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AquacultureSuccess Stories
Radheyshyam
G. S. SahaH. K. De
Odisha
AquacultureSuc
cessStories
Radheyshyam,G.S.
Saha,H.K.De
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AquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureSuccess StoriesSuccess StoriesSuccess StoriesSuccess StoriesSuccess Stories
CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
P.O. Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, Odisha
Dr. Radheyshyam,Principal Scientist
Dr. G. S. Saha,Senior Scientist
Dr. H. K. De, Senior Scientist
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Aquaculture Success Stories
Year of publication : 2012
Published by : Dr. P. Jayasankar
DirectorCentral Institute of Freshwater AquacultureKausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar - 751002Odisha, India
Edited by : Dr. Radheyshyam, Principal Scientist
Dr. G. S. Saha, Senior ScientistDr. H. K. De, Senior Scientist
2012, Director, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga,
Bhubaneswar-751002
Printed at : Capital Business Service & Consultancy, B-51, Sahid Nagar, Bhubaneswar [email protected]
ii
ISBN : 978-81-924918-4-4
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Aquaculture is gaining importance within India and globally for
its contribution not only to food and nutritional security, but also
to livelihood security. India with its vast inland aquatic resources
has high potential for contributing to increased fish production
through aquaculture and create/improve livelihoods especially
in the rural areas. However, this potential is yet to be fully
harnessed.
There is growing realization of the lack of adequate diffusion of
scientific information/technologies from research to the farmingcommunity. At the same time, lack of information flow from farmers to researchers on the
problems/issues, is constraining in the conduct of demand driven research, resulting in a
huge gap in the quality of research output required at the farm level. The planned Farmers'
First project of ICAR will hopefully address this disconnect and would enable farmer-led
research which in the long run would help empower farming community.
In the absence of access to modern technologies, the farmers often experiment with their
limited resources and traditional knowledge and come up with practices/technologies
that are appropriate which in turn become popular among the farming community in
similar agro-climatic zones. These farmers' innovations need to be nurtured, promotedand complemented with scientific inputs where necessary. Organization of Farm
Innovators' Meets and the documentation of success stories are gaining momentum in
recent years. I am happy to learn that the Central Institute Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA),
Bhubaneswar has organized 'Aquaculture Innovators Meet' creating an environment for
the farmers to share their innovations with scientists and get their time tested innovations
recognized.
This publication 'Aquaculture Success Stories' documents in details the innovative
aquaculture practices perfected by the farmers from Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha
states. Formal science needs to acknowledge this wisdom and strengthen grass root levelinnovations.
This book will be a very good source of reference material on aquaculture innovations and
will be useful to researchers, students, entrepreneurs and policy makers.
M. Vijay Gupta
World Food Prize Laureate
iii
M E S S A G E
31stMarch, 2012
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The Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA),
Bhubaneswar started its journey as a full fledged institute in the
year 1987 and is celebrating 25th year of its glorious existence
during April 1, 2011- March 31, 2012. During the last two and a
half decades of devoted research, the institute has developed
several epoch-making technologies which have revolutionizedfreshwater aquaculture sector in the country. India presently
produces 8.1 million tons of fish per annum of which almost half
is contributed by the freshwater aquaculture sector. With the
stagnating catches from natural waters, aquaculture sector bears the major responsibility
for ensuring fish production in the country. The central focus of CIFA is to develop farmer-
friendly production technologies of major carps, minor carps, catfish, prawn, ornamental
fish, murrels, Anabas, pabda and molluscs. The institute is also spending considerable
efforts in transfer of technology, training of trainers as well as farmers and policy advocacy
in important areas of aquaculture. The Institute is committed to implement the motto
FARMER FIRST in its letter and spirit.
The Institute had organized 'Aquaculture Innovators Meet' on 10 July 2011 with an objective
to share the farmers' innovations with scientists and also to felicitate them. The meet was
a huge success. The compilation of success stories christened as "Aquaculture Innovators"
has become popular among the researchers as well as the planners. So much so that we
soon ran out of stock and soft copy had to be uploaded in website of CIFA.
