aquarium design

7/30/2019 aquarium design

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Fi g . 12 ( a) 90 s t a l l s . ( b) Dri ve-i n work s t a l l s .

Commer ci alAUTOMOBILE DEALER CENTERS

Fl g . 1130' BULDNG

Fig . I f l f ) r i " rer- t hrough pr3ve. xnCenter-ai sle T pattern


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Commer ci alAUTOMOBILE DEALER CENTERS

Fig . 15 Rampdesi gn (Chevro et Motor D v i s i on, Bui l di ng Departmnt, Detr oit , Mch. )

Fig . 14 Two-bay safety i nspecti on s t at i on .i g 13 Si ng e-baysafety i nspecti on stati on


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Commerci alAUTOMOBILE DEALER CENTERS

Fig . 15 (coot . ) Rampdesi gn. (Chevro et Motor D v i s i on, Bui l di ng Depart mnt, Detroit , Mch )

PER GENT GRADEl oo/ . 11% 12 e / . 113%14041 15% 16 * / * 17% 18 e / e 19*/ * POs/07

RISE I N I NCHES PER FOOT OF RUN1 .20 1 .32 1 .44 1 .56 1 . 68 1 . 80 1 .92 2.04 2 16 2.26 2.40ANGLE OF INCLINATION- A

FLOORHEIGHT- f1 5 1 1 43' 6 1 1 17' 6051' T1124' T 1 56' 81 1 32' 9 1 5'J99[1011121101145-F

8' -0" 80-0r 72- 9" 166' - 8r181- 70 15T- 2 53-4w ~ '50-0 47 -0r 44-50 41' -1 0 40-089-010=0"

900100=o"

81-10 750 69-3 64-491=0" 83' -4" T6=11 71=5"

600 58- 3_52-II 50-0"66' - " " 62=e58=1055' - 7",

4T-452' 7"

45050=0"

I I -0 110-0" 100 0 91 8 64-T_ l 76-T 73_ ' - _4 689 64 -60 6V-10 i 57-10 55012' - 0" 120' -0*109' -I " 100 - ( Y " ! 92=4" 815-9" 80_=W 7_5 ' -0"'

}70_' -__66' - "" 6_3=2" 60=0"

13' - 0" 13 0' - 0" i 18' - 2 _ " ' I 08' -4" 100' -0" 92' -10" 96!-S"' $V-3"_76' -6 72' -2" 68-5" 65' - 0"1 4' - 0 " 140' -0' ' 127=3" 116' - 8"I 107=2 100' - 0"! 93' -4" ' 87=6" 82=5" TT=9" 73="" T0=0"W0 1150' -0 1 36-5r - 1 125-0" I 115 ' -5w ' 10T-2 100'-0r 93-9" 88' -3 r 83-4r7"11r T5-O"16-0" 160=0w 145=8"' 133-401 123' - 0" 114' - 4" 106=8" 100=0" 94=2" 66-10" 64=2" 80-0"IT0r - I,------I TO-0w1544r 1~41- 8 130-9i s121-5 1'1113-4106-3r 1000rl4-5r __89-5 W08 1I " - o I "o-0" 1s3-9 150' -O l 138-519' -0"190-0"' 172=10" 158=4" 146=2"t135=9",12l -7 120-0" 112-s

_ I O5_- I I126=8" 118=9" I I I =10 " ,

l o o -105=7"

9a-s100=0" so95' -0+20=0" 200=0" 1 " 2'- 0' 166=8"1163-10" 142=10"I 133' -4m125' -O" 117=" " I I I , - I " 105=3" 10HEADRoor-N LENGTH OF RAMPWLL - W.-8 ' - 0 "

9' -0_"10' - 0"11 1-080"

95' - 11" 87-1_"_TT9' _I 0"1 T3=8" 68=4"106' -( )"I 96=3"' 88=3~1=5" T5=6"116' - I " ' 105-5w 96W8_9=2" 82=9"126-3" 114=7" 105-1" 96- I I r " 9 -~11r

64=2"~_ 6_0=2" 56=6" 53=8" 50=10"70-11" 68_=6" 62=8" 59=4" 56=2"T7-= -8" 72-10"68=5" _85=0" 61="84-5 79 - I t " T4- 5r 70- " ' " " - 10 r_

4"=""53W_5"=9"63LI o

12:0" 136=4" 123=9" 113' - 6" 104=8_9T=2" 91=2" 85=8" 80=4" 76=4" 72=2" ""=1 I "

13' -0" 146W133' - 0" '! 1 2 1 ' 10" ' 1 I 2-5e7104' -4e_

98-0" 91' - 10" . 88=4 "2=0" " T7=" " T4-0"HEADROOM-N LENGTH OF RAMPWLL - W1 .8 ' - 0 " 815' -I " 77 -3"_ 70=9" i 65' 9" T 61=0" 56=11" 53=4" 50=1"- ~ - 47=_ 7" 45=0" 43=0"I9' -0" 95' -2" 86=5" 79-2" T3-T" 684- 3 0 63=8' 59=8" 56-1" 53=3" 50W. 46-110-0I f ' - o"12' - 0"13' - 0"

105-3 95-7 87-7 81-5 75-6115-4 1049"96'-0" 89-3 82-9"125-5" 113' - I I " r 104=5 + 97=1"135-7 123="' 112=10" 104' - 11"' 97=3"

705 66-0 62' - 0 0 ' 58' - 11" 55-8 53-277-2 72-4 68-0 64-6 61-0 58-3

90-0 83=11" 78=8" 73=11"~69=2" 66=5" ~63=5"90=8" - 85-0" 79-I I " - 75-10" 71=9" , 68=6"


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merci alDEALER AND SERV CE FACI LI TI ES

AREASNewTruck Dspl ayTruck sales p r o f i t f romgood i nteri or di spl ay,par t i cul ar ly l i ght -t onnage trucks sol d t o fam-l i es as second cars or recreat i on vehi cl es .However, because of the wde var i at i on i ns i z e between truck model s, and because thesa les of l a rger uni t s are f requent l y made awayf romthe deal ershi p, i ndoor truck showoomdi sp l ays ar e usua l l y l i m t ed i n s i z eI f you p l a n an i nteri or di s pl ay ar ea, makesure t hat i t i s l argeenough f or at l east onepi ck-up, wth adequate room t o wal k completel yaround i t ( 1, 000 sq f t ) The di s p l a y shou doccupy at l east 3 percent of t he deal er shi p ' stotal areaThedi s p l a y should face t he maj ori t y of t r a f f i ct hat moves past the deal ershi p, and be pl acedso t hat a dri ver does not have t o t ur n hi s headt o see i t .For a dri ver t o see a di s p l a y easi l y, i t shou dbew t hi n 30 t o t he l e f t or ri ght of hi s st raight-ahead forward vi si on, and close enough t ocatch hi s eyeD spl ay area wndows shoul d be l arge, butdo not have t o be sl ant ed . Having st rongenough l i ghts i ns i de thedi s p l a y area w l l usual -i y mni mze anynat ural gl are or refl ect i ons ontheoutsi de of thegl ass.Many truck deal ershi ps rel y enti rel y onext eri or di s p l a y .Thi s my be under a canopy or not . Theadvantage of the canopy i s t hat t he v ehi c l estays cl eaner l onger, doesn' t spot as easi l yf romrai n or snow and i s shel t ered f romthesun and weatherThe di sadvantage of thecanopy i s cost andt he fact t hat vehi cl e movement can be hampered i f the pl aci ng of t he canopy support si s not careful l y plannedPrivate O fi cesThe deal er ' s or general mnager' s off i ce shou dbe the l argest i n the deal ershi p .The off i ce shou d be abl e t o accommodatet our or f i v e v i s i t or s I t shoul d have cl oset andstoragefac i l i t ies , and i f desi red, i t s ownmn' sroomConsi der the p o s s i b i l i t y of al l ow ng thi sof f i ce t o doub e as ameti ngroomf or t he sa lesstaff (Tabl e 1) .I f the deal ershi p al s o has a sa les mnager,he shou d have an off i ceOf f i ces f or i ndivi dual sal esmn can doub easc los i ng room .Meeti ngRoomAmeti ng room i s not a l uxury i n a truckdeal ershi p .Wen f aci l i t i e s have l unchroom, these aref requent l y used as meti ng roomI f i t ' s not possi b le t o have a separat e roomf or meeti ngs, consider i n st a l l i ng a fo l di ng wal lbetween two smal l p r i v a t e of f i ces so t hat they

Prof i tabl e GMCDeal ershi p Expansi on, Gen-eral Motors Corp. , 1967

can be opened up i nto a meti ngroom Or corr,si der usi ng t he deal er ' s off i ce f or a meti ngroomWerever the meti ng room i s , i t shouldbe possi b le t o darken i t so t hat pi ctures can beproj ectedEqui pmnt f or 16mnmotion pi ctures and35mmsound s l i def i l m project i on shoul d eit herbe permnentl yset up or be stored i n a conven-i ent cupboard Ab ackboard and/or chart standw l l al s o be useful

General OficeI f the cashi er works i n the general off i ce, thenthe off i ce should be adj acent t o the partscounter and the serv i ce recept i on area, so t hatthe cashi er' s wndowcan serve both .The general off i ce shou d be furni shed w t hadequate desks, chai rs, f i l e s , busi ness ma-chi nes, and other equi pmnt .I t should be comort abl e, reasonabl y qui etand wel l l i ghted .Storage shou d be provi ded i n the roomf orcurrent operat i ng records and dai l y suppl i es .Odrecords and i nf requentl y used suppl i es canbe stored somewhere el seVau t and StorageAvaul t shou d be provi ded f or cash and val -uabl e busi ness records. I f no vaul t i s provi ded,essent i al records shou d be kept i n speci alf i re-resist ant f i l es or f i reboxes .Stat i onery, sa les promoti on materi al , modell i terature, andseasonal deal ershi p decorat i onsshou d be gi ven a storage area . Obso ete rec-ords canal s o bestored here . Thi s space canbei n a basemnt, mezzani ne, or on t he same f l oorbut i n an out - of- t he-way l ocat i on .

Rest RoomRest room f or men and women empl oyeesand f or customrs shoul d be provi ded. Wi l el ocal codes w l l di ctate much of t he designand equi pmnt f or these rest room, t r y t osel ect durabl eandeconomcal as wel l as attrac-t i v e f i xtures .Floor PlanThe most f uncti onal type of l ayout f or a truckservi ce depart mnt i s one wth dri ve- t hroughs t a l l s ( F i gs . 1 and 2) .

Trucks of varyi ng l engths can be eas i l yhandl ed, i ncl uding those w th extremel y l ongwheel bases . Each vehi cl e can be moved i n orout wt hout di s turbi ng the others Andsi nceno ai s l es are requi red, more f l oor spacei s useful spaceThe two t hi ngs t hat can prevent t he use ofthi s kindof s t a l l are cl i mate anda narrowprop-erty w t h l i m t e d turn-around space outsi deWere t he cl i mate i s extremel y col d, dri ve-through s t a l l s can be too drafty and tooexpen-si ve t o heat .Were t here i s not enough roomoutsi de f orvehi cl es t o move f r eel y at both sides of thebui l ding, such as at some i n- t own l ocat i ons,dri ve- t hrough s t a l l s are i m ra ct i cal .However, a p r act i cal l ayout i n t hi s s i t uat i onwould be s t a l l s where you dr i ve i n and backout through i ndivi dual doors .Topreserve heat i n very col d areas, i t mybenecessaryf or thedepart mnt t o usea commonentrance door, w th the trucks t urni ng i ntoi ndivi dual s t a l l s after ent er i ng t he bui l di ng .I f these s t a l l s areangled, more f l oor space w l lbe requi red for each s t a l l , al though l ess w l lhe requi red for the a i s l e

TABLE 1 Sales Area andBu l di ngArea Space al l owance

I nteri or disp layShowoom . . . 1,000 sq h, pl us 600 sq f t f or each

vehi cle over oneEnt rance door . . . . . . . . 10 by 12 i t (pi ckups)

12 by 14 f t ( l arger trucks)Off i ces (mni mum :

Deal er or gener al mnager . . . . 180 so f tSal es mnager . . . . . . . . . . . 120 sq f tSalesmn . . . . . . . . . . , . . 90 sq f t per mnC os i n g off i ce . . . . . . . . , . . 64 sq f tUsed t ruck o f f i c e . . . . . . . . 120 sq f tGeneral off i ce . . . . . . . 100 sq f t per personCei l i ng hei ght . . . . . . Of i ces-9 f t 6 i n .

