanynumberofconversionrules.


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Addinganewparameter

6.3 Sources Controls

6.3.1 Alarms

CreatinganAlarmbasicallymeanstodefineasetofrulesthat, ifmet,will firesome

action(sendingawarningtotheoperatorscreenoranEmailforalistofusers,createa

report,etc.).TheAlarmsarealwayssetuponanexistingdataseries.

Top set up an Alarm, selected the appropriate Alarm option ( ) on the Sources

controlsarea.


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AlarmsDialog.Throughthisscreenitispossibletomodifytheexistingalarmsorcreate

newones

NewAlarmdefinition.Starttoprovideanameanddescription.

Providethe

limits

to

trigger

the

alarm.

Constant

values

or

variable

time

values

(time

series)maybeused.Anynumberofalarmlevelscanbedefinedbyrepeatingthe

processofdefininganewalarmlevel.


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ExampleofanAlarmdefinitionconsidering3differentlevels.

Oncedefinedthevaluestowhichthealarmwillbetriggereditwillbenecessaryto

providethenameofthetimeseriesuponwhichthealarmwillworkandtheminimum

timelengthduringwhichtheeventmustpersisttotriggerthealarm.Theobjectivehere

istoavoidfalsealarmsduetodataspikes

6.4 Reports Controls

The

reporting

configuration

and

publication

process

involves

four

phases:

1) CreateaTemplate;2) DefinetheReportcontent;3) Selectapublishermedia;4) PublishtheReport.The first step it will be to imported an existing template using the control Report

Template.A

Template

may

be

an

empty

Excel

sheet

for

instance

(it

will

act

as

amedia


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where to write). After loaded the template it will be necessary to create the report

itself

using

the

control

Reports.

For

example

if

the

required

report

is

an

Excel

file,

this

step involves the definition of therowand columnwhere the reportwillstart to be

written,thedatasourcesspecificationandthegraphslocation.Thisconfigurationstep

dependsonthetypeoftemplateimportedintothesystem.

Instep3itwillbedefinedthekindofmediatroughwhichtheReportwillbepublished.

ItmaybeviaEmail,ftp,etc..

Finally,

the

last

step,

it

will

be

effectively

publish

the

Report.

This

step

involves

the

definition of publishing schedule (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, etc..) and the

specificationoftheusersforwhichthereportshouldbesent.

Thenwepresentthemostimportantwindowsinminutesstepinvolvedthecreationof

yourreport,i.e.,sincethetemplatetopublication.

6.4.1 Report Template

ThiscontrolallowsimportingExcelandWordtemplates.ATemplatemaybeanempty

Excel sheet for instance and it will be used later to specify where to write the data,

wheretoputthegraphics,etc..

To import a report template choose this option on the Administration Controls

Window.SelectingAddTemplateoptionitwillbedisplayedaconfigurationmenuthat

introducesthe

sequence

that

is

summarized

below.


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Add,EditorDeleteatemplate

Browsethetemplatelocation

6.4.2 Reports

ThiscontrolisrequiredtoeffectivelycreatetheReport.Itrwillbeherewheretheuser

willdefinethedatasourcestousetoproduceit.Thesequencestartswiththechoice

of a report template (previously imported to the system in the previous step) and

followsthesequenceshowedinthefiguresbellow:


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AddanewReport

GiveitaNameandaDescription


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Chooseatemplatetype

Chooseanexistingtemplate


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ChooseTime

Series

based

on

which

the

report

will

be

produced

DefinetheSheetandCellwherethereportwillstarttobewritten.Usetheformat

providedintheexample.

6.4.3 Report Publishers

OncecreatedtheReportthenextstepwillbetodefinethedetailsofthemediafrom

where

it

may

be

distributed

(if

not

yet

defined).

Presently

the

options

are

Email,

ftp

or


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ina localfolder(usuallyforthecaseswherethere isnoftpormailserviceavailable).

To

choose

the

publisher

media

select

the

option

Report

Publishers

on

the

AdministrationControlswindow.

Create(upperoptions),Edit(pen)ordelete(trash)themediatopublishthereports

(Folder,EmailorFtp)

FolderOption.Inthiscasealocalfolderisselecttostorethereports.Itisnecessaryto

defineafolderlocationandprovideanameandadescriptionforidentification

purposes.


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EmailOption.Inthiscaseitisnecessarytospecifythedetailsofthemailservicetouse:

SMTPhost,port,usernameandpasswordofauserwithpermissionstousetheservice.

Aftercreationyoumaytesttheservicebysendingatestmessagetoatestrecipient.

FTPOption.InthiscaseitisnecessarytospecifythedetailsoftheFTPservicetouse:

FTPhost,

folder,

username

and

password

of

auser

with

permissions

to

use

the

service.


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6.4.4 Report Publication

Thefinal

stage

of

creating

aReport

is

to

give

the

order

to

distribute

it

to

the

selected

users (Email)orput itavailableon theFTPorselected forder.Todo thischoose the

publishermediaselecttheoptionReportPublicationsontheAdministrationControls

window.StarttoAddthemediaservicetouse(oneoftheavailable inthepublishers

previouslycreted),thendefineascheduletosendthereportthereporttopublish(one

of those previously created in the Reports creation option) and finally select the

distributionlist(onlyapplicableinthecaseofEmail).