The present compilation, 'Aquaculture Success Stories', is the second in series and is more
varied and rich in content. Let me place on records my gratefulness to Hon'ble Secretary,
DARE and Director General, ICAR Dr. S. Ayyappan and DDG (Fisheries) Dr. B. Meenakumarifor their constant encouragement. My compliments to Dr Radheyshyam, Principal Scientist;
Dr. G S Saha, Senior Scientist and Dr. H K De, Senior Scientist for their efforts in bringing
out the compilation on the occasion of 26thAnnual Day of CIFA.
P Jayasankar
Bhubaneswar
1stApril, 2012
Foreword
Central Institute of Freshwater AquacultureCentral Institute of Freshwater AquacultureCentral Institute of Freshwater AquacultureCentral Institute of Freshwater AquacultureCentral Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Odisha, India
kesvere ceerepeue peerJeHeeueve DevegmebOeeve mebmLeeve(Yeejleere ke=ef
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The Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), a constituent of Indian Councilof Agricultural Research (ICAR), a premier research institute devoted to freshwateraquaculture research and development in the country started its journey in the year 1987
and is observing Silver Jubilee this year. During the last 25 years of dedicated research, the
institute has developed several epoch-making technologies which have revolutionized
freshwater aquaculture sector in the country. The Council is embarking upon a new project
called ' FARMER FIRST' that seeks to strengthen Farmer-Scientist linkage with focus on
innovation, feedback, stakeholder participation and new institutional configuration. Itwould enable farmer-led research which in the long run would help empower farming
community.
The Institute had organized 'Aquaculture Innovators Meet' on 10 July 2011 with an objective
of sharing farmers' innovations with scientists and also to felicitate them. The meet was a
huge success and a compilation of success stories christened as Aquaculture Innovators
was prepared. We are happy to present the 'Aquaculture Success Stories' which is second
in the series. The first one 'Aquaculture Innovators has been well accepted by the readers
and in view of popular demand the soft copy has been uploaded in Institute website. Thepresent volume contains eleven case studies from Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha.
The cases document how innovative package of practices in the field of freshwater
aquaculture has enabled the farmers obtain higher yield. Each case has been visited by a
team of experts several times and due care is taken in presenting an in depth view of the
practices adopted by the farmers. There is an urgent need to document such innovations
and share with others.
The compilation would serve as a store house of information on field level constraints for
which researchers may devise appropriate solutions. It is hoped that the present volume
will be equally popular among the readers and would go a long way in promoting grass
roots level innovations. The fact documented in these success stories are solely the views
of fish farmers and authors.
Radheyshyam
G S Saha
H K De
vii
P R E F A C E
1stApril, 2012
CIFA, Kausalyaganga
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Livestock-horticulture-grass-agro forestry-fish integration at 1
Pokharbhinda Village, Kushinagar in Eastern Uttar PradeshRadheyshyam, Tarun Shyam, G. S. Saha and S. K. Sinha
Horticulture-fish integration in newly constructed pond 22
G. S. Saha, Radheyshyam, A. K. Behera, Lekha Safui and Geeta Saha
Mass spawn production through multiple carp breeding and carp seed 32
rearing in succession using sub-leased village community ponds
Radheyshyam, Tarun Shyam and G. S. Saha
Carp fry-fingerling-yearling-food fish production in succession in 47
village community ponds and spawn production in own hatchery
Radheyshyam, Tarun Shyam, G.S.Saha and Kedarnath
Rural farmers towards industrial aquaculturist in partnership 60
Radheyshyam
Conservation and multiple uses of water in mid Himalayan region 78of Uttarakhand - a success story
Suresh Chandra, S.K. Srivastava, S.K. Gupta, Prem Kumar, N.N. Pandey,R.S.Patiyal and P.C. Mahanta
Grow out carp polyculture by SC/ST women of Palsaguda, 85
Boudh, Odisha - a case study
H. K. De, D. N. Chattopadhyay, Radheyshyam, G. S. Saha,A. K. Dash, T. S. Satpati and S. Pal
Freshwater prawn entrepreneurship 94
Prasanti Mishra
Freshwater prawn culture by the women self-help groups in 99
Balipatna block of Khurda district, Odisha a successful venture
Prasanti Mishra, Nirupama Panda, S. Behera, Lekha Safui and B. Behera
Pulse crop-fish integration in Shirhir village of Allahabad 104
Suresh Chandra
Transforming life through community aquaculture: 112
a case of tribal village in Odisha
Nagesh Kumar Barik
viii
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1Aquaculture Success Stories
Livestock-horticulture-grass-agro forestry-fish integration at
Pokharbhinda Village, Kushinagar in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Radheyshyam, Tarun Shyam*, G.S.Saha and S.K.Sinha**
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
Kausayalganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, India
*KIIT University, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar
** Office of DDF, Gorakhpur Division, Gorakhpur, UP
Introduction
Integrated farming system is one of the best methods for maximizing animal and plant
protein production through optimum use of land, water and waste resources at sustainable
level. In this system many sub-systems are involved, wastes of one subsystem act as inputfor another subsystem. Thus, virtually nothing is wasted and ecological balance is
maintained. A large variety of products are produced at one place to meet the needs of
undernourished populace. It uplifts livelihood, improves food security, poverty alleviation
and generates income and employment in rural areas. In this regard Central Institute of
Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) is pioneering in research and development efforts on a
wide range of region- and resource-specific technologies to enhance fish production.