Meeti ng room . . A lowat l east 12sq f t f or each persont o att end meet i ng, plus room f orspeaker and f or proj ecti on equi p-mnt

Other areas :Rest room . . . . . . . . . . . 30 sq f t mni mumHal l or a i s l e . 5 f t wdeJ ani t o r cl oset . . . . . . . . 32 sq f t mni mumw t h deep s i nkCust omer' s wai ti ng room . . . . Vari abl e


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Commer ci alTRUCK DEALER AND SERV CE FACI LI TI ES

ager' s off i ce i mroves work qua l i ty andreduces i dl eness .Beingabl e t o seediagnosi s and serv i ce s t a l l susua l l y i mroves profi t and promotes bet t ercare of the speci al equi pmnt usedI n l arge operat i ons, a rai sed of f i ce t hatal l ows the serv i ce mnager t o l ook acrossthe enti re depart mnt i s eff ecti ve.General Servi ce AreaThe number and type of s t a l l s ar e determnedby the servi ces (Tabl es 2 t o 4)Qui ck Servi ce AreaQui ck service i s normal l y l i m t ed t o j obs t hatcan be done i o one hour or l es s .An area set aside f or qui ck serv i ce usual l yproduces more profi t per square f oot becausei t creat es a hi gh parts voum wth rel ati vel yshort l abor t i mes.Specif i c qui ck s er v i ce j obs f a l l i nto thoseareasEngi ne tune-up Weel beari ngsCoo i ngsystem ShockabsorbersExhaust system Uni versal j oi ntsAdj ustmnts : El ectri calC utches Ti resBrakes Lubri cat i on

Transmssi ons BodyFront end Tri mBrake l i ni ngsWeel bal anceQui ck serv i ce can be done i n a l i m t ed wayi n any servi ce operati on, j ust by sett i ng as idea s t a l l f or t hat purpose However, the mostprof i tabl e quick serv i ce resul t s f rom usi ngspeci al mthods, tool s, and equi pmnt ; al s oi n reducing the ti me requi red t o get parts

Uni t Repai rAseparate unit repai r roomcan speed t herebui l di ng of engines and ot her assemb i esThi s roomi s usua l l y most eff ecti ve when sep-arated f rom t he general repair area . I t al s ohas al l the necessary tool s andequi pmnt f or

Fi g . 1 Layout f or sma l l deal er .One-way t r a f f i c througha service depart mntdoor i s more eff i cient t han two-way t r a f f i c .I f acommnentrance must be used, t ry t o p ro-v i de a common exi t at another poi nt .

FLOWFACTORSFour groups of t hi ngs move or "f l ow" throughthedepart mnt whi l e i t i s worki ngHow l ogi cal l y and eas i l y each of thesegroups f l ow determnes much of t he depart -ment' s a b i l i t y t o make moneyThe f our flow factors are

1 . Flowof t r a f f i c2 Flowof peopl e3 Flowof parts4 Flowof repai r ordersFlowof Traff i cStart by pl anni ng where the customr t r a f f i cw l l wai t before i t get s t o the serv i ce sal es-mnor wri t e- up mnThere, must be adequate standing roomout -si de wherewai ti ng vehi cl es w l l not get i n theway of other deal ershi p customrs or s t r eett r a f f i c .Fromthe serv i cesalesmn, t r a f f i c must floweit her t o another wai ti ng area, or t o a s t a l lwhere work i s to be done.I f the vehi c le w l l have t o got o more than ones t a l l (such as f romdi agnosi s t o a work s t a l l )i t shoul d never have t o backtrackWen thework i s done, t he vehi c l e shoul dmove out t o be road-checked by dynamomterand parkedBefor e you approve of any serv i ce depart -mnt l ayout , ment al l y move a day' s t r a f f i cthrough i t t o seewhere thebottl enecks appear .Flow of Peopl eThe customr shou d be abl e t o get out of hi svehi cl e, t a l k wth t he serv i ce salesmn, go t othe dri ver l ounge or out of t he deal ershi p, got o the cashi er and p ick up hi s vehi cl e wthoutgett i ng i n the way of s al es , servi ce, or partsempl oyes .

The mchani c shoul d be abl e t o get the tool sand parts he needs wthout goi ng throughcustomr areas or gett i ng i n theway of ot herworkersFlow of PartsParts shi ppi ng and recei vi ng shou d not havet o bemade across t he fl owof i ncomng servi cet r a f f i c . Parts customrs shoul d not have t o wai tf or s er v i c e customrs .Parts access f or t he ser vi ce departmntshou d be conveni ent , both f or the mchani cand f or the parts depart mnt . To get parts,the mchani c shoul d not have t o travel f ar ortravel through customr wait i ng areas . Depart-ment al l y, qui ck serv i ce and tune up s t a l l sshou d be nearest the parts counterSta l l s do ng work t hat normll y requi resfewer parts per day (such as heavy repai r)shou d be f art her away than s t a l l s do ng gen-eral repai r and mi ntenanceFlowof Repai r OrdersTrace t i r e physi cal movement of r epai r orderori gi nals and copies i n your current mai nte-nance systamBad fl ow here w l l cause wast ed mchani ct i me, sl ower bi l l i ng w t h i ncreased customrdi ssat i sfact i on, poorer cost accounti ng andmi ntenance cont r ol . I n l arger bui l di ngs asystemof pneumti c tubes between off i cesai ds i n the eff i cient fl ow of paper work

ROOMS AND AREASServi ce Manager' s Off i ceThe serv i ce mnager' s off i ce shoul d provi depri vacy and rel at i ve qui et, so t hat i t can beused t o handl e customr comlaints .I t shoul d be cl osed off f rom t he worki ngarea t o keep out d i r t as wel l as noiseI t shoul d have wndows and be l ocat ed sot hat t he s er v i c e mnager can eas i l y see themin serv i ce entrance and t he work areas ofthe departmnt t hat return the hi ghest profi tD rect superv i s i on f romthe serv i ce mar t -


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Fi g 2 Layout f or medi umsi zed d e al e r .

I nj ector Repai rWeref requent Toro-Fl oworGMesel worki s avai l abl e, a di esel i nj ector and f uel pumprepai r room s profi tab e (Fi g . 3) .

Si nce thi s preci sion work must be done i na di r t - f r ee area, the roommust be compl etel yenclosed, easy to keep clean, and pressuri zeds l i ght l y to keep outsi de dust f romseeping i n .Smooth-surf aced wall s, wndows wth fl ushs i l l s , and benches encl osed to the fl oor reducedi r t traps and the t i m requi red to clean the

overhaul of uni ts As a resul t , the work donethere usual l y produces mre reli abl e assembl i es .By havi ng repai r stands, test equi pmnt, and

special too s i n one l ocati on, close to the partsdepartmnt, a speci al i st can do the requi redwork i n the l east ti m .The unit repair area shoul d be set off f romthe rest of the depart mnt by wal l or screenfencing I t shouldhave a l ockabe door or s l i d -i ng 6-ft gate .

Commerci alTRUCK DEALER AND SERV CE FACI LI TI ES

TABLE 3 Stal l Dmensi onsABLE 2 Servi ce Areas"

`The e n t i r e s e r v i c e depar t ment n o r ma l l y occupi es 65 t o 70 percent of t he t o t a l a r e ao f t he d e al e r s h i p b u i l d i n g .

TABLE4 Parts Ae as andDmensi ons

Dri ve-t hrough type bui l dingS t a l l s Dmensions __ Total

Two deep (70-ft bui l dingl 15 by 35 f t 525 so f tThree deep (80-ft bui l ding) 15 by 26 f t 390 so f tThree deep (90-i t bui l ding) 15 by 29 f t 435 s o f t

D r i v e - i n type b u i l d i n gS t a l l angl e D mensi ons A i s l e wdth Tot al90 15 by 35 f t --28t - -945 sq i t

60 " ' 17 by 35 f t 25 i t 1, 020 s o i t45 1, 21 by 35 f t 23 f t 1,218 so f t- ot her .

_D mensi onsreas

Area Space al l owance o r di mensi onsServi ce manager' s o f f i c e Usuall y 120 so f tP a i n t depar t ment o f f i c e ( i f separat e) . . Usuall y 120 so f tD r i v e r ' s l ounge . . . . . . . . . . . 100 s o 1 t pl us 20 s o f t f or each personover 5Lunch room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 s o f t pl us 20 s o i t f or each personover 10Showers, r e s t room, l o c k e r s . . . . . 60 s o f t pl us 10 s o f t f or each manove r 5Uni t r e p ai r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ni mum of 300 so f tDe t r oi t d i e s el i n j e c t o r r e p a i r . . . . . . . . M ni mum of 48 so f tToro-Fl owd i e s e l f u e l pum . . . . . . . . M ni mum of 80 so f tEnt rances :

I n d i v i d u al s e r v i c e doors . . . . . . . . . 12 i t w de, 14 f t hi ghOne- way mi n s er v i c e d oo r s f orr e c e pt i o n door on d r i v e - t h r o u g hl a y o u t s ) . . . . . . 16 f t w de, 14 f t hi ghTwo-way mi n s e r v i c e doors . . . . . 24 i t w de, 14 f t hi ghCe i l i ng he i g ht

General servi ce area . . . . . . . . . 15 f t mni mumf l oor t o r o o f t r u s scl earanceOver l i f t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-18 f tCenter a i s l e s :W t h 90" s t a l l s . . . . . . . . 22-24 f t w de f or s m l l t r u c k s o n l y26-28 f t w de f or l a r ge t r u c k sWt h 60' s t a l l s . . . . . . . . . 25 f t w de f or l a r ge t r u ck sWt h 45 s t a l l s . . . . . . . 23 f t w de f or l a r ge t r u ck s

Front- end s t a l l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t w de, 35 f t l ongWsh rack . . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t w de, 35 f t l ongL ub r i c at i o n s t a l l s . . . . . . . . . . . 20 i t w de, 35 f t l ongDynamomet er s t a l l s . . . . . . . . . 20 f t w de, 35 f t l ongP a i n t p r e pa r a t i o n, d r yi n g, andcl eanup s t a l l s . . . . . . . . . 18 f t w de, 40 f t l ongSheet met a l and body r e p ai r s t a l l s . . . 20 f t w de, 40 f t l ongPai nt spray booth . . . . . . . . . . 20 f t w de, 40 f t l ongF l o o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - i n w re-mesh-r einf orced concret e

slab Comressi ve strength o f notl e s s t han 3, 000 ps i a t 28 days .Exposed f l o o r s shoul d be tr eatedw t h f l o o r s e a l e r . F l o o r shoul d sl opey i n . per f o o t t oward d r a i nComressed a i r l i n es and f i t t i n g s . . . Desi gned f or operati ng pressure of175 I b

Area D mensi onsParts o f f i c e 120 so f t mni mumP a r t s l obby . . . . . . . 200 so f t mni mumCust omer count er . . . . 42 i n . h i g h , at l e a s t

12 f t l ongMechani c' s counter . . . . 42 i n . h i g h , at l e a s t5 f t l ongStorf 1gU r i n d ohsui ut u 'I c, - 00 Sq 1l ml i mum


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Commer ci alTRUCK DEALER AND SERV CE FACI LI TI ES

