Aquaponic Plant Selection and Considerations Aquaculture ... · Aquaponic Plant Selection and...
Transcript of Aquaponic Plant Selection and Considerations Aquaculture ... · Aquaponic Plant Selection and...
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Aquaponic Plant Selection and
Considerations
Aquaculture Boot Camp-2 February 11, 2017
Brad Bergefurd, Extension Educator Agriculture and Natural Resources &
Horticulture Specialist
OSU Extension Scioto County
OSU Piketon Research & Extension Center
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Acceptable yields= profit potential
Treatment Marketable ounces per square foot
Styrofoam float tray Mizuna
10.3912 A
Hydrocorn Mizuna
2.208 C
Rock Mizuna
1.4214 C
Styfofoam float tray Red Leaf Lettuce
4.0157 B
Hydrocorn Red Leaf Lettuce
2.3874 C
Rock Red Leaf Lettuce
1.1592 C
LSD 1.5349
*Treatments with different Letters are significantly different.
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Aquaponic Benefits
• Two crops - symbiotic relationship between plants and fish
• Reduction in waste-water discharge by recycling nutrients
• 90% REDUCTION in water use vs. conventional farming techniques
• Minimal need for land- because of their compact nature, facilities may be located very close to the end users (restaurants, green grocers, food manufacturers, public) in a variety of locations (country, city, desert).
• Supports Local Market Demand
• Produces an organic food source-no herbicides and OMRI pesticides can be used
• Year round production for marketing advantage
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Disadvantages to aquaponics
• High start up costs
• Lack of research
• Have to manage both systems, fish and plants
• Needs constant monitoring (babysitting) and
skilled management
• Moderate energy inputs
• Niche, high-end marketing to be profitable
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Nitrogen Cycle in Aquaponics
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Nutrient Management- Why is it so important?
• Specialty crops (vegetable, fruit,
herbs) tend to be short-term
crops grown as part of a multiple
cropping system.
• Succession cropping is common
(i.e. several crops grown one
after another in same area).
• Intercropping is common (two or
more crops growing at the same
time in the same area).
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Fertility Regular
Often
Adjust throughout
season Photo by Steve Groff
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Specialty Crop Fertilizer and Environment
• Intensive aquaponic production systems use protective
structures to grow a number of crops year around which
influences fertility management
• With proper fertilizer management specialty crop
producers can minimize environmental impacts and
improve fertilizer use efficiently.
• Growers should know their crops, account for the
nutrient values of ALL soil amendments and test soils
and plants to support fertilizer management decisions.
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Fertigation & Monitoring
• Regular & Often
• Adjust throughout the crop cycle based on weekly/daily
plant and water analysis
• Immediate testing determines how much nitrate is already
present in the plant, minimizing the possibility of under or
over fertilization. Cardy meters $495,
http://www.specmeters.com
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• Excess N also can result in reduced nutritional content.
• Leafy green vegetables= high N can result in accumulation of nitrates in
plant tissue to unhealthy levels.
• High N can cause reduced volatile production and negative impact on
flavor & aroma in fruits, vegetables and hops.
• Excess N= hollow stem in broccoli and reduced storage qualities of fruit
and vegetables.
• Excess n can cause reductions in other plant nutrients such as P, Ca, Mg.
resulting in deficiencies and associated disorders.
Nitrogen Management in Specialty Crops
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Some Examples of Aquaponic Systems
Continuous flow (more energy)
Floating Rafts
Multi-level vertically integrated systems
Ebb and flow
Troughs
Gravel beds
Slide from Rainfresh Harvests
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non-circulating, hydroponic, float-bed
system
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Fuhrmann Orchards Scioto County
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imag
e co
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B. B
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bag culture
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Aquaponic strawberries?
• Thanks to a USDA Specialty Crop Block Grant current Ohio research :
• Stackers
• Troughs
• Gutters
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1 month growth:
Arugula, bokchoy, basil, mustard
greens
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Things can go bad real fast!!