Theschedulingmaybedonebytime(publishthereportatprescribedtime intervals)

orbyevent(publishthereporteverytimeadefinedeventoccurs).Inthecaseofatime

basepublicationthereisthepossibilitytochooseacontinuousregularpublication(for

exampleeverydayoreveryweekatadefinedtime)orafixedtimepublication.

Selectthepublicationmedia(inthisexampleEmail).


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The definition of the time intervalbetweenaregular publication isdefined trougha

Cron

Expression.

This

expression

has

a

non

friendly

format

and

in

case

of

doubt

how

to

use it there is the option to use the site http://cronmaker.com/ to create it. An

exampleofacronexpression isforinstance00121/2*?*.Thismeanstopublisha

report every two days (1/2) at 12:00. If you would like for instance to publish the

reporteverySaturdayat11:00itwouldlooklikeas0011?*SAT*.

Youmayalsoprescribethetime lagto include inthereportboth inwhatregardsthe

hindcastperiodandtheforecastperiod.

Schedulethepublication


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Selectthe

report

to

publish

Selectadistributionlist.Casethereisnotoneavailable(asitisthecase)itwillbe

necessarytogobacktotheUserscontrolsandcreateadistributionlistusingthe

DistributionListscontrol.


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7 OPERATION MENU

TheOperationMenuitisinpracticethedaytodayinterfacewiththeplatformandit

wasthoughtobeasmuchsimpleaspossible inordertoprovideasmoothandeasy

operation.

Thesystem isbasedontheconceptofworkspacesthatcanbebuiltbytheuser itself

andthensharedamongseveralusers.Bythiswayeachusermayhavehis/herpersonal

interfacegatheringtheinformationinwhichhe/sheisinterested.

The Operation Menu is acessed trough the icon in the Main Window and it

includesseveralcontrolsthataregroupedintwomaingroups:DataandAlarms.Asthe

namesugeststhefirstgroup isfocused inDataviewingandthesecond intheAlarms

viewing.

Thedifferenttasks(DataorAlarmviewing)maythenbegrouped inworkspacesthat

maybevisibleorhiddeninthemainwindowtopribbon.

Tovieworhidetheexistingworkspacesusetheicon intheMainWindow.

7.1 Creating a new workspace

InordertocreateanewworkspaceusetheAddGadgets optionandselectoneof

theavailableoptions (Charts,Maps,Reports, Images,Alarms).Nomatter thekindof

featureisintendedtobeaddedtothatworkspacetheprocessisalwayssimilar.Inthe

followingchaptersitwillbeshownhowtoaddfeaturestoaworkspaceandthansave

itforlateruseortosharewithotherusers.


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Availableoperationcontrols(DataandAlarms)toaddfeaturestoaworkspace.

7.1.1 Add a Line Chart

WhenaLineChartisaskeditappearsonthescreenanemptychartwithatoolboxin

thetop

.

Linechartfeature


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Thenextactionwillbetodefinethedatatodisplayinthischart.Todothisusetheedit

(pencil)

option

and

the

following

dialog

will

appear:

Selecta time series todrawand the time span (hindcastandforecast) to represent.

When clicking select time series in thefirstdialogwindow itwillopena secondone

listingallthedataseriesavailabletodraw.Anynumberoftimeseriesmaybeselected

andrepresentedtogether.

Onceselected, thecolorof thedifferent timeseries to representmaybechangedby

clickinguponthecoloronthescreen


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Thegraph coloror characteristicsmaybe changed atany time using the edit (pen)

option

TheremainingGraphfeaturesavailablearethoseaccessiblethroughthetoptoolsbar

EditZoom/fitto

thewindow

Showvalues

asaTable

Browsefora

charttemplate

Case you select the Show Values as a Table option a new top options bar will be

available and clicking on the second icon the values may be direcly

exportedinXLSformat.

7.1.2 Add a Map

This control enables the user to add maps to its workspaces. Maps are added by

selectingtheoptionData/Maps intheUserControlspanel(selectAddGadgets

optioninthemainwindow).


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Inanewwindow (similar to theonebellow)amenu isavailable.Thismenuenables

theadditionofanewmapforrepresentation.Toconfigurethenewmap,theoption

ConfigureMapmustbechosen.

ByclickingtheConfigureMapbutton,anewmenu,similartotheonebellow,appears.

Theavailablefieldinthismenuare:

Hindcast: enables the user to go back in time until the date/time when hewants

to

see

the

data;


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Forecast:enablestheusertogo forward intimeuntilthedate/timewhenhewants

to

see

the

data;

RealTime:TimewindowwillbeconstantlymovingusingHincastandForecastdatestodefineatimewindowrelativetothepresenttime;

SelectLayers: enables the user to access the layers that can be visualized asmaps;

Select monitoring stations: Enables the user to access the location ofmonitoringstationsandrepresentthemoveramap;

SelectAlarms:EnablestheusertoaccesstheavailableAlarms;

Pan,ZoomandZoomFitoptions,intheMapsgadget,enablethemanipulationbythe

userofthemaps.Iftheuserwantstosaveaspecificviewsetting,hemustselectSave

andchooseaname(ViewName),selectSharedViewifhewantstoshareitwithother

usersandleaveashortdescriptioninViewDescription.