Fi g . 4 Typi cal a u x i l i a r y p ai n t and body shop .doors on a dri ve-through l ayout, or near thefront of a rowof dri ve-i n-back-out s t a l l s .One end of the r a i l shoul d be i n the wash

rack and the other and i n the uni t repai r area .Hoi st sModern l arge truck deal ershi ps are usi nghydrau i c fl oor ho sts extensivel y f or qui ckservi ce and general repai r services si nce thei ruse i mproves mechani c eff i ci ency and moral e .Ho st work al sohel ps attract the best grade ofmechanic to the busi ness by providi ng betterworki ng condi t i onsWereho sts areused, thebest cho ce i s oneof the di sappeari ng types. This way a creepercan be used i n the s t a l l when the ho st i s not

being used .Most mchanical truck servi ces can be pro-vi dedwt hout the use of hydrau i c ho stsTransmssi ons and power train comonentscan be repaired wth the truck f r ont or rearaxl es up on stands To get the unit onto the

stand, a fork l i f t , an A-f rame hoist , or a booml i f t can be used Themj or advantage i s that al lof these are portabe andcanmvef roms t al l tos t a l l

Si nce there i s general l y ampl e roomunder-neath mst l arge trucks, workmy be donewthout any l i f t at al l However, hydrau i c l i f t scan be hi ghl y advantageousDynamomterAny dynammeter needs to be i soated wthsound-deadeni ng mteri al because of engi neand t i r e no se

Fork L i f tAork l i f t can be a good i nvestmnt for the ser-vice department and the part s department .I n the servi ce departmnt, i t can be used toremove and i ns t a l l heavy truck comonentsand to carrythemo repair and cl eanup areas .I n the parts departmnt, i t can be used tocarry l arge i tem such as transmssi ons andfor the shi ppi ng and receiving of stockThe fork l i f t should have an 11-ft vert i cal

beamand a capaci ty of at least 3 tons .

At l east four s t a l l s should be pl anned f orcompl ete body work one f or sheet [natalrepairs, one f or heavy mtal work and s t ra i ght -eni ng f rams, one for pai nti ng, and one f ordrying and cl eanup.Wether the bodyand pai nt shop i s att achedor separate, an i soated f i reproof root" f orpai nt storage and mxi ng w l l l ower i nsurancecosts

I n a separate f a c i l i t y , you w l l al so need t oprovi de off i ce space, wash-up areas, and stor-age f or body part s .Proper pl acemnt of the pai nt spray boothi s a j ob f or an expert . Thebooth cannot func-t ion satisfactori l y i f the f i l t er doors opendi rectly to the outsi de of the bu l di ng . Aboothexhausts 7,000 to 14, 000 cu f t of ai r a mnute .This ai r can't be reused because i t contai nsv ol at i l e f umes . I t must be replaced wt houtcreati ng a draft through the bodydepartment .Consul t an expert .

EQU PMENTMonor ai lAmonorai l i s helpful i n movi ng engi nes andother mj or truckcomonents to and f romthesteamclean area and uni t repair roomYou can't depend on a monorai l al one f orengi neremoval , since i t can l i f t only v er t i c al l y ,

and mny truck desi gns requi re several l i f tposi ti ons to get the engine out .Mnimumcapacity f or a monorai l shoul d be3 tons . Therai l shoul d be suspended f romthe

cei l i ng structure 20 to 25 f t i nsi de the servi ce

Fi g . 3 Typi cal f u el i n j e ct o r r e p ai r room

roomLight-co ored wal l enaml al so i mprovesi l l umnati on .To pressuri ze the room use a f ixed f an todrawair i n through a g ass fi ber f i l t e r , suchas those used i n mny ai r condi ti oners .To l et ai r out of the room a hood and stove-

pi pe wth damer can be placed over the sol -vent pans . Thi s w l l carryout sovent f umes aswel l . O a roof f an can be used to exhaust ai rthat i s drawn i n through f i l t er s placed at oppo-s i t e ends of the roomTheroomal sorequi res an ai r suppl y to dryi nj ector parts . The ai r f i l t er and mo sture trapfor the ai r l i ne shoul d be placed outsi de theroom

Body and Pai nt ShopAwel l -managed truck body shop w l l usual l yproduce mre p r of i t per dol l ar i nvested thanthe deal ershi p' s general repai r area .

Consul t l ocal pai nt and equi pment compa-ni es for advi ce on the best possi b e l ayout f orthe equi pment t o be used and the services tobe of fered

Local codes strong y govern what you canandcannot do

I f possib e, pl an to separate the body andpai nt shop f rom the mai n servi ce bu l di ng .Thi swayyouavod the excessi ve noi se, f ums,di spl ay of damged vehicles, f i r e hazard, andi ncreased f i r e i nsurance premum that cancomef roman att ached body and pai nt depart-ment ( F i g . 4) .

I f the department has to be under the sameroof, i t must be i sol ated f romthe mai n servi cearea by a f i rewal l


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ScopeThis a r t i c l e deal s wth the planning of radi ostudi os usi ng the term studi os i n the broadsense of f a c i l i t i e s for the ori gi nati on of radi oprogram Broadcasti ng f aci l i t i e s i ntended f orpo i ce or other radi o communi cat i ons are noti ncl uded Appl i cati on of broadcasti ng equi p-ment to stadi um, arenas, concert ha l l s , etc . ,i s a speci al i zed topic and w l l not be coveredhere .D scussi on w l l center on pl anni ng an i ndi -vi dual stati on, whichmy be commerci al ornoncommerci al , but pri nci pl es are al soappl i ca-b e t o central i zed network f a ci l i t i e s . Exceptas otherwse i ndi cated, c r i t er ia apply t o bothAMnd FMf a ci l i t i e s .B Planning FactorsPl anni ng of a mdern radi o stati on, whi l econstrained by the techno ogyof broadcasti ng,i s determned t o a l arge extent by the stati on' soperati ng practi ces . I t i s essenti al to real i zethat, whi l e al l stati ons perf ormthe samebasicfuncti ons, there are wde divergences of oper-ati ng practi ces and phi l osophy Planning,therefore, starts wth a carefu analysi s of thestati on' s method of operat i on .Fo l owng i s a check i st of basic pl anni ngfactors whi ch must be known or estab: i shedi n order to pl an the f a c i l i t y .1 . Type Of Programmng The mst i mortantsing e i nf l uenceon f a c i l i t y requi remnts i s thetype of programmng I n current practi ce t hi sw l l usual l y consist of one or mre of the fol -l owng:

Musi cNews and pub i c f eaturesI nterviewandpanel di scussionProducti on of advert i sing commerci al sSome stat i ons my have speci al requi rement s f or dramti c or audience parti cipati onshows, but thi s i s no l onger commn Recent l y,

mny musi c-ori ented stati ons have adoptedautomt i on, whi ch means, basi cal l y, that notonly the musi c but announcer' s commentary,t i m checks, stati on breaks, ate . , are al l pre-recorded and al l swtchi ng i s handl ed automti -cal l y . This has signi f i cant i mpact onboth l ayoutandpower requi remnt . For al l stati ons an i mport ant planning questi on i s the extent of "l i ve"versus recorded programmng2 . Hours of Operat i on Stati ons are restri cted bythei r FCC l i cense provi si ons . Commerciastati ons must provi de certain mnimumhoursof operat i on dai l y3 . Relati onshi p t o Tal ent Sources The termtal ent,as used here, refers to the persons who part i c-i pate i n program, whether as perf ormnga r t i s t s , empl oyees, i ntervi ewees, etc .4 Relati onship t o Publ i c Some stati ons viewthemel ves as a ki nd of program"f actory" andl i m t vis i tors to persons havi ng speci fi c busi-ness wth the stati on . Ohers encourage v i s i t s

Commer ci alRAD OSTATIONS

By JOSEPHHOROWTZ P E . , Manager, Pl anni ng&Desi gn, F aci l i t i e s Engi neeri ngDepartment, ColumiaBroadcasti ng System I nc .

f romschoo s and community groups andmakeel aborate provi si ons f or them such as viewi ng wndows f romwhi ch visitors (or passers .by) can viewstati on operat i ons This deci si onaff ects ci rcu ati on patt erns, support f a c i l i t i e s ,and securi ty provi si ons .5 . Governmnt Regul at i ons A l stati ons arel i censed by the Federal CommunicationsCommssi on, whosevery detail ed regu ati ons i nf l u-ence every aspect of operat i on end hencepl anning . Regu ati ons, whi ch requi re constantmoni tori ng of certain devices, i nf l uence theconfi gurati on of the contro roomMost sta-ti ons are faml i ar wth these requi remnts, butf or a newstati on, use of an outsi de consu tantmy be desi rabe . As an exampl e, an FCCregu ati on requi ring separate AMnd FMprogrammng has generated the need f or FMprograma c i l i t i e s separate and, i n somecases,apart f romtheAMaci l i t i es i n some stat i onsthat were formrly comined6 . Emrgency Broadcasti ng System (EBS) An-other area of government i nvo vemnt i s theEmergency Broadcasti ng System Stati onswhi ch agree to memershipand are desi gnatedas pri mry EBS f aci l i t i es must provi de f a c i l i -t i e s capab e of operat i on duri ng an emergencyGovernment f i nanci al assi stancemy be av ai l -ab e f or equi pment andnucl ear fa l l out protec-t i on f or t he emergency studi o as wel l as foremergency generators

7 . Rel ati onshi p of Studi o and Transmt t er Faci l i t i esStudi os and transmtter my be of the same orseparate l ocati ons . Simlarl y, stati ons ( suchas anAMndFM my share cert ai n f a c i l i t i e s .6 . Operati ng Procedures Most l arger commerci alradi o stat i ons are hi ghl y unionized. Wrk rulesvary f romone l oca l i t y to the next and can havesigni f i cant i nfl uence on pl anni ng of studi of a c i l i t i e s . I n some l ocati ons a di sk j ockey myactual l y operate the tape player or turntab e .I n other areas, t h is work requi res a studi oengi neer or even a separate "pl att er spinner . "Wereregu ati ons are l ess r es t r i c t i v e, onemnmy act as engi neer and announcer i f he meet sthe l i censing requi remnts I n al l cases,a carefu study of operati ng procedures i sessenti alCSi te Selecti onModern broadcasti ng f a c i l i t i e s are usual l yqui te compact and are of ten l ocated wthi n abui l di ng havi ng other pri mry functi ons, suchas an off i ce or schoo . Fo l owng are someof the factors to consi der i n sel ecti ng a s i t e .1 . Locati on Locati on i s l argely a functi on ofpl anni ng factors 1, 3, and 4, that i s, type ofprogrammng, relati onshi p t o tal ent sources,and relation to the pub i c . I f extensi ve i nter-vi ews or panel di scussi ons are pl anned, thestati on shoul d be convenient to the prospecti vepart i cipants (show busi ness personal i ti es,sport s or government f i gures) . Were thestati on desi res maximumexposure to the gen-eral pub i c, i t should be easi l y reached bypub i c transportat i on . Sales a ct i v i t i es of com

mrci al radi o stati ons l i kewse po nt to a"downtown' l ocati on .Were these factors are l ess signi fi cant or