However, increasing price of prepared feeds contribute almost 60-70% of operation cost of
the fish production. It needs priority attention. To mitigate the problems CIFA has
developed various resource- and location-specific integrated fish farming modelsappropriate for adoption in different agro climatic zones of the country. These developed
integrated fish farming (IFF) models have been disseminated to extension functionaries of
State Fisheries Departments, State Agricultural Universities, Fisheries Colleges,
Universities, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, bankers, researchers, non-governmental
organizations, entrepreneurs etc. through various means. They in turn, popularize need
based IFF models and skills to the end users for sustainable adoption. In this process many
entrepreneurs/rural youths have adopted need-based IFF model to generate additional
family income, self employment and improve nutritional security. They have their own
stories of success to express. The governing factors for such variable successes, modus oftechnology adoption and economic profitability need to be popularized among other fellow
farmers to follow suit. However, it invariably remained undocumented. In view of this a
success case of Mr. Satya Prakash Singh on livestock-horticulture-grass-agro forestry-fish
integration at Pokharbhinda village is documented in this communication. Modus of
operandi of resource specific standard technologies and economic profitability may inspire
local farmers to adopt these techniques in their fields in a sustainable way for improving
their livelihood.
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2 Aquaculture Success Stories
Background information
Mr. Satya Prakash Singh is a young man in his thirties from Pokharbhinda village,
PO:Bankata, Block-Motichauk, Kaptanganj, District Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh. His main
occupation was agriculture but he changed it into aquaculture. He was in possession of1.08 ha agriculture land and has over 11 years of experience in the field of aquaculture.
During his student life, his father who was a junior engineer in Uttar Pradesh Bijali Nigam
had constructed a small backyard pond of 0.08ha area for fish culture in a traditional way.
Though, the total fish production was consumed by their family members and relatives,
the analysis of fish culture economics indicated that it was more profitable enterprise than
other agriculture crops. When Mr. Satya Prakash Singh was a student, he was actively
involved in fish culture activities with keen interest. In due course of time he developed
confidence in the profitability of fish culture. Therefore just after completion of graduate
Fig.1: Recycling of organic wastes in multiple integration in Kushinagar, UP
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3Aquaculture Success Stories
degree in political science and economics in 2003 he fully devoted his efforts towards
integrated fish farming (carp spawn, fry, fingerling, yearling and food fish culture) with
livestock, horticulture, grasses and agroforestry. Seeing the keen interest of Mr. S.P. Singh
in fish farming his father purchased 4.8 ha unproductive low land @ Rs.1, 25,000/ha for
establishing an integrated fish farm in the year 2000. His father constructed five ponds
(0.4, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.0 ha) during 2003-2004 with the financial support of Central Bank of
India, Bodarwar through FFDA availing 20% subsidy. The water and land ratio of the fish
farm was maintained to 3.4:1.4. Since then, integrated fish culture is being continued by
this farmer in a progressive manner. The farmer has been honored by the district collector,
Kushinagar on 23.12.2010 for highest fish production in his district. The diagrammatic
illustration of horticulture-grass cultivation-agro forestry-duck farming-poultry farming-
buffalo farming-biogas plant-fish integration model of Mr.Singh is presented in Fig.1.
Materials and methodsLivestock management:
Fig.2: Duck-fish integration at Pokharbhainda, Bankata,
Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh
Duck management: Duck shed
was constructed in 18.58 m2 for
keeping 200 ducks on the pond
embankments (Fig.2). One day
old ducklings were purchased
from Varanasi @ Rs.15/duckling.