IfmorethanoneMapsgadget isneeded intheWorkspace,thepreviousllydescribed

stepsmustberepeated.DifferentMapswindowsmayhavedifferentconfigurations.


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7.1.3 Ask for a Log Viewer

Inorder

to

view

the

logs

of

all

the

executions

(model

runs,

data

downloading,

etc.),

go

to theAddGadgets menu and select the Execution logs option. A window will

appearwithalltheavailabledatasources.SelectthedesireddatasourceandclickOK.

You can also assign a name and activate the Showonly failedexecutions option,

showingonlythoseexecutionsthatfailed.ClickOK,andanewwindowwillappearon

therighthandpanelshowing3typesoferrors(Preparation,ExecutionandStorage),

while the lefthand panel will show the respective data sources.Preparation errors

include all types of downloading of files needed for the models to run within the

system. Execution errors refer to numerical errors associated with the models

themselves,whileStorageerrorsrefertostorageoftheresultsinthedatabase.

Ifyouwishtoexporttheerrorslist,clicktheiconthatappearsontheupperlefthand

cornerandthenassignanameandclickSave.Theerrors listcanonlybeexported in

Excel(.xls)format.


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8 REFERENCES

AlmandozJ.;Cabrera,E.;Arregui,F.;CabreraJr.,E.&CobachoR.,2005,LeakageAssessment

Through Water Distribution Network Simulation, ASCE J. of Water Resour. Plan. Manage.

131(6).

AWWA,2003,BasicScienceConceptsandAplications,PrinciplesandPracticesofWaterSupply

Operations,3rd

ed,

Denver,

CO

AWWA,2003,ApplyingWorldwideBMPsinWaterLossControl,J.ofAWWA,Jun.,6579.

Davidson,J.W.&Bouchart,F.J.C.,2006.AdjustingNodalDemandsinSCADAConstrainedReal

TimeWaterDistributionNetworkModels.Jour.HydraulicEngrg.,132:1:102.

Lambert,A.andHirner,W.,2000.Lossesfromwatersupplysystems:Standardterminologyand

recommendedperformancemeasures.Availablefrom:www.iwahq.org

Lambert A, 2002. International report on water loss management and techniques. Water

ScienceandTechnology:WaterSupply,Vol2No4pp120.

Lambert,A.&McKenzie,R.D.,2002,PracticalExperience inUsingtheInfrastructureLeakage

Index,Proc.ofIWAConferenceinLeakageManagement,Lemesos,Cyprus,Nov.,2002.

Lambert A, 2003.Assessing non revenue water and its components: apractical approach.

Water21magazine

(www.iwapublishing.com/

Lambert, A. & Fantozzi, M., 2005, Recent advances in calculating economic intervention

frequencyfor active leakage control, and implicationsfor calculation of economic leakage

levels,WaterSupply,Vol5No6pp263271,IWAPublishing.

MounceS.R.,MounceR.B.&BoxallJ.B.,2006,Noveltydetectionfortimeseriesdataanalysis

inwaterdistributionsystemsusingsupportvectormachines, JournalofHydroinformaticsVol

13No4pp672686,IWAPublishing2011doi:10.2166/hydro.2010.144


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International Water Association (IWA), 2000, Losses from Water Supply System: Standard

Terminology and Recommended Performance Measure. IWA Task Force on Water Loss,

London.

Puust, R. , Kapelan, Z. , Savic, D. A. and Koppel, T., 2010,A review ofmethodsfor leakage

managementinpipenetworks,UrbanWaterJournal,7:1,2545.

Shang,F.;Uber,J.;vanBloemenWaanders,B.;Boccelli,D.;&Janke,R.,2006,RealTimeWater

DemandEstimation inWaterDistributionSystem.Proc.WDSA06(WaterDistributionSystems

AnalysisSymposium),Cincinnati.

Thornton,J.,2002,Waterlosscontrolmanual.NewYork,McGrawHill.

USEPA,2005,WaterDistributionSystemAnalysis:FieldStudies,ModelingandManagement.A

ReferenceGuideforUtilities.WaterSupplyandWaterResourcesDiv.,Cincinnati.

Walski,T.M.,Bezts,W.,Posluszny,E.T.,Weir,M.andWhitman,B.E.,2006,ModelingLeakage

ReductionthroughPressureControl,JAWWA,98:4,p.147155.

Wu, Z. & Sage, P., 2006,Water Loss Detection via GeneticAlgorithm Optimizationbased

ModelCalibration, ASCE 8th Annual International Symposium on Water Distribution System

Ananlysis,Cincinnati,Ohio,August2730.

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