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![Page 1: Aquaculture the controlled production of animals that normally live in water (fish farming) three thousand year old practice started by the Egyptians.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062318/5515541155034673228b65d5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Aquaculture
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Aquaculture
• the controlled production of animals that normally live in water (fish farming)
• three thousand year old practice started by the Egyptians and Chinese
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Aquaculture
• two types of water creatures
• freshwater
• saltwater
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Aquaculture• animals raised for production may
include
• crustaceans (shrimp and crayfish)
• mollusks (clams and oysters)
• amphibians (frogs)
• reptiles (alligators)
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Aquaculture• fish provide a high quality high
protein supply of meat
• as with other agriculture animals humans soon discovered that by producing their own aquatic animals that the supply available to the consumer would be more dependable and easier to harvest
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Aquaculture• commercial growth growing of
fish
• five million tons a year produced
• demands of the consumer has increased
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Aquaculture
• aquatic animals are produced efficiently and economically
• fish account for 12% of the meat consumed in the US
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Fish Production• many advantages over other
agricultural animals
• 9lbs. Feed for 1lbs. Of gain for steer
• 2lbs. Feed for 1lbs. Of gain a fish
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Fish Production
• fish are ectothermic (cold-blooded)
• this means less energy goes into maintaining a constant body temp
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Fish Production
• fish have a higher percentage of edible meat (up to 85%)
• up to 6000 pounds fish can be raised on one acre
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Fish Production • Problems in fish production
• dissolved oxygen level must be maintained
• shipping the meat (fish spoils quickly)
• operations are labor intensive
• operations are high risk
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Fish Respiration
• breathe oxygen
• use gills to take oxygen from the water and put it to use in the bloodstream
• gills act just as lungs do
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Fish Respiration• The oxygen is put into the water
through…
• photosynthesis
• process in which aquatic plants which releases dissolved oxygen into the water
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Fish Respiration
• directly from the sun penetrating the oxygen into the waves
• aeration by crating waves
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Fish Respiration
• if the dissolved oxygen level falls below a certain point the fish may suddenly die (suffocate)
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Commercially Grown• grouped into two categories
• warm water
• thrive in temps above 60 degrees
• catfish and tilapia most popular in US
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Cold Water
• thrive in waters that are 70 degrees or less
• Trout and Salmon most popular in the US
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Catfish Production
• most widely grown production fish in the US
• smooth skin with no scales
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Catfish Production• nearly 100,000 metric tons produced
each year at a value of $380 million
• survive on lower levels of dissolved oxygen than most other production fish
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Channel Catfish
• mose widely used
• Mississippi leads in channel cat production
• raised in ponds less than 6 feet deep
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Egg production
• female catfish lay eggs in nests that are provided by the producer
• eggs are collected and placed in tanks or jars in the hatchery
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Egg production
• eggs are moved back and forth by use of paddles in a wave-like action
• fish eggs must be turned just as bird eggs are in order to hatch
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Egg production• When small fish hatch (called fry)
they are placed in tanks until they are about two inches long (then called fingerlings)
• fingerlings are transferred into a pond or huge tank until they weigh two pounds
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Egg production• fish are fed twice a day
• fish are harvested using seines (large nets)
• another method of raising production fish is using large submerged cages
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Cages• advantages
• fish may be inspected more closely
• less feed is wasted
• predator problems are solved
• harvesting is easier
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Tilapia Production
• native to Africa
• resemble our native sunfish
• reproduce prolifically
• grow rapidly
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Tilapia Production
• can survive high temp, low oxygen and overcrowded conditions
• cannot survive in water below 50 degrees
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Trout Production
• considered the best tasting fish
• high percentage of their body is edible meat
• cold water fish
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Trout Production
• most trout are raised in concrete raceways where the water is constantly moving
• moving water keeps the water cooler and keeps the dissolved oxygen level higher
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Trout Production
• disease control is easier in this environment
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Salmon Production• cold water fish
• raised in floating net cages that are anchored in bays of oceans
• usually takes 18-24 months to finish out the fish
• harvested at 9-11 pounds
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Salmon Production
• very meaty fish with a favorable taste
• most salmon that is consumed is caught in the ocean rather than raised in captivity
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Sport fishing• hatcheries stock lakes and streams
• recreational fishing creates other industry
• fishing tackle stores
• boats
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Sport fishing
• guide services
• restaurant, hotel and other stores near the water
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Bullfrog Production
• frog legs are considered a gourmet food
• most frogs are raised in the wild
• demand for frogs far exceed the supply
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Bullfrog Production• attempts to raise bullfrogs in
captivity have been unsuccessful for many reasons
• 1. Animals are territorial
• 2. Frogs only eat food that is alive, no processed food
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Bullfrog Production
• 3. Predators (raccoons and snakes)
• research is still being done to find a way to raise bullfrogs for production purposes
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Crayfish• Craw Dads, Crawfish, or Mud
Bugs
• Louisiana leads in crawfish production
• 1000 pounds per acre can be produced
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Crayfish• raised in large earthen ponds that
are less than two feet deep
• can be grown along with crops such as rice
• crawfish are omnivorous (they eat both plants and animals)
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Crayfish
• main diet is decaying plants, worms and insect larvae
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Alligator Production
• alligators were hunted to a point near extinction
• hides are very valuable
• conservation efforts have brought the population back
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Alligator Production
• alligators are harvested at the age of 26 months of age and five to six feet long
• hides are sold to make bags, boots, shoes and various other leather type goods
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Alligator Production
• skulls and teeth are also a hot commodity
• meat is very tasty and is sold to restaurants
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Alligator Production
• process of raising alligators
• females build nests from vegetation and mud and lay an average of 40 eggs each time
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Alligator Production
• producers remove the eggs from the nest to limit the loss to predators
• eggs are marked so that the proper end will be in the right position to ensure a good hatch
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Alligator Production
• eggs are wrapped in hay and are kept moist
• the hay contains a bacteria that breaks down the shell allowing the babies to break through the shell
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Alligator Production
• temperature is critical to determining the sex of the newborn alligator
• temps above 93 degrees produce all males
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Alligator Production• temps below 86 degrees produce
all females
• temp of 88 degrees produces an even mixture
• alligators are fed fish, products from poultry industry
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Alligator Production
• carcasses of animals that are slaughtered for their fur only