Indian layer breeds Khaki cambellwere reared. Starter feed
containing 17% proteins with
vitamins, mineral salts and trace
elements were fed 4 times daily till
Fig.3: Pond water as wet run for ducksFig.4: Bamboo fence and pond embankments used
as dry run for ducks
Dry run
Wet run
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4 Aquaculture Success Stories
3 weeks of age. After 3 weeks
they were fed 3 times in a day.
Drinking water was given at
regular intervals near to the
feeders. Grower feed wasprovided from 9-20 weeks.
Thereafter layer and breeder
feed was given to birds. Pond
embankments were fenced
with frame of bamboo sticks
(Fig. 4) to prevent ducks to
escape outside. While pond
embankment was used as dry
run the pond was used as wetrun for the ducks (Fig.3 and 4). In duck shed provision was made for laying the eggs (Fig.5).
Poultry management:Poultry shed was constructed adjoining to fish farm in 102.19m2.
To keep birds comfortable, poultry house was provided with adequate facilities to make it
reasonably cool during summer, sufficiently warm during winter. Provision of adequate
fresh air, sun shine and dry condition was also ensured. Birds were kept under intensive
system. In one operation 1000 birds were kept in deep litter system (Fig.6). Annually 4
crops of birds were reared. For rapid body weight gain, meat type broilers were reared. For
proper sanitation dry organic matter (chopped straw, paddy husk, saw dust) was used to
cover the floor. Day old chicks were purchased and stocked in well prepared hygienic
Fig.5. Duckshed made for laying the eggs
Fig.6: Growing poultry birds adjoining to pond embankments
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5Aquaculture Success Stories
poultry shed. Chicks were vaccinated against
viral diseases. Required prophylactic
measures were provided as safeguard against
epidemics before keeping them in poultry
house. Poultry birds were fed with balancedpoultry feed. From beginning to 6 weeks,
starter and from 6 to 9 weeks, finisher
commercial feed was given. Feed was
provided to birds in feed hoppers to avoid
wastage and maintain hygienic conditions.
Adequate quantity of hygienic drinking water
(Fig.7) was provided regularly.
Dairy management:One dairy unit was also
established on the pond embankments. Five buffaloes and one cow were kept in the shed
(Fig. 8). They were fed with 80 kg Berseem grass daily. During off season of Berseem, Bajara
fodder was fed to cattle. In
addition to green fodder,
buffaloes were fed with a
mixture of bran, wheat straw,
green grasses, salt and
mineral mixture with water
ad-libitum. Lactation was
carried out twice in a day.Milk was sold to middleman
at farm gate. One biogas plant
was constructed on the pond
embankment (Fig. 9 & 10).
Fig.7 : Drinking water for growing birds
Fig.7: Buffaloes-fish integration at Pokharbhinda, Bankata,
Kushinagar, UP
Fig.9 : Buffalo dung used for producing gas
and slurry
Fig.10 : Slurry for pond manure and gobar gas for
cooking and lighting
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6 Aquaculture Success Stories
Horticulture crops:Pond embankments were made 10-20 wide for plantation of 400
Teak, 30 Seesam, 100 Arjuna, 12 Mango, 5 Jackfruit, 2 Onwala, 7 Guava, 450 Banana, 30
Papaya plants and vegetable crops like pumpkin, cucumber, bean, raddish, coriander,
spinach, garlic, chilli etc. (Fig.11). Climbing plants of vegetables-like cucurbits (Fig. 12) and
pumpkin were allowed to climb on the trees the pond embankments. They were also grown
Fig.11.Leafy vegetables on the pond embankments at Pokharbhinda, Bankata, Kushinagar, UP
Fig.12. Cucurbit crop on pond embankments at
Pokharbhinda, Bankata, Kushinagar, UP
on the frame prepared on the pond embankments (Fig.13). Crops of leafy vegetables,
cucurbit, pumpkin, banana, papaya, arahar and growing teak plants on the pond
embankments at Pokharbhinda are shown
in Fig.11-18. During first four years, pulse
crop like Arahar (pigeon pea) was grown
on the pond embankments with the annual
production of 300-400 kg and used for
family consumption. Leaf litter fall of
Arahar plants is either consumed by the
grass carp directly or decomposed and
mineralized for increasing water
productivity. Its wooden parts were used
as fuel for cooking fish food daily and for
other miscellaneous domestic and
agricultural activities.