good transportati on i s avai l abl e, advantagemy be taken of l ower-cost suburban areas .Werestudi o and transmtter are comined i none bu l di ng, the techni cal requi remnts oftransmtt ers w l l govern the s i t e sel ecti on .(See separate ar t i c l e on planning radi o trans .mtter f a ci l i t i e s . ) This arrangemnt, whil e eco-nomcal , creates a l ocati on conf l i c t , at l eastfor AMtati ons, si nce the i deal s i t e f or anAMransmtt er i s rarel yconvenient as a studi ol ocati on .2 Envi r onment A though studi o desi gn cancomensate f or a hosti l e no se envi ronmnt,reasonab e f reedomf romexcessi ve no seandvibrati on i s desi rab e . Wthin a bu l di ng, thearea sel ectedf or studi os shoul d be f ree of over-head bui l di ng pipes and ductwork to preventno se and wat er l eaks . I t shoul d al so haveadequate headroom both f or acoust i c pur-poses and to accommdate air-condi ti oningductwork Surrounding tenancies shoul d befr ee of ob ecti onabe no se. Oherwse, envi ron-mntal factors are siml ar to those f or an of f i c e3 . U t i l i t i e s Areli abl epower source and accessto tel ephone and tel ex communi cat i ons l i nesare essenti al . See Secti on F 3 for other communi cati ons .4 . Parking See Secti on O5 ( c) f or possib eparking requi remnts Parking (or garagespace) f or stati on vehicles used for "remote"(of f -premses) broadcasti ng i s parti cul arl yi mportant . Desire f or l i beral parking f a c i l i t i e smy conf l i ct wth the need f or a "downtown"l ocati on convenient to v i s i t o r s, tal ent sources,and V Ps .D Descri pti on of F aci l i t i es1 . Types of Faci l i t i es Radi obroadcasti ng(studio)f aci l i t i e s my be considered under the fo l owi ng groups :Technical (on-ai r) f aci l i t i e sOher broadcasti ng f a c i l i t i e sSupport f a ci l i t i esPersonnel f a ci l i t i esF aci l i t i e s f or of f -premses operat i ons2 . T e c hn i c a l ( O n - A i r ) F a c i l i t i e s The on-ai r f a c i l i -ti es i ncl ude the studi os and contro roomthat f ormthe heart of t he stati on' s operat i on .a Studi os . Astudi o i s any roomused forori gi nati ng broadcast mteri al -- one i n whichthere i s a l i v emcrophoneWth proper acousti -cal desi gn, studi os can be mde j ust l argeenough to contai n the desired numer ofpersons . Atwo-mnstudi o (disk j ockey, news-caster) i s shown i n Fi g . 1, and Fi g 2 showsan i ntervi ew studi o I n contemporary radio,musi c i s al most al ways prerecorded, andbroadcasts i nvo ving the pub i c are l i k e l y to berecorded of f -premses at theaters, concertha l l s , l egi slatures, etc For these reasons l argestudi os su tab e f or musi c or audi ence p ar t i c i -pati on are not requi red i n the stati on i t s el f . I nthe excepti onal case of an audi ence studi o theroomwoudbe desi gned primril y as a theater


9/20

mnt, space must be avai l ab e f or spare partsand portabe equi pment f or use on "remotes"(of f -premses broadcasti ng) . A 10- by 12-ftspace i s adequate f or a sml l or mdi umsi zedstati on . Usual occupants : onea Telephone Equpment Room I n addi-t i on to the tel ephone equi pment associatedwt h vo ce communi cat i ons, swtchboard,etc . , considerab e fl oor space i s requi red f ortel ephone equi pment associated wth audio(sound) communi cat i ons l i nes , i ncl udi ng trans-mssi on to the transmtter area and recei ptof i ncomng transmssions such as those f roma radi o network, etc Local tel ephone companyrepresentati ves shoul d be consul ted f or r e-qui rements earl y i n the pl anni ng process .

f . Automtion Equi pment Room Auto-mti on equi pment my be l ocated i n a controroomor i n a separate space . There are no spe-cia l l i steni ng requi remnts . However, i f theequi pment i ncl udes card punchi ng or tabu-l ati ng equi pment (used to programthe auto-mted swtchers), the roomcan be nosy, andacoust i cal treatmnt on cei l i ng and wal l s i sdesi rabe Agl ass parti ti on w l l permt moni -tori ng of the equi pment whil e hel pi ng to con-tai n the no se . No standards can be gi ven f orroomi zeas thi s depends enti rely on the equ p-ment to be used3 . Other Broadcasti ng Faci l i t i es Thefo l owng f a-ci l i t i es w l l not be requi red i n al l stati ons, butwhere used, they are usual l y cl osel y associ -atedwth the on-ai r f aci l i t i esa . Newsroom Si mlar i n appearance andf unct i on t o the c i t y roomof a newspaper, thenewsroom s the central po nt f or gatheri ngandedi ti ng of news stori es pri or to broadcast .I n somecases, newsmy be broadcast di rectl yf rom the newsroom Speci al tab es permtclose contact between correspondents andconserve space . Newsroom w l l i ncl ude tel e-visi on moni tors, an assi gnment board, bul l e-t i n board, and mi l boxes . I n some cases, par-t i cul ar l y i n l arge networks, separate off i cesare requi red f or certain correspondents and

Commer ci alRADOSTATIONS

or audi tori umwth provisi on f or tapi ng or l i v ebroadcasti ng. This would be a f a c i l i t y apartf romthe radi o stati on .

Floor areas my range f rom100 sq f t for themnimumstudi o (new, recorded musi c) to 270sq f t for a si x-person studi o su tab e f or paneldi scussi on .b . Contro Room The contro room asthe name i mpl i es, contai ns a contro conso eand other electronic equi pment for moni tori ngand contro l i ng the output f roma studi o I naddi ti on, i t my house tape players, turntabes,and automti c swtchi ng devices as wel l as asml l amunt of di sk and tape storage Plandimensi ons are di ctated by the equi pmnt tobe used occupants are oneor two persons .Figure 3 showssome of the devices that mybe contai ned i n a wel l -equi pped contro roomMany smll er stati ons have so-cal l ed"como" operati ons, i n whi ch the engi neer'doub es as announcer, di sk j ockey, etc . I n thi scase, the contro rooms al soa studi oandhasthe same sound requi remnts . Even when thecontro roomdoes not contai n a l i v e mcro-phone, soon(] characteri sti cs are s t i l l i mpor-tant The technician moni tori ng the programmust mke c r i t i c al deci si ons based on whathe hears f romthe l oudspeakers, and any di s -tort i on caused by roomacousti cs w l l berefl ected i n i mproper adj ustmnt of contro s .c Equpment (Rack) Room E ectroni cequi pment i s usual l y mounted i n cab nets orracks, roughl y the si ze of f i l e cab nets . I n al arge stat i on, they my be grouped f or easymai ntenance i nt o a sing e equi pmnt or rackroomI n sml l er stati ons, they w l l bel ocatedi n the contro room I n eit her case, access forservicing i s essenti al Racks are sometimesused to f ormthe outsi de wal l of one of the con-trol room, but thi s i s not su tab e f or the combo arrangement i n which one roomserves asboth studi o and contro roomd Mai ntenance Shop The mi ntenanceshop i s an electronicsworkshop and must be

conveni ent to contro and rack room In addi -t ion to the usual workbenches and test equ p-

Fi g. 3 Two-st udi o l ayout f or amusi c-ori ent ed FM tat ion . ( Desi gned by Fenwck S . LaBoi teaux . )

Fi g . 2 I n terv ie w studi o .


10/20

Commerci alRADO STATIONS

wi ters ; these should openonto or be not f arf romthe newsroomFroma constructi on standpo nt, desi gn ofthe newsrooms siml ar t o a l arge, very busyoff i ce. Even wherenews i s broadcast di rectl yf romthe newsroom the background no se i susual l y not ob ect i onab e . (At l east one a l l -news stati on pl ays recorded new-pri ntersound as background to i t s news broadcast s . )News f a c i l i t i e s w l l vary depending on the ex-tent of newsoperati ons at the stati on .(1) The mst el emntary i s the "ri p-and-read" operati on, so-cal l ed because the an-nouncer or di sk j ockey l eaves hi s post onlyl ong enough to tear off a sheet f romthe wreservi cetel epri nter, whi ch he then reads on theai r . Here, the only " f aci l i t y " i s a pri nter i n acloset .(2) Atypical musi c and news stati on mghthave a newsstaff of f i v e, mst of whomwoul dbe out onassi gnments Aroomabout 15 by25f t wth three desks woud suff i ce.(3) An al l -new stati on mght have a st af fof about 14, pl us an edi tor Desk space foreachmn i s necessary This type of newsroomi s shown i n Fig . 4b . News Pri nters . An i mortant featureof t he newsroom s the bank of tel epri ntersrepresenti ng vari ous wre services, weather,etc These must be readi l y avai l ab e to thenewsroom but since they are noisy, are oftenencl osed i n a separate roomacousti cal l ytreated to reduce c lat t er .

I f operati ng personnel i ns i s t on l ocati ng thepri nters wthi n the newsroom consi der en-closing them i n a sound-proof contai ner wthhi ngedcovers Telex or TWXmachi nes shoul dal sobe i sol ated, i f possib ec . Tape and Record Library I dea l l y , thetape and record l i br a ry shoul d be conveni entto the studio, especi al l y for musi c-ori ented

stati ons . However, si nce the studi o area mybe congested, i t my be necessary to l ocatethi s el sewhere ; the extent to whi ch thi s canbe to erated i s very much a vari ab e and de-pends on l ocal operati ng practi ces . ( F i g . 3 )For a stati on featuri ng popul ar cont empo-rary musi c, a space 10 by 15 f t shoul d suf fi ce .Astati on wth a very extensi ve l i brary of clas-si cal musi c my requi re a much l arger area .Norml l y, the l i brary w l l be used by onl y oneor two persons at a t i m

Standard cab nets used f or storing 12- i n . -di amter l ong-pl ay ng records can accomm-date approximtely 60records per foot of shel f ,al l owngenoughspace to permt easyi nsert i onand removal .

Tapes, whi ch are rapi d y suppl ant i ng rec-ords, come i n three f orm : reel s , cartri dgesand cassettes . Reels are stored i n cardboardboxes ; cassett es and cartri dges do not requi rea separate contai ner .

"Al l ow ng space f o r u pr i g ht s , v e r t i c a l d i v i d er s , e t c .d Li steni ng Room As part of the l i -brary, or closel y adj acent to i t , shoul d bef a c i l -

i t i es f or audi ti ng or l i stening to tape and rec-ords . Agai n, l ayout i s a functi on of operati ngpracti ces . I f stati on personnel w l l use ear-phones, l i steni ng can be done i n the l i b r ar yi t s el f ; i f they i ns i s t on l oudspeakers, the l i s -teni ng room shoul d be separate and i so atedacousti cal l y f rom surrounding spaces, par t i c-ul arl y studi os . Provi si on f or one or two l i s te n-i ng posi ti ons i s suf f i c i e nt .

F i g . 4 Newroom al l - news stat i on

a . Edi ti ng Room Most programedi ti ng i sdone i n the contro room However, somel arger stat i ons can eff ecti vel y ut i l i z e an edi -ti ng room which i s a f a c i l i t y ak n to a con-trol roombut somewhat l ess sophi sti catedacousti cal l y Edi ti ng room are usual l y a partof the studi o compl ex .4 . Support F aci l i t i esa Of i ces . Stati on off i ces w l l i ncl udef a ci l i t i e s f or executi ves, sales, programmng,accounti ng, schedu i ng, operati ons, etc . Plan-ni ng i s simlar to that for any other off i ce andw l l not be di scussed here, except to note thatparti cu ar att enti on must be gi ven to m lroomandtel ephoneswtchboard requi remnts, si nceactivity i n these areas my be high comaredwth a business f irmof t he sai ne size .