• Plant nutrition and water needs to be constantly monitored and adjusted.
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In Summary
• Aquaponics more popular than ever
• Get training
• Avoid shysters
• Use careful business planning
• Start of with a small pilot system
• Be ready to market a high value product
• Keep connected with research organizations
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Full research reports, assistance and production information
• Brad Bergefurd Horticulture Specialist
• Extension Educator Piketon Research & Extension Center 1864 Shyville Road Piketon, Ohio 45661
• 1-800-860-7232 ext 136
• OSU Extension Scioto County Portsmouth, Ohio
• 740-354-7879
• www.southcenters.osu.edu
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ANY QUESTIONS?
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Aquaponics Advantages
• Extended growing seasons
• Wind and rain protection (Indoor)
• Potential for reduced disease problems on certain crops
• Potential for higher market value of crops
• Potential for higher quality harvested crops
• Potential for higher yields
• All crops can be Aquaponically with the right management and inputs
• Use of nutrient rich water
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Potential Disadvantages
•Could be significant capital expense $
•Logistics and bottom line progfit potential of some crops
•Required continuous monitoring and management of production systems, temperatures, ventilation, pests
•Potential for structural damage from wind, snow, and ice loads.
• Insect and disease management (IPM)
• Management (babysitting)
• Use of nutrient rich water
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Split Nitrogen Applications
• Many specialty crops require applying Nitrogen at different stages of
plant maturity.
• Excessive amounts or deficiencies in N can result in plant/fruit
physiological disorders (i.e. yellow shoulder disorder, blotchy
ripening of tomato).
• Split applications are generally more efficient in terms of fertilizer
and crop usage.
• Split applications require intensive crop monitoring and application
management.
• Applications made before nutrient deficiencies occur and in advance
of crop maturity stages (i.e not too early or too late).
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Phosporous and Potassium applications
• P & K should be managed properly to minimize costs and
maximize efficiency.
• Excessive amounts or deficiencies in K can result in fruit
physiological disorders (i.e. yellow shoulder disorder of tomato).
• Tough to make applications in an aquaponics situation.
• To sustain adequate plant growth the concentrations of micro- and
macronutrients need to be monitored.
• Periodically some nutrients may need to be added to adjust their
concentration.
• Fertigation (applying nutrients through irrigation system) is recommended
when irrigation systems are designed accordingly.
• Must co- manage with fish production.
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Fertigation Equipment
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Structural and Environmental
Management •
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Integrated Pest Management Tactics
(Aquaponic farming)
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What is IPM?
• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.”
• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…
• Major losses occur due to:
• Lack of early detection of insects
• Insecticide resistance by misuse
• Loss of natural control with insecticides
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Decision making in IPM…
• Insect detection & monitoring
• Insect identification
• Population pressure
• Economic threshold
• Make treatment decision >>> 3-tiered
approach
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Thresholds • They are the “yardsticks” that indicate
the need for control
• They are economically based
• They are different according to the
different pests (based on life cycles,
feeding habits, etc.)
• They can be different for different crops
• They may change according to
conditions or method of control.
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A Variety of Disciplines for Both
Preventive and Rescue Type Pest Control
• Sanitation-Removal of residues and
hosts in and around the growing facility
• Cultural-Crop rotation, use of resistant
varieties, proper fertility, grafted plants
• Mechanical - Cultivation, row covers
• Biological - Releasing, attracting or
maintaining beneficial insect
populations, bio-fungicides
• Chemical - “organic”/”inorganic”
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IPM Decision Making
• Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural practices,
sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops)
• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices (barriers,
lures/traps, repellents, hand-picking, netting)
• Level 3: Biorational & other material
• (OMRI or traditional approved insecticides)
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Starting Point for IPM… • Emphasis on Pest Detection & Correct Identification:
– INSECT PHEROMONE TRAPS for improved scouting
– Trap Catch = Pest Density X Pest Activity (Taylor, 1963)
– Insect Monitoring Project in Ohio
Corn rootworm trap Sticky wing trap
Stink bug trap
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Insect Netting Applications
Insect netting on the sides of a high tunnel
Use insect netting over the entire high tunnel frame
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Biological Control Agents or Natural Enemies
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Na
tura
l E
ne
mie
s
41
Predators: – Ladybugs, Spiders
• General feeders
• Eat several prey
• Larger and stronger than the prey
Parasitoids (=parasites): – Wasps, Flies
• Specialist feeders
• Kill only one host (pest)
• Smaller than the host
Pathogens: – Bacteria, Fungus & Viruses
• Micro-organisms that cause diseases in
insects
Who kills Pests?