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7Aquaculture Success Stories
Fig.13. Pumpkin crop on the frame on the pond
embankments
Fig. 14.Growing plants of banana and teak
Fig.15. Banana crop on pond embankments.
Fig.16. Papaya crop on pond embankments
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8 Aquaculture Success Stories
Fig.17. Growing Teak plants on pond embankments Fig. 18. Growing Teak plants and Arahar crops on
pond embankments
Fig.19. A crop of Berseem fodder
Fodder cultivation: About 0.4 ha land was used for growing green fodders. Fodder field
was well tilled, leveled and made free from weeds. Farm yard manure was applied in thefield. In addition to farm yard manure, di-ammonium phosphate was mixed in the soil before
sowing the seed. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)seed was sown @28-30 kg/ha in the month
of November - December. Periodical irrigation and fertilization was done for fast growth and
better production of grass (Fig.19). From March onwards grass was cut 4-5 times. Daily 160
kg/0.4ha grass was harvested continuously for 2-3 months. Both grass carp and buffaloes
were fed with fresh berseem @ 80kg/day . During rest of the year Bajra fodder (Fig.20) and
elephant grass were produced to feed buffaloes and grass carps.
Fig.20. Crop of Bajara fodder
Carp polyculture:A newly constructed pond of 1.0 ha was exclusively used for food fish
culture. The pond bottom was ploughed and applied cattle dung @ 5-6 tonnes/ha. Borewell
water was added into pond up to 30 cm depth and treated with lime @100 kg/ha. Again it
was ploughed thoroughly to mix the manure and lime into the soil. Pond was then filled
with ground water up to the depth of 4-5. Once the plankton appeared, the pond was
stocked with Rohu- Labeo rohita, Mrigal- Cirrhinus mrigala andBhakur- Catla catla. Initially
fish seed was supplied by Government of Uttar Pradesh fishery department from Chhapia
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9Aquaculture Success Stories
hatchery. Fish were fed
with mustard oil cake
and rice bran mixture
daily in perforated bag.
Currently, pond wasmade free from aquatic
weeds and weed as well
as predatory fishes. It
was made productive
by applying biogas
slurry, cattle dung and
inorganic fertilizers in
an appropriate ratio and
quantity. Wellprepared pond was stocked with yearlings of L. rohita, C. catla, C. mrigala,Grass carp-Ctenopharyngodon idella and Common carp- Cyprinus carpio in the ratio of
30:25:25:10:10 @ 10,000 yearlings/
ha. Fish were fed with a mixture of
mustard oil cake and broken rice
bran @20 kg /ha/day or with
Jalpary floating feed @20 kg/ha/
day. Grass carp were fed with
berseem and elephant grasses 20-30
minutes before applying
concentrate fish food in pond. After
paddy threshing huge amount of
paddy straw is produced. This was
also kept in the corner of pond (Fig.
21). This gradually decomposed
and got recycled into fish ponds.
Fish were harvested after 8 months of culture (Fig. 22) and sold to middlemen at the pond
site.
Carp brood stock management and spawn production: To produce carp spawn at
commercial scale one hatchery complex (one spawning pool of 10 dia and 4 depth, two
incubation pools each of 8 dia and 4 feet depth, one collection chamber, one overhead
tank of 30 x 12 x 5 size) was constructed in the farm (Fig.23). To facilitate spawn production
and carp culture operation two numbers of borewells were installed and two water pumps
were purchased. A one ha pond was used for brood stock maintenance. Pond was prepared
in the same way as in case of poly culture pond. Three-year old carp fish were used for
brood stock. Prepared pond was stocked @ 2 t/ha in September. C. catla, L. rohita, C. mrigala,
C.idella, H. molitrix and C. Carpiobrood fish were reared together. A mixture of mustard oil
Fig. 21. Broken paddy straw recycling in pond
Fig. 22. A haul of carp fish from poly culture
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10 Aquaculture Success Stories
cake, cooked broken rice (Fig.24) and common salt was provided in feeding tray @ 20kg/
ha/day. Grass carp were fed with berseem grass twice a day ad libitum. However, beforeone month of Grass carp
breeding, they were fed
with concentrate feed
along with berseem grass.