Relati on of off i ces t o studi os w l l dependon the size of the stati on and i t s method ofoperat i on . Some stati ons operate wth sales,accounti ng, and other admni strati ve functi onsremote f romthe studi os (even i n another bui l d-i ng) Programmng operati ons, and otherfuncti ons related to broadcast i ng shoul d beconvenient t o the studi os but need not beconti guous wth themb . Conference For mst stati ons, goodmeti ng f a c i l i t i e s are essenti al . They w l l beused f or contact wth sponsors and pub i cof f i ci a l s as wel l as s t a f f and shoul d have pro-vision f or tape pl ayback and other audiovi sualpresentati ons . Some stati ons mke ef fecti veuse of a conference roomdesi gned to doubeas a studi oc . Recepti on . Planning of recepti on areasdepends on whet her vi sitors are l i mted to per-sons on of f i ci a l busi ness or w l l i nclude thegeneral publ i c, schoo chi l dren, etc I f the l e t -

tar , a l arge l obby i s desi rab e where groupson tour can assemeandbemet by a gui de.The recepti on area must contro access eff ec-t i v el y whil e s t i l l providi ng a wecome to bonafi de vi sitors Unl ess a recepti onist or guardi s on duty 24 hours a day, aft er-hours accesspresents a di f f i cul t prob em One souti on i scardaccess (simlar to the systemused i n someparkinggarages) f or night operat i ng personnel ,plus a night bel l f or other after-hours vi sit ors .The recepti onist my doub e as swtchboardoperator .5 . Personnel Faci l i t i esa . Toi l ets . Plan t oi l et s and rest room asf or an off i ce. Consi der aft er-hours access . I fpub i c tours of the f a c i l i t y are anti cipated, sizet oi l et f aci l i t i es f or the vi sitors .b . Cafeteri a . Need for a cafeter ia dependson the size of the stati on and the av ai l abi l i t yof other food servi ce f a c i l i t i e s . However, eveni f a compl ete cafeteri a i s not to be provi ded,considerati on shoul d be gi ven t o a snack barwth vendi ng machi nes . This i s parti cul arl yi mortant f or aft er-hours usewhen other foodservi ce f aci l i t i es are not avai l ab e or f ar oper-ati ng personnel whose duti es do not permtthere to l eave the stati on . The snack bar cando doub e duty as a l ounge

c . Parki ng Parki ng needs are a functi onof l ocal condi ti ons, i ncl udi ng the av ai l abi l i t yof pub i c transportati on Pl anni ng i s siml arto that for off i ces .Parki ng needs my i ncl ude the fo l owng:

Stati on empl oyeesVsit orsGeneral pub i cStati on vehicles (see fo l owng paragraph)

Per f ootMedi um Usual di mensi ons of shel f"_Reel s . . ; 71h by 7' f by / , i n 16 .

Cartr i dges . . . 5y, by4by 1 i n 10Casset t es . . . 4 by 2y, by y, i n 8


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Commrci alRAD O STATI ONS

stati on' s needs can be determned only by care-f ul study of i t s operati ons, i ncludi ng theamunt of ori gi nal programmng pl annedb . Layout . Layout of the on-air compl exrequi res underst andi ng of the stati on' s methodof operat i on Usual l y, direct vi sual contacti s desired between studi o and contro roomFl e xi b i l i t y i s provi ded by mking i t possib ef or each contro roomohandl e mrethan onestudi o Studi o doors shoul d not open di rectl yi nto adj o ni ng room or general corri dors ;where t hi s i s unavo dab e, provide a soundl ock at the entranceA though t h is i s undesi rab e acousti cal l y,operat i ng personnel my requi re studi o wn-dows to the outsi de, ei ther to permt the an-nouncer to observe weather condi t i ons or togi vepassersbya viewof operat i ons . Agoodso-l uti on i n thi s case i s use of agl assed-i ncorri dorbetween studi o and outer wal l . Figure 5 i l l us -trates a stati onwhere t hi s systemwasem oyedc . Sound I sol ati on . There i s an i mortanttr ade-off between space requi remnts andcompl exi ty of constructi on . I so ati on betweenadj o ni ngroommybe accompl i shed by usi ngdi viding part i ti ons or by separati ng the tworoom i nvoved Wil e cost i s l ower, the sec-ondschemerequi res mre fl oor area. Figure 6shows a hypotheti cal l ayout f or the on-ai rf a c i l i t y usi ng corri dors f or sound i soation .d A l owance f or Growh . Expansi on of theon-air f a c i l i t y after the stati on i s i n operat i on i s

both di f f i cul t and costl y Accordi ngl y, i t i s wel lt o anti ci pate the need f or an addi ti onal on-ai rf a c i l i t y . As an exampl e, a roomcan be bui l t tostudi o standards but used as a l i stening rooml i br ar y, or of f i ce unt i l i t i s requi red for studi opurposes .e . Three-di mnsional Pl anni ng Pl anni ngof on-ai r f a c i l i t i e s requi res consi derati on ofthe t hi r d di mnsi on . I n studi os, mi ntenance ofa mnimumi nside hei ght of about 9 to 10 f t

i s i mortant f or proper acousti cs . At thesameti m, space of 4 f t above the cei l i ng i sdesi rabe to accommdate ducts and othercei l i ng ut i l i t i es2 . Newroom Thenewsroommust be accessi -b e t o t he studi o compl ex . Anew-ori entedstati on my i ns i s t on di rect visual contactbetween newsroomandstudi of or signal i ng of"hot" news i tem . One souti on i s to placethe newsroomon the opposi te si de of a c or r i -dor to the studi o, wth wndows i n both wal l s .3 . C rcul at ion C rcu ati on shoul d be around,rather than through, the on-air compl ex . V si -tors can viewoperati ons through soundproofwndows Corri dors can be used to provi deseparati on between the studi o compl ex andadj o ni ng spaces as wel l as a sound l ockbetween the techni cal spaces .

F . Studi o Acoust i csAcousti cal desi gn of studios, contro and edi t -i ng room requi res the servi ces of a speci al i st,parti cu arl y f or the architect unfaml i ar wthsuch work However, t hi s secti on w l l touchon some of the po nts about whi ch he shouldbe consul ted1 . Objecti ves of Acousti cal Desi gn Basi cal l y, thereare two ob ecti ves i n the acousti cal desi gn ofon-ai r f aci l i t i es . The f i rst i s to att enuate orexcl ude unwanted sound f romthe room andthe second i s to provi de the desired acousti calcharacteri sti cs wthi n the roomor the soundsreachi ng the mcrophone . The l a t ter requ re-ment has been simli fi ed by extensi ve use ofprerecorded musi c, si nce acoust i cal requ re-ment s f or speech are l ess c ri t i ca l . Atten-

E . Layout Planning1 . On-Ai t Fac i l i t ies Theon-air f aci l i t i e s f ormtheheart of the stati on and shoul d receive pri mcyi n planning Si nce these f a ci l i t i e s share commn ut i l i t i e s and personnel and requ re soundi sol ati on f romthe rest of the bu l di ng, theyare usual l ygrouped together i n a ti ght "i sland. "This mkes f or operati ng conveni ence but i si nf l exi bl e f or changes .a . Numer of Studi os Two studi os andtwocontro room permt onestudi oto be usedf or edi ti ng or recording whi l e the other i s on-ai r . Some sml l stat i ons get by wth a sing estudio, usi ng a second mcrophone posi ti oni n the contro roomSi ml arl y, automt i on myobviate theneed f or thesecond studi o A arger

6 . Fac i l i t ies f or "Remote" Operati on Avai l abi l i tyof l i ghtweight, portabe recordi ng equi pmenthas l ed to an i ncrease i n the amunt of pro-grammngmteri al ori gi nated outsi de the sta-ti on I t i s l i kel y that this type of act ivi ty w l li ncrease and most stat i ons w l l have one ormre vehicles speci al l y equi pped to handleremote ( of f - s t a t i on) operat i onsFaci l i t y needs i ncl ude garage space f or sta-ti on vehicles and storage space f or portabeequi pment used i n remote operat i ons Storageshoul d be conveni ent to vehi cle parki ng areasand safe f rom pi l ferage The garage shoul dhave ac power, and space shoul d be avai l ab ef or mnimummai ntenance or troub eshooti ngof mob l e equi pment that cannot readi l y beremved f romthe vehi cl e

Fi g 5 Fl oor plan of a stat i on servi ng a l arge metropol i tan area . F i l e s , st orage, and mmograph ar e on anotherfl oor ( not shown) .


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14/20864

Commerci alRAD OSTATIONS

odi cal l y f or i nspecti on and mi ntenance I f t hes t a t i on i s qui te remote, mniml ki t chen f a c i l -i t i e s anda shower mybe desi rabl eThe amount of equi pmnt whi ch must becontained i n t he t ransmtter bui l ding dependson the s ta t i on' s assi gned operati ng power .Thi s can vary f rom250 watt s f or very smal lstat i ons t o 50 ki l owatt s f or the l arger commr-c i a l stat i ons For t he l arger stat i ons, equi pmntmybe qui te heavy, so t hat fl oor l oads must bechecked, part i cul arly when l ocat i ng t he trans-mtter i n an exi s t i ng bui l di ng .I n col d c l i ma t es a carport my be des i rabl et o prot ect t he operat or and hi s vehi cl e agai nsti ce f al l i ng f romt he tower . Thi s can be a moreseri ous hazard t han i t myat f i r s t seemWen two or more stat i ons share a s i ngl eantenna system t he need f or separate trans-mtter bui l di ngs or room w l l be determnedby l ocal operat i ng pref erences ; both systemwork wel l . Fi gure 7 shows the l ayout f or anunattended t ransmtter i n a rural l ocat i on4 U t i l i t i e sa Communi cat i ons Programs i gnals mybe brought t o the t ransmtter by l eased tel e-phone l i nes, mcrowave, or a comb nati onMcrowave requi res a seri es of di r ect l i nes ofsi ght .b Power Some t ransmtters have two p r i -mrypower servi ces f romdi f f erent substati onsand f eeders f or great er r e l i a b i l i t y usual l y auto-mat i c swtchi ng between servi ces i s i ncl udedEmrgencypower i s requi red f or EmrgencyBroadcasti ng System(EBS) st at i ons andmybe des i rabl e for others, par t i cul ar l y where thepri mary power source i s subj ect t o i nt err up-t i ons . I f provi ded, i t should be s i zed t o handl emni ml l i ghti ng, tower obstr ucti on l i ghti ng,andt ransmtter vent i l at i on as wel l as the trans-mtter i t s e l fe Heat i ng, Vent i l ati ng, A r Condi t i oni ngThe t ransmtter generates consi derabl e heat ,which must be removedbymechani cal venti l a-t ion Thi s systemconsi st s of a f i l tered i ntakew t h a ducted exhaust connected di r ect l y t o t hetransmtter . Dampers ar e arranged so as t oreduce the amount of out si de ai r duri ng t hew nt er and make use of the t ransmtter heat .Suppl emntal heat i s usua l l y requi red t o mai n-ta in comortabe worki ng condi t i ons i n w nt er .A r condit i oni ng i s not requi red unl ess t het ransmtter pl ant w l l be , occupied f or a l argepar t of each dayd Li ghti ng . Good l i ght i ng ( of f i ce l ev el s )shoul d be provi ded t o f aci l i t at e housekeepingand mi ntenancee S i te Devel opmnt . Si nceanAMower i sdangerous when i n operati on, i t s base mustbe f enced, as shou d each of t he guy anchorbl ocks, t o discourage tameringwth t he guys .Fenci ngof theenti re area and securi ty l i ght i ngmayal s o be desi rabl e P lant i ng or other erosionprotect i on f or t he ground around the tower

shoul d be provi ded

base andbraced by one or more l evel s of guys .Fi xed-base or canti l evered towers ( w thoutguys) arenowused onl y f or msts on the roofsof bui l d ings . The tapered shape of a sel f -sup-port i ng tower i s al s o undesi rabl e f or anAMt ransmtter where, as previ ousl y i ndicated, thetower i t s e l f i s the radi at i ng elemnt . El ec-tr oni c consi derat i ons w l l determne the hei ghtand general arrangemnt of t he tower .AMtowers, whi ch are usual l y of s t e e l , aregi ven a heavycoati ng of z i nc gal vani z i ng . Thi sserves t o pr ot ect t he t ower, but i t s primrypurpose i s t o provi de el ectr i cal conducti vi ty .At radi o f requenci es, t he "current' f l owsmai nl y along the out si de peri phery of t hetower . Secti ons of the tower must be el ectri cal-l y bonded t ogether f or the tower t o functi onproperl yFMowers serveonl y t o support t he separateantennas and are desi gned purel y f or struc-tural consi derat i ons . A l towers requir e avia-t i o n mrki ng (al t ernate white and orange s t r i p -i ng) andobstr ucti on l i ghti ng ; deta i l s are foundi n FCCegul ati ons .3 Transmt ter Bui l ding I n addi t i on t o space f orthe t ransmtter i t s e l f , t here shoul d be spacef or the associ ated equi pmnt racks, mai nte-nance, spare parts st orage, and t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s .Even an "unatt ended' ' f a c i l i t y i s occupied peri -