http://www.harvesttotable.com/2012/06/parasitic-wasps-beneficial-insects/
extension.entm.purdue.edu
Flicker.com
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42
Predators
Green lacewing
Larvae
Larvae © Rao Balusu
© Rao Balusu
ucanr.edu
Eggs
Lady beetles Hover flies
Abulrfan
Robber flies
www.ipm.ncsu.edu
Bigeyed bugs
Assassin bugs
Minute pirate bugs
Crab spider Wolf spider Orb weavers
Spinded soldier bug Spiders
farmerfredrant.blogspot.com
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43
Parasitoids
Trichogramma wasp
shareourgarden.blogspot.com
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc
Aphidius wasp
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
Mummified aphids
Wasp in action www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu
Trichopoda pennipes http://bugguide.net/node/view/6647
Tachinid flies
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Insecticides for Aquaponic
Vegetable Production
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If you do apply a pesticide, make sure to
follow all label and safety precautions!
•Wear protective equipment
•The person applying the pesticide should be
monitored at all times during the application of a
fumigant.
•Post a warning sign that states when the REI is over.
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Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)
Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash
Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Stomach action – Bt (Dipel)
Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite
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Friend of friends – Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Bt kurstaki strain acts on small caterpillars
• Caterpillars in cool-season crops, tomatoes, pepper
• Bt tenebrionis strain for beetles
• Frequent appl., thorough coverage needed
• 0 Pre Harvest Interval (PHI)
•
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Pyrethrin/Pyrethrum
• Broad-spectrum insect control
• Pyganic 1.4EC, 5 EC – OMRI approved
•Pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO-synergist) not organic
• Insects may recover
6% AI
6o% PBO
Permethrin – NOT organic insecticide!
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Neem-based Insecticides
Neem (oil) OMRI approved
Neem II (oil + pyrethrin)
• Contact action, controls immature insects!
• Target pests: aphids, armyworms, scales, thrips, WF
For commercial producers
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Insecticide Premixes Azera :
• OMRI approved
• Mix of azadirachtin + pyrethrin
• Interferes with molting, rapid knock-down
• Contact, stomach action, IGR
• Effective against stink bugs (brown marmorated stink bug)
Mix of neem + pyrethrin (Green Light)
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Common name Product
Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor phase out)
Spinetoram Radiant 1SC
MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects
Entrust: for ORGANIC producers
Spinosyn
•Excellent for thrips, leafminers, looper, others
•READ THE LABEL!!
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Insecticidal Soap • Potassium salt of fatty acids
• Control soft-bodied insects (aphids, whiteflies)
• Some short-chain fatty acids are herbicides (household detergent)
• No residual action, not rain fast
OMRI Approved
Not OMRI Approved
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Kaolin Clay • Present naturally in soil in tropical countries
• Foliar spray at high rate (25 lb/A)
• OMRI approved – Surround WP (95% clay)
• Natural desiccant, feeding deterrent
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Vegetable Oils • Physical poisons
• Short residue
• Effective against soft-bodied insects
• Do not use if temps are >90F
• May not be OMRI approved
Canola oil (96%)
Soybean oil (93%)
Sesame oil 5% Fish oil 92%