Periodical checking was
done to know the status of
brood fish maturity
(Fig.25). Clinar (Cyperme-
thrin) was applied @ 125
ml/ha to control Argulosis
fish disease. Biogas slurry
was applied periodically
to increase water
productivity. On the
appearance of algal bloom
or at the time of oxygen
depletion, feeding was postponed. While, C. carpio breeding commenced from January,
breeding of grass carp was started from February and Silver carp from April, Catla, Rohu
and Mrigal from May onwards every year. Pituitary gland extract was used as inducinghormone at normal dose. Grass carp and Silver carps were bred twice in a year, whereas
other fish were bred once in a season.
Fry, fingerlings and yearlings production in succession: Two ponds covering an area
of 1.0 ha were treated with celphos (Aluminium phosphide) @ 10 kg/ha by farmer to
eradicate predatory and weed fishes. Five days after treatment, pond was used for seed
rearing. At times, endosulphon treatment @ 8 liter/ha was done annually once at the time
of pond preparation for eradicating weed and predatory fishes. Pond treated with
Fig.25. A haul of matured brood fish at Pokharbhinda
Fig. 24. Cooked fish foodFig. 23. Hatchery complex at Pokharbhinda
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11Aquaculture Success Stories
endosulphon was ready to be used for seed rearing after 20 days of application. To increase
pond productivity poultry droppings was applied @ 2500 kg/ha or cattle dung @ 5000 kg/
ha or biogas slurry @ 8000-10000 kg/ha depending upon the availability of manure in
farm. Pond was treated with lime @ 250 kg/ha. To eradicate aquatic insects from the ponds,
fish farmer treated ponds with Cypermethrin (Clinar) @ 125 ml/ha. It also reduces largersized zooplankton (predatory plankton) from the ponds. Then carp spawn was stocked @
5 liter/ha. Fries were fed daily once with a mixture of mustard oil cake and rice bran in the
ratio 1:1 by weight. Liquid biogas slurry was sprinkled @ 50kg /ha/day on pond surface.
Fry were harvested after 25-30 days of spawn rearing. Same pond was used for fingerling
rearing after increasing the water productivity and maintaining an appropriate stocking
density. After 3-4 months of rearing, fingerlings were harvested for stocking and/or
marketing. After this, pond was utilized for raising yearlings/food fish production with
appropriate management measures.
Results and discussionFood fish culture:During initial stage, growth of fish was not so encouraging especially during
first 2-3 years because of the newly constructed pond. Annual fish growth was up to 250-
500g only led to poor fish yield. However, during later period pond become more productive
and management practices were also improved with the experience. As such fish growth and
production increased significantly. Stocking and harvesting details of food fish culture is
given in Table-1. After 8 months of culture the growth of L. rohita, C. catla, C. mrigal, C. idella
and C. carpiowas 550, 950, 880, 1130 and 900 g respectively. Recovery ranged from 86-95% of
the total number of fish stocked. The total net fish yield was 6191kg/ha/8month (9288kg/
ha/yr) which was far above the national average fish production of the country (2900kg/ha/yr). High level of fish production was due to large size fish seed stocking, recycling of organic
wastes from the livestock and application of biogas slurry in an appropriate quantity along
with the provision of the supplementary feed to fish. The C. catlaand C. mrigalacontributed
maximum (C. catla, 27.38% and C. mrigala, 28.25%) fish production. Fish were sold @Rs.70-
110/kg depending upon species and size of fish to middle men at pond site.
Table 1 : Stocking and harvesting details of composite fish culture at Pokharbhinda fishfarm during 8 months (July-February) of culture period
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12 Aquaculture Success Stories
Economics of food fish production in 1 ha pond
at Pokharbhainda village in eastern U.P is
given in Table 2. Cost of fish production was
estimated to about Rs. 45/kg. From the Fig.25
it is obvious that the highest expenditure wasdue to manpower (31%) which indicated
employment generation in rural area in food
fish production. Fish seed contributed to
second highest (24%) however; it was supplied
by fish farmer from his own farm. Expenditure
on feed cost was only 14% against 60-70% of the standard feed cost. This might be due to
the fact that the organic matters were recycled from existing integrated fish farming system
and grass carp were fed with berseem, barjra and elephant grass. Farmer made a net profit
of Rs.4,16,068/ha/yr against an expenditure of Rs.4,19,852/ha/yr. Percentage return onthe expenditure was about 99% with cost benefit ratio of 1.0.