FM ransmtters must be as cl ose t o the toweras possi bl e, t o mni mze l i ne l osses .Concern over cont i nui t y of broadcast i nghasl edsome stat i ons t o provi de an auxi l i ary anten-na Thi s i s cos t l y bot h i n term of const ruct i onand l and ar ea . Perhaps a bet t er sol ut i on i s anagreemnt wth other stat i ons p er mt t i ng someki nd of dual use of thei r f aci l i t i e s i n theeventof an emrgencyD Const ructi on

1 Generala Groundi ng For anAM a c i l i t y , al l struc-t ures w t hi n the t r ans m t t er area, i nc ludi ng thet ransmtter bui l ding, must be properl y ground-ed and t i ed i nt o t he ground radial system I nconcret e bui l dings, reinforci ng steel must bemade el ectr i ca l l y conti nuous and bonded t ot he ground radi al systemb Soi l Conditi ons AMantennas have beenl ocat ed i n mrshy or wat erf ront l and, t o takeadvantage of good s o i l conducti vi t y Thi s myrequi re p i l e f oundati ons f or towers and bui l d-i ngs . I n swampy areas, consi derat i on must begi ven t o p oss i bl e l and subsi dence whi ch cou daffect t he groundi ng system2 Tower s Aground-supported tower i s usual -l y desi gned as a sl ender mast, pi nned of the

Fi g . 7 Sml l AMor FMt r a n s m t t e r b u i l d i n g .


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Commerci alTV STATIONS

By JOSEPH HOROWTZ PE . , Manager, Planni ng&Desi gn, Faci l i t i es Engineeri ngDepartmnt, Co umb a Broadcasti ngSystem I nc

TELEV SION BROADCASTI NG FACI LI TI ESAScopeTel ev i s i on broadcast i ng f aci l i t i e s range f romat i ny s t a t i on servi ng a smal l communi ty t o amjor network f a c i l i t y w t h mul t i p l e st udiosand extensi ve supporti ng f a c i l i t i e s provi di ngprogrammng t o hundreds of c i ty and regi onalmrkets. Because of the wde var i at i on i nr equi r ement s, thi s a r t i c l e w l l be l i m t ed tobas i c pl anning consi derat i ons pl us a briefdescri pt i on of each of the f a c i l i t i e s t hat mybe requi red . Emphasi s i s on programori gi na-t i on f a c i l i t i e s ; t ransmtter i ns ta l l at i ons arecoveredonl y bri ef l y .B . C assdi cat i onTel ev i s i on f a c i l i t i e s mybe cl ass i f i ed as t o pur-pose, type of programmng, andext ent of audi -ence i nvovemnt . These factors, pl us t he s i z eand budget of the st ati on, determne t he f a c i l -i t i e s t o be provi ded and thei r rel a t i onshi ps .1 . Purposea Local St a t i on Aocal t el ev i s i on s t a t i onserves a def i ned geographi cal area as autho-r i zed by FCC l i cens i ng . Programmng w l lrefl ect the si ze of the market (area served)whi chmyrange f roma smal l town t o a l argemetr opol i t an area . Many l ocal commrci als t at i ons ar e af f i l ia ted w t h one of the mj ornetworks, whi ch provi des a l arge port i on ofthei r programmng Another common sourceof outsi de programmng i s syndi cated tapeand f i l mb Network Programori g inat i on f aci l i t i esf or a tel evi si on network di ff er f romthose of al ocal s t a t i on i n that t hey are usua l l y l arger, wtha great er vari ety of supporti ng servi ces . Theyori ginate programmater i a l for usebyaf f i l i a t edl ocal st at i ons .c . Cabe Tel evi si on (CATV) Fac i l i t ies f orcabl e telev i s i on consi st of a recei vi ng antennaand a smal l head end bui l ding cont ai ni ng theassoci ated electroni c equi pmnt . I ncomngprogram are dist r i buted over a network ofcabl es t o subscri bers . Some CATVoperatorshave austere studi os sui tabl e f or l ocal newsand i nt ervi ews .d Other . Schoo s and i ndust r i al concernsare snaki ng i ncreased use of telev i s i on foreducat i onal and t ra i ni ng purposes andhave setup s tudi o f a c i l i t i e s f or thi s purpose Programmay be broadcast or di st r i buted over closedci rcui ts I n addi t i on, a number of cassett e-t ypemdi a are nowavai l abl e on whi ch programmybe recorded f or l ater playback on cl osedcircui t .2 Type of Pr ogrammng Abas i c planning factori s t he ext ent of l ocal l y ori gi nated programmngmat eri al as opposed t o network-suppl i ed orsyndicated mat eri al L ocal l y or i gi nat ed pro-gram requi re a s tudi o ; s tudi o type andext entof supporti ng f aci l i t i es w l l depend on nat ureof programmng planneda News s t udi o requi remnts ar e us ual l yqui te si mpl e . Support i ng f a c i l i t i e s w l l i ncl udenews gatheri ngservi ces, p l us storage and edit -i ng f a c i l i t i e s f or f i l mandvi deotape Coverage

865

of l ocal news events w l l requi re remote equi p-mnt .b I nt erv i ew andpanel di scussi ons can behandl edwth the si mpl est of st udi os andm ni -ml support f a c i l i t i e s .c Dramti cprogram (suchas soap operas)c a l l f or el aborat e f a c i l i t i e s , extensi ve sets,props, mkeup, wardrobe, and other supportf a c i l i t i e s Studi o l i ght i ng i s al s o more el abor-ated Musi cal and vari et y program are themost demndi ng Studi os must accommodateanythi ng f roma s i ngl e perf ormr t o a l argegroup and requi re great f l exi b i l i t y i n l i ghti ng,scenery, propert i es, etc Support i ng f aci l i t i es

are s i m l ar to those f or dramati c program, butusual l y there i s l ess opportuni ty f or reuse ofmateri al s i n subsequent program .e "Remotes, " or broadcasts ori ginated out -s i de the s ta t i on' s st udios, i ncl ude coverage ofs por t s ev ent s , pol i t i cal convent i ons, new,and other publ i c events . Faci l i t i es requi redf or thi s type of operat i on ( i n addi t i on t o contr olroom and other t echni cal f aci l i t i e s requi redf or on-premses programmng) are descri bedbel ow3 Audi ence and P u b l i c I nvol vement Studios maybe further cl as s i f i ed as audience or nonaudi -ence An audience s t udio i s a cross between at heater and a st udio, wtht he usual t heat er con-si derati ons of si ght l i nes, audience acoust i cs,and publ i c s af et y coml i cated by the requi re-ments f or camra operati on and l i ght i ng .

The publ i c may be i nvol ved i n tel evisi onf a c i l i t i e s i n ways ot her than as s t udi o audi -ences. A t a t i on pl anni ng toencourage v i s i t or st o vi ew t he behind-the-scenes operati onsshoul dmake ampl e provi s i on f or such circul a-t i o n .Another case i s the speci a l -purpose f a c i l i t ywhich has as a mjor f uncti on, the t r ai ni n g oftel evi si on t echni ci ans andoperat i ng personnelHere, cont r ol room andother support i ng f a c i l -i t i e s must be planned t o do doub e dut y ascl assroom .C Other Pl anni ng FactorsI n addi t i on t o theclass i f i cat i ons descr i bed, t hef ol l ow ng factors must al s o be consi dered

1 . Hours of operati on.2 Union regul ati ons affect i ng techni c ians,stagehands, et c .3 Management deci si ons on cont ract i ng outvs . work done i n-house . Exampl es ar e renta l ofscenery props andcostums and out si de f i l mdevel opi ng and storage

0 S i te Sel ecti onS i t e sel ect i on has much i n common w t h radi ost udi os, but i t w l l al s o depend on thepl anni ngfactors previ ousl y enumrated The s i t e f or anaudi ence studi o i s plannedmuch as i s t hat f ora t heat er, wthconsi derat i ons of parki ng, trans-port ati on, andaudience egress .A l st udi os requir e truck l oadi ng f a c i l i t i e sf or del i v er y andremoval of heavycamras andel ectroni c equi pmnt and-i f dramati c or vari -et y programmng i s pl anned-scenery and

propert i es . I nsofar as p os s i b l e, av oi d a s i t esubj ected t o vi brati on, such as t hat caused bya hi ghwayE Faci l i t i esThe l i s t i ng whi ch f ol l ows i ncl udes spaces re-qui red i n a l arger sta t i on, a network or a col -l ege f a c i l i t y where exposure t o al l facets oftelev i s i on broadcasti ng i s desi red . Smal l erstat i ons w l l requir e fewer and l ess el aborat ef a c i l i t i e s

1 . Studi os At el ev i s i on s t udi o i s any roomwhere t el ev i s i on camras are used Studi osrange i n s i z e f romt hat of a regul ar off i ce ( w t hthe camra shooti ng i n through a wndowor opendoor) t o l arge s t u di os of 100by 100 f tused f or dramati c or var i ety programmng Be-cause of i t s i mportance, a brief di scussi on ofs t udi o pl anni ng i s contai ned i n Secti on G( See Fi g . 1 . )2 . Contr ol Room Control room cont ai n el ec-t roni c equi pmnt f or moni tori ng and cont rol -l i ng the s t udi o output . They my have sepa-rate compart mnts f or sound ( audio), p icture(vi deo), and l i ght i ng contr ol . An announcer' sboothi ncorporated w t h thecont rol roommustbe acoust i cal l y i sol ated, si nce i t contai ns al i v e mcrophone .Control room must usua l l y be accessi bl et o t he s t udi o whi ch they serve di r ect v i s ualcont act myor mynot be necessary, depend-i ng on operati ng pract i ces ( F i g . 2) .Acoust i cal consi derat i ons are si ml ar t othose f or radi o cont rol room . Light i ng shoul dbe adj ust abl e t o permt observati on of t e l e -v i s i on .. OnIt o, S3 Techni cal F a c i l i t i e s Technical f aci l i t i e s housethe extensi ve el ectroni c equi pmnt whi ch sup-port s broadcasti ng operati ons Because of t hespace requi red and the f act t hat some of thi sequi pmnt i s noi sy, onl y the smal l est st at i onsl ocate i t i n the contr ol room .To f aci l i t at e mi ntenance, the t echni calf a c i l i t i e s are of tengrouped t ogether i n aCen-tral Technical Area (CTA) . CTAneed not beadj acent t o t he s t udi os , provi ded good cosn-municati ons are avai l abl e . Adust-free temer-ature- cont rol l ed envi ronmnt i s essent i al . Fol -l owng are the f a c i l i t i e s t hat make up CTAa Equi pmnt (Rack) Room The equi p-mnt roomhouses anci l l ary el ectroni c equi p-mnt t hat does not requi re attendance or ad-j ustment duri ng programmng, such as audi oandvideo equi pmnt, swtchi ng devi ces, trans-mssion equi pmnt, etc . Aseparat e roomf a-ci l i ta tes mi ntenance and s i m l i f i e s desi gnof the cont rol roots The rack roomneed notbe adj acent t o the cont r ol rooms) but shoul dbe convenient t o the mintenance shopb V deotape Recordi ng (VTR) The usualmedi umf or telev i s i on recordi ng i s mgneti ctape using a devi ce call ed a vi deotape recorder(VTR), whi ch resemb es a very el aborate mg-net i c sound tape recorder . TheVTRar ea f or al ocal s ta t i on mycontai n f romtwo t o si x m-chi nes . Cent r al network f a c i l i t i e s w l l havemore


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Commer ci alTV STATIONS

ci ne . Usef ul adj uncts to f i lm recording are adarkroomand viewng roomh V deo Cartri dges Newmet hods av ai l -

ab e f or recording tel evisi on programmngi n cart ri dge or cassette f ormi ncl ude fi l m(El ec-troni c V deoRecordi ng), mgneti c tape, pl astictape, and p l as t i c di sks . Wil e most are notyet of broadcast qual i ty, they my i n t i msuppl ement vi deotape and f i l m as programsources, muchas tape cart ri dges nowsupple-ment phonograph records i n commerci al radi ostudi os . Possib e f a c i l i t i e s ' needs cannot yet bepredi cted

i ProgramContro . This i s a roomresemb ing a contro roomwt hout a studi o wheretel evisi on signals f romvari ous sources---suchas tel eci ne, VTR, or l i v e remotes are comb ned el ectroni cal l y to produce a compl et eprogramI t i s usefu where studi os are heavil yused and much off -premses work i s ant i c i -pated Aprogramcontro rooms requi red onlyf or the l argest stati ons or network f a ci l i t i e s4 NOW$ Even the sml l est stati on w l l havel ocal news . The fo l owng f a c i l i t i e s would berequi redf or a l arge stati on or a central networkf a c i l i t y :a Newsroom Thi s i s siml ar to a news-paper " c i t y room wth desk and tel ephonespace f or newsmen I t usual l y contai ns or i sadj acent to wre servi ce pri nters and i s usuall yequi pped wth TV moni tors .b . Library and Archi ves Just as a mj ornewspaper w l l mintai n a f i l e of cli ppi ngs,a large news operat i on w l l have a l i brary off i l mand tape as wel l as reference books andother resources . This shoul d be accessib eto the newsroomc Special News Studi os . Si nce the l i v e"acti on" i n a news broadcast i s usual l y l i mtedto amn at a desk, l arger stati ons mywant asml l studi oopening di rectl y off thenewsroomf romwhi chnewsprogrammy ori gi nate wth-out tyi ng up one of the regu ar studi os . Wennot i n use as a studi o i t serves as an off i ce.d Graphi c Art s . Thi s i s a f a c i l i t y f or rapi dproducti on of charts, photos, and other vi sual

mteri al s . I t i s used extensi vel y f or news aswel l as other programmng I t my vary f romasing e a r t i s t ' s desk i n a sml l operat i on to al arge roomwth mny a r t i s t s and f a c i l i t i e s ,such as a Statmster, f or photo developingand pri nti ng5 Studio Support F a c i l i t i e s The fo l owng roomare basical l y sim l ar t o correspondi ng spacesi n l egi ti mte theaters and w l l not be di scussedi n detai l . Need f or themdepends onthe type ofprogrammnga . Rehearsal hal l s (these are best keptaway f rom the studi o t o mni mze soundprob em) .b . Wrdroberoomc Dressi ng room (i ndi vidual and group) .d Makeup room .e "Talent' ' l ounge f or perf ormrs (conven-i ent to studi os and dressi ng room) . This i sof ten cal l ed a "green room af ter a simlar

green-pai nted roomi n a wel l -known concerthall .

f . Mul t i purpose room These are roomabout the sizeof a chorus dressi ng roomwhi chcan be used, as the occasion demnds, fordressi ng room, rehearsal of sml l groups,l ounge, musi c ori gi nati on, etc .g . Ready storage f or scenery and props Thi smust be avai l ab e as close as possib e to thestudi os t o mni mze handl i ng

"'Tal ent" refers t o the actors, announcers .and other performrs who appear or arc : heardi n program

possib e to the central technical area. I deal l y,i t shoul d al so be conveni ent t o t he controroom, but thi s i s not al ways possib e .f . Telephone Equi pment Roont . For l argestati ons and network f a c i l i t i e s , tel ephoneequi pment associated wth transmssion oftel evisi on programmng requi res a subst an-t i a l fl oor area whi ch i s usual l y cl ose t o or apart of the central technical area . (Thi s equi p-ment i s di sti nct f rom that used f or normltel ephone communi cat i ons . )g Fi l m Recording. This area contai nsequi pment f or recordi ng, on moti on pi cturef i l m mteri al ori gi nated el ectroni cal l y Before

the advent of mgnet i c tape, t hi s was the onlymethod for recording tel evisi on programSome network i nstal l ati ons and very l argestati ons my s t i l l requ re a f i l m recordi ng f a-ci l i t y whi ch can be adj acent t o or par t of rate-

Fi g . 1 Typi cal s t u di o l a y ou t .c . Telnci ne Despi te the advantages of

mgneti c tape, much tel evisi on programmngw l l conti nue t o ori gi nate as moti on picturef i l m I n addi ti on to the popu ari ty of ful l -l engthfeature f i l o t as tel evisi on f are, off -stati on newsand special events are usual l y easi er to recordwth portabe moti on pi cture cameras . As thename imli es ( t el e- t el ev i s i on, cine-ci nem),tel eci ne contai ns assemb i es that comb nemoti on pi cture and s l i d e pro ectors wth atel evisi on camera Si ze w l l depend on thenumer of machi nes to be housed .d Mast er Contro . Larger stat i onswth sev-

eral studi os my requ re a central or mstercontro f or f i nal swtchi ng and moni tori ng ofthe on-air operat i on .e Maintenance Shop . This i s an elec-tronics workshop wth considerabe spacefor spare parts I t must be as convenient as

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veni ent to t he, garage area, si nce some of theequi pmnt cannot be readi l y removed f romthevans f or servicingc For a stat i on wth much of f -premseswork, an extra contro room(wthout a studio)i s usefu . Thi s permts putt i ng together aremote wthout tyi ng up one of the regu arstudi os (See 3i , programContro . )12 . Echo Chambers Echo or reverberati onef fects are obtained i n one of twoways usi ng' ' na t ur a l " echo chamers (highl y reverberantroom) or by means of a r t i f i c i a l reverberati ondevices . Thenatural (physi cal ) echo chamersrequi re i sol ati on f rom surrounding noi se,otherwse they can be l ocatedanywhere Needfor reverberati on sources depends on the typeof programmng contempl ated13 . Off i ces Wth the excepti on of those direct-l y related to producti on, off i ces my be remotef rom the studios (even i n another bui l di ng),but they shoul d be conveni ent to viewngroom . Executi ve off i cesandconference roomw l l requ re cl osed-circu t tel evisi on f eeds . Formjor network f aci l i t i e s, consi der off i ces f oroutsi de "showuni ts" (producer, di rector, andthei r assi stants) as wel l as other empl oyees .14 . Personnel F a c i l i t i e s The l arger ac t i v i t i es myrequi re cafeteri a, f i r s t ai d, and other supportf aci l i t i e s cust omary i n an i ndustr i al bui l di ngI n planning ci rcu ati onandt o i l et f a c i l i t i e s , con-si der v i s i t o r s , schoo chi l dren, and studi oaudiences .15 . Bui l ding Mai ntenance Because of the heavyi nvestmnt i n f a c i l i t i e s and equi pmnt , tele-visi on f aci l i t i e s are usual l y i ntensel y usedSi ml arl y, conti nui ty of ai r condi t i oning, el ec-t r i c power, and other bui l di ng servi ces i sessenti al . These factors di ctate al l ocati on ofadequate space to bui l di ng mai ntenance suchas cleaning, repai r shops, and spare partsstorage.

Ut i l i t y areas, such as transformr vau ts andmchanical equi pment room, shoul d be l i ber -a l l y si zed both to f a c i l i t a t e mai ntenance and toaccommdatefuture al terati ons wthout i nter-rupti ngbroadcasti ng operati ons16 . S i t e Devel opmntu . Parki ng needs must consi der :

Fi g . 2 Studio cont rol roomNote t hat t he cont rol roomshown has no vi sual cont act w t h t he studi o ; wal l space i sused f or telev is i on moni t ors .h . Crews l ounge Thi s shoul d al so be con-veni ent to the studi o area .i . Storage f or camras, mcrophones, and

l i ghti ng equi pment . This shoul d be conveni entt o studi os, and i f possib e, t o the mi ntenanceshop .6 . Scenery F a c i l i t i e s f or a l arge stati on or net-workw l l i ncl ude scenic desi gn (art studi o wthpossib y b uepri nti ng or photostati ng ser-vi ces) , producti on (carpenter shop, pai nt shop,stage el ectr i cal shop), scenery and propert y(prop) storage, and f aci l i t i e s for disposal ofunwanted sceneryF aci l i t i es to be provi ded depend onbusi nessdeci si ons as wel l as stati on s i z e and programmng, si nce mny of these functi ons can becontractedout . Somenet works mintai n a cen-tral sceneryfabri cati ng department f romwhichmteri al s are trucked t o and f romof f -premsesstudi os . Wether mde on premses or off,scenery and props consti tute a signi f i cantmteri al s handl i ng prob em The general fl owi s shown graphi cal l y i n Fig . 5 .7 F i l m F aci l i t i es f or processing (developing),edi ti ng ( cut t i ng) , and storage of f i l mare i den-t i cal to those i n commerci al f i l m l aboratori esand i n mny cases these f uncti ons (exceptpossib y edi ti ng) are perf ormd f or the stati onby a commerci al f i l m l aboratory

Fi l mstorage and handl i ngf a c i l i t i e s are usual -l y s t r i c t l y regu ated I n the absence of l ocalnodes, refer to Nati onal Fi re Protecti on Associ -ati on pamphl ets .6 SoundEffects Central sound effects room-sim lar to sml l radi o contro room-are re-qui red only i n the l arger f a c i l i t i e s They neednot be adjacent to the studi os provi ded goodi ntercommuni cati ons are avai l ab e9 Musi c Ori ginati on Room These provide musi -cal background to a studi o program I f thei nstrumnt (pi ano organ, etc . ) does not appearvisual l y, i t my be l ocated i n a separate roomoavo d cl utt eri ng up the studi o Usual l y, veryclose mcrophone techniques are used, so thatacoust i cal requi remnts are not severe .10 . V ewng ( Screeni ng) Room Aviewng roommy be anythi ng f roma roomwth a 16mmpro ector on a table for previ ewng f i lm to anelaborate mni ature theater f or showng pro-gram to prospecti ve sponsors . The l at t e r type Fi g . 3 Tel evi si on stati on-schemti c organi zati on .

shoul d be easil y reached f romsal es and execu-t i v e areas and conveni ent to rest room andoff i ces . They are not usual l y related to thestudi o or technical f a c i l i t i e s V ewng roomshoul d have f aci l i t i e s f or 16mmnd 35 mmmoti on pi cture f i l m( i f possib e, wth a separatepro ecti on booth) as wel l as tel evisi on mn-i t or i ng .