Table 2. Economics of food fish production in 1 ha pond at Pokharbhainda villageA. Operational cost
B.Gross return and net profit
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Carp breeding and spawn production: Fish matured in the month of March every year.
Spawning of C. carpiowas initiated from January, grass carp from February, Silver carp from
April and Catla, Rohu and Mrigal from May. Spent brood fish were utilized as professional
breeder for 4-5 years. After that they were replaced in phases. Species wise yearly spawn
production is given in Table. 3. Annual spawn production was 250 liters. Spawn productionof C. catla, L. rohita, C. mrigala, C. idella, H. molitrixand C. Carpiowas 40, 50, 50, 60, 40, 10 liters
respectively. Highest spawn production was due to C. idella(24%) followed by L. rohita and L.
mrigal a (20% each) and H. molitrixas well as C. catla(16% each). However, gross return from
the sell of C. idellaspawn contributed to 32%,C. catlato 21% and H. molitrixto 16%, L. rohita
and L. mrigala(13% each). Spawn was sold @ Rs1000-2000/litre depending upon the species
(Table 3). Gross return from spawn production was reported Rs.3,80,000/- per annum. Total
expenditure on brood stock maintenance, pond rentals, depreciation cost, pond preparation,
feeds, manure, medicines, hormones, labor charges, interest on working capital together
estimated to Rs.2, 50,000/yr. Total net earning was Rs.1, 30,000/- with the percentage returnon working capital 0.52% and cost benefit ration of 1.92.
Table 3: Annual species wise spawn production at Pokharbhainda fish farm
Fry, fingerling and yearling production in succession: Eradication of weed and
predatory fish by applying Celphos (Aluminium phosphide) need to be avoided because
frequent application of aluminium may adversely affect the pond environment. It reacts
Fig. 27. Large size fish seed production at Pokharbhinda
with water to form
phosphine gas (PH3) and
insoluble Al(OH)3. While
phosphine gas is
detrimental to humanbeing, the Al(OH)
3 may
acidify pond soil. Use of
Clinar (Cypermethrin) is
not desirable to control
aquatic insect as it also
kills natural fish food
organisms (plankton)
from the pond. After 25-
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30 days of rearing about 650 kg fry was harvested and sold @Rs.160/kg (1 kg fry = 1500
number). Three-four crops of fry were taken in one season. After fry harvest, the ponds
were treated with biogas slurry @5 t/ha or with cattle dung @3 t/ha. Along with residual
stock of fry, the ponds were stocked in such a way that stocking should be maintained to
200 kg/ha. Fish seed were fed with a mixture of mustard oil cake and rice bran @ 20 kg/day.After one week biogas slurry was applied @ 50kg /ha/day. Fry were grown to 3- 4 size
fingerlings after 3 months of rearing (Fig.27). Total 1280 kg fingerlings was harvested and
sold @ Rs.100/kg. (1 kg fingerlings = 300-400 numbers). Remaining fingerlings in pond were
reared into yearlings under similar management practices. At the end of year about 2650 kg
yearlings/ha was harvested and sold @ Rs.70/kg (Av.wt. of yearlings = 30 g). Total biomass
production of fry, fingerling and yearlings together was accounted to 6.33 t/ha/yr, fetching
gross return of Rs.6.98 lakh/ha/yr. Highest return (55%) was contributed by fry production
(Table 4).
Item wise expenditure, total gross income and net profit from carp fry, fingerling and yearling
production is given in Table 5. For fry, fingerling and yearling production in succession the
stocking materials (spawn, fry and fingerlings) was sourced from farmer own pond, it
contributes 26% of the total operational costs (Fig.28). Further, pond preparation which
shared about 11% of the total expenditure was managed by the farmer by recycling organic
wastes of the farm. Labour charge contributed to 21%, indicating an opportunity of
employment generation in rural area. Feed
cost was relatively less (18%) in
comparison to standard practice of
aquaculture operation, probably due to the
fact that the wastes obtained from different
subsystem of integrated fish farming was
recycled for increasing natural
productivity of the pond.