I t i s often possib e to arrange viewng roomso that two room share a sing e pro ect i onbooth Local code requi remnts w l l i nf l uenceplanning and desi gn . The viewng roommyal so be desi gned to doub e as a conferenceroom

11 . F a c i l i t i e s f or Outsi de (Remote) Program Ori ginati onBy contrast wth radi o, f a c i l i t i e s f or remote(of f -premses) tel evisi on broadcasti ngare qui teel aborate . Astati on pl anning such ac t i v i t i esw l l requ re the fo l owng :a Garage or parking space f or the mob l evans containing remote equi pment . Si nce thesemy be t a l l e r than ordi nary vehicles, a carefulcheck of overhead cl earances i s requi redb . A i e l d shop f or mi ntenance of the equ p-ment and f or storage of gear . This must be con-

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grammng I n addi t i on t o i s ol a t i ng the s t udiof romoutsi denoi se, v i brat i on t hat coul d be f e l tby sensi t i ve camras must be avo ded Thi smy be caused by outsi de t r a f f i c , bui l di ngequi pmnt, or an adj oi ni ng s tudi o . I n extremcases, the enti re s t udi o i s "fl oated" on spri ngst o separate i t f romthe bui l di ng structure4 Materi al s Handl i ng Scenery, props, and ot hermateri al s used i n the s t udi o maybe bot h bul kyand heavy Entrance f or l arge scenery f l a t s i sessent i al, as wel l as f a c i l i t i e s f or del i v er y ofheavy i tem such as an automob l e .5 F l nor Loadi ng Fl oor l oadi ngs should accommodate thetype of programmng ant i ci pated, aswel l as theweights of the camraswhi ch, w t hthei r movi ng carri ages (dol l i es) can be qui teheavy, Ai ve l oad of at l east 100 ps f i s recommended f or mxmumf l e xi b i l i t y i n l argest udios, andsome authori t i es recommend 125t o 150 psf (The cl as s i c exampl e of extremp oi nt l oadi ng i s an el ephant st anding on onef oot . ) Fi ni shed f l oors requi re greater t hanusual f reedomfrom i rregul ari t i es and waveswhi ch would affect a rol l i ng carri ers6 Cycl orama The producti on area of t he s t udi oi s usua l l y surrounded by a cycl orama, a thi n,opaque curt ain whi ch provi des a backdrop t osceneryandconceal s t he wal l s or any storageoutsi de the producti on area .7 . L i g h t i n g For smal l er st udios, l i ght i ng i sprovi ded by a comb nati on of overhead andf l oor-mounted l umnai res Greater f l e xi b i l i t yi s obtained w t h an el ectr i f i ed raceway of theLi t espan type .For the l arger st udios . some type of l i ghti nggr i d fromwhi ch l i g h t f i xtures may be hungi s usua l l y necessary Thi s my be servi ced byl adders f romt he fl oor, but i n t he mjor st udi osa catwalk system i s provi ded whi ch permtsplacemnt and adj ustmnt of the l umnai resenti rel y f romabove I ndivi dual l i g h t pipes orbat t ens t hen can be rai sed and l oweredare al soused (see Fi g . 1) p erm t t i ng adj ustmnt ofl i ghts f romthe s tudi o f l oor .Associ ated wth the l i ght i ng system i s apatch panel . an oversi zed vers i on of a t e l e -phone sw tchboard, used f or mki ng l i ght i ngconnecti ons. D mmngequi pmntmybe i n t hest udi o or centr al i zed el sewhere and remot el ycont roll ed byal i ght i ng consoe i n the contr olroomor s t udi o

H Space Pl anning f or U t i l i t i e sCo or tel ev i s i on requi res very i nt ense l i ght i ng- 50 t o 75 watts per square f oot of producti onarea i s not uncommon . Heat generated by thisl i ght i ng must be removed by ai r condi t i oni ng .Locati on of ai r- condit i oni ng equi pmnt andduct rout i ng must be consi dered i n ori ginalpl anni ng . Space must al s o be al l ocat ed t o t hevery extensi ve w r i ng whi ch i nterconnect ss t udi o, cont r o l room and centr al t echni calarea, usi ng under- f l oor ducts, overhead cabl et r ays , or ot her means I n one l arge i ns ta l l a t i on,the cei l i ng of t he cent ral t echni cal area wasusedas a ki nd of huge cabl e tray, w t h handl edcabl es l a i d di rectl y on the grat i ng t hat servedas the cei l i ng . (The cei l i ng al so served as aplenumf or ai r condit i oni ng . )Power for el ectroni c equi pmnt ("t echni cal ' 'Power) shoul d be separated f romt hat servingbui l di ng equi pmnt and may r equi r e v ol t a geregul at i on For a mjor stati on, emrgency2 Thewoi ght here mayrangoup t o5o 7 tons

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Fi g 4 Perf ormer ( " t a l e n t " ) f lowStat i on empl oyeesVi s i tors on busi ness, such as customers, perf ormers , and tradesmnStudi o audiencesGeneral p ubl i c (gui ded t ours . school -ehi l dren, ate . )St a t i on vehi cl esb Off-street l oadi ng f aci l i t i e s ar e essent i alf or scenery and propert i es as wel l as heavycamras, dol l i es, and el ectroni c equi pmnt .Access i s requi red f romthe l oadi ng f aci l i t i e st o shops, storage area, and st udi osc . Some stat i ons make speci al use of thei routsi de f aci l i t i es f or program such as farmorani mal shows

F Pl anni ng Consi derat i ons1 . C i r c u l a t i o n Organi zati on of a typi cal t e l e -v i s i o n s t at i on i s shown schemati cal l y i n Fi g . 3Ael ev i s i on broadcasti ng f a c i l i t y i ncl udes qui tedi vergent funct i ons . Flow of peopl e and m-ter i al s t hat mybe i n confl i ct must be separatedas i n a mnufacturi ng pl ant . Some of thesef l ow are descri bed bel owa Off i ce personnel requir e access t o pro-ducti on or t echni cal spaces onl y rarel y Execu-t i v e and sa les personnel requi re readyaccesst o conference and viewng room .6 Vi s i tors shoul d be cont rol l ed . Sponsorsand other off i ci al guests shoul d have readyaccess t o of f i ces and screeni ngroom wthoutgo ng through producti on or t echni cal areas.

r - "Tal ent' ' (performng a r t i s t s of al l t ypes)requi re access t o st udios and s tudi o supportf aci l i t i es (see Fi g . 4) .d Techni cians and producti on personnelrequi re access t o thei r areas and t o studi os.a Tal ent, t echni cal , and producti on per-sonnel shou d not have t o pass through off i ceareasf Studi o audi ences, where used, shoul d

have access onl y t o studi o and toi l et s . Vi s i t st o producti on or t echni cal spaces should becareful l y cont rol l ed, as on gui ded tours .g Scenery and props i nvol ve si gni fi cantmateri al s- handl i ng operat i ons . Fi gure 5 showsthe mjor f l ows whi ch shoul d be separat ed,i nsofar as possi bl e, fromthe "peopl e" flowh "Showuni t " of f i ces ( producer, dir ector,and t hei r s t af f s ) are preferabl y l ocat ed w t hi neasy access t o studi o f a c i l i t i e s , al though thi si s not al ways p oss i bl e .

2 Expansi on Studi os and t echni cal room arevery di f f i cul t and cos t l y t o expand unless ex-pansion i s conteml ated i n t he ori gi nal con-s tr uct i on One approach i s t o bui l d the bas i cshel l l arge enough t o accommodate al l ant i ci -pated requi remnts I nteri or f i ni shes ar e de-

Tarred and the space t o be used f or st udi os i nt he f ut ur e i s , f or examl e, used i n i t i a l l y f orscenery storage Were the s i t e permts, asecond approach i s t o l ocate st udios next t o anoutsi de wal lV deotape and other t echni cal areas whi chdonot requi re thec ei l i ng hei ght s characteri st i cof studi os canbeexpanded provi ded the spacealongsi de can be made avai l abl e . Expansionneeds should al so beconsideredwhen pl anni ngf an room, duct rout i ng, and other u t i l i t i e sspaces .

GStudi o Pl anningThe s t udi o i s t he heart of ori ginal programmedtelev i s i on .1 . Audi ence Studio Audi ence s t udi os p r es enta part i cul ar chal l enge, si ncecamra operati onconf l i ct s w t h the t heater requi remnts f orunobstructed si ght l i nes . The resul t i ng s t udi oi s usua l l y a compromse For a producti onf a c i l i t y wth onl y occasi onal audience use,removab ebl eacher seati ng mybe consi deredTel evi si on st udios requi re a subst ant i alcamra mneuveri ng space between the pro-ducti on area and the audience seati ng . Camrarunways proj ect out i nto the seat i ng a r ea t opermt l ong camra shots . Seati ng area i s usu-a l l y sl oped f or bet t er audience viewng Notet hat i t must be p oss i bl e t o ai mcamras at t heaudience as wel l as at the stage Musi ci ans ar el ocat ed at the sam l evel as the rest of the pro-ducti on area and ar e usual l y encl osed f oracoust i cal reasons.

Audi ence st udios are ' p l aces of publ i cassemb y" i n bui l di ng code t erm , w t h seatspaci ng, egress, andother aspects of audiencesafety and comort t o be consi dered2 D mensi ons Studi os can range f rom20 by25 f t f or a very smal l s t a t i on t o 100by 100 f tor more f or a l argef a c i l i t y sui t a bl e f or al l typesof programmng Studi os l i m t ed t o news ors i m l a r s t a t i c programmng w t h l i t t l e move-mnt can be even smal l er A40- by 60-ft studi oi s a good s ize f or an average s ta t i onMni mumcl earance under the l i ght i ng sup-port structure or ai r- condit i oni ng ducts canrange f rom10 f t i n the news- i nt ervi ew studi ot o 15 or 20 f t i n the l arger st udios sui t a bl e f ordramati c and var i ety programmng Were awal k-on gr i d i s used f or l i ghti ng, an addit i onal7 f t or so shou d be provi ded between bottomof gr i d and undersi de of trusses or beamformng t he roof .3 Sound and Vi b r a t i o n I s o l a t i o n I nteri or acoust i -cal requi remnts depend on t he t ype of pr o-


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Commrci alTV STATIONS

Fi g 5 Materi al s f l o w, scenery and props st orage .generators shoul d be considered to provi def or conti nui ty of mni ml broadcasti ng, suchas news, net work f eeds, or f i lm (Emergencystudi o operat i on i s not usual l y practi cal be-cause of the heavypower and air-condi ti oni ngrequi remnts . )

I . Transmt t er Faci l i t i es 'Transmtt er f aci l i t i es consi st of the broadcast-i ng antenna and the transmtter bu l di ng orroomAs wth FM the radi ati ng el emnt(antenna) i s munted on a separate tower ormst, whose functi on i s purel y structural .

' See di scussi on of radi o transmtters i mme-di atel y precedi ng t h is ar t i cl e

There i s no ground radi a l systemas wthAMradi o transmtters except f or l i ghtning protec-ti on . Several antennas my be munted on asing e mst or tower .TV transmssion i s primril y a l i ne- o f - s i ght

phenomenon and i s af fected by bui l di ngs,mountai ns, etc For t h is reason, antenna hei ghti s a mj or considerati on, and mny tel evisi ontowers are mrethan 1,000 f t t a l lBecause of these hei ghts, part i cul ar consid-erati on must be gi ven to f a l l i n g i ce and d r i f t -i ng pai nt spray when the tower i s repaintedI n general , physi cal s i t e planni ng has muchi n commn wth radi o transmtter plan-ni ng

Pl anni ng f or the transmtter roomal soresemb es that for radi o transmtters, but theequi pmnt and plant f aci l i t i es are l arger and

mrecompl ex . Detail ed requi remnts dependverymuchon the transmtter equi pmnt to beused, and parti cul ar attenti on must be paid totransmtter coo i ng (UHF equi pment usual l yrequi res water coo i ng )

I n the past, mst tel evisi on transmtters havebeen f ul l y manned, requi ri ng ki tchen and t o i l et(and even sl eeping f aci l i t i e s i n some cases) .Wi l e unatt ended transmtters are nowper-mtt ed, the transmtt er bu l di ng w l l s t i l l beoccupi ed for a part of eachday, requi ri ng somepersonnel support f aci l i t i e s . On the other hand,provisi on shoul d be mdefor remote moni tor-i ng of bui l di ng servi ces-- temperature, f i r edetecti on, el ectri c power, etc. - - - for use duri ngthose peri ods when the stati on i s unmnnedWereconti nui ty of broadcasti ng i s essenti al,emergencypower shoul d be provi ded .

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