From this venture gross income was
Rs.6,97,500/ha/yr. Farmer made a net
profit of Rs. 3,90,212/ha/yr. Percentage
Table 4: Fry, fingerling and yearling production in succession in 1 ha pond at Pokharbhindafish farm
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return on the working capital was computed to 126.99% with the profitability index of 1.27
and cost benefit ratio of 0.79 indicating that this may act as a highly remunerative occupation
for rural youths. Cost of average fish biomass production was found to be Rs.48.45/kg. But
fry, fingerlings and yearlings were sold @Rs. 70-160/kg suggesting high margin of
profitability.
Table 5: Item wise expenditure on carp fry, fingerling, yearling production from 1 ha pondat Pokharbhinda, Kushinagar
A. Operational cost
B. Annual gross return and net profit
Fingerling and food fish production:One ha pond which was used for keeping spent fish,was prepared and stocked with 200 kg fry in August. Fry were reared for 2-3 months to
grow into fingerings. Fry were fed with mustard oil cake and rice bran mixture @20kg /
ha/day. In the month of November carp seed grew to fingerlings. About 1200 kg fingerlings/
ha was harvested and sold @Rs.160/kg. Residual fingerlings about 100 kg/ha were allowed
to grow into yearlings. Total 1000 kg yearlings was harvested and sold @Rs.90/kg. Rest
fingerlings were allowed to grow into food fish of 500-750 g up to April. A total of about
1250 kg food fish was harvested and sold @Rs.80/kg at pond site. After this, during April
to July pond was used for rearing spent fish obtained from breeding activities. Thus, the
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pond was judicially utilized throughout the year. In 9 months farmer made a gross income
of Rs. 3, 78,000/ha. The net profit was estimated to Rs.2, 15,650/- against an expenditure of
Rs.1,62,350/ha/9month. Percentage return on expenditure was 132.83% and profitability
index was 1.33. Each indicator suggests this as a highly profitable venture.
Livestock
Duck farming: Khaki cambells being a prolific layer, they started laying eggs at the age of
3-4 months. However, good egg production has obtained after 5 months of rearing. Ducks
continued laying eggs for
2-3 years depending upon
nutrition, health and
environmental condition.
They laid eggs during
night in duck shed. To layeggs some straw or hay
were kept in one side of
the shed in demarked area (Fig.3). During day
time ducks were allowed to graze in food fish
culture pond and brood fish pond. In seed (fry
and fingerling) rearing ponds, ducks were not
allowed as they consume less than 4 g size fish,
if remained hungry. While ducks graze aquatic
organisms as their food, they uniformly left
droppings into ponds which is taken by fish as feed and also helps in production of natural
fish food organisms. They acted as bio aerators while swimming on the surface of the ponds
and sediment bio-turbulent when searching food from pond sediment in shallower area.Average production was 180 eggs/bird (Fig.29). Farmer also produced 60 ducklings at his
own farm using fertilized eggs. Out of 200 birds 70 could be kept up to laying condition. After
2 years of egg production, they were sold @Rs. 150/kg. Actual operational cost and net profit
from duck farming in integrated aquaculture is shown in Table 6. Annually about 10,500
duck eggs were produced which were sold @Rs.5/egg. Total duck meat production was 175
kg which valued to Rs. 26,250/- @Rs. 150/kg. From this venture farmer could make a net
earning of Rs. 40, 050/-. The percentage net return on expenditure was estimated to be 103.49%
suggesting high profitable commodity when farmed with fish.
Fig.29. Duck layers and egg production at
Pokharbhainda, Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh
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Poultry farming:Good housing arrangement, balance feeding, proper health care and
other management measures provided optimum broiler flesh production. Bird droppings
after falling on the litter
were absorbed regularly.
In case the litter depth
became less, adequate
organic matter was added
so as to absorb droppings
properly. In case of damp
condition lime was added
to keep it dry. The litter
was regularly stirred for
aeration and upkeep of its
hygienic qualities. Chicks
also scatter their 10-15%
feed on the litter which
made the litter more nutritive. In about 2 months it became deep litter, after that it changed
to built up deep litter and fully built up litter in a period of 6 months and one year
respectively. This was used for recycling into fish pond, manuring horticultural cropsand fodder crops. They were maintained with intensive care. Average survival was
reported to be 95%. After 45 days of rearing the total production (Fig.30) was 2,100 kg
which was sold at the farm gate @Rs.60/kg. Thus the farmer got a gross income of
Rs.1,26,000/- in one operation. Against an expenditure of about Rs.1,06,000/- farmer could
make a net profit of Rs.20,000/- per operation. Annually 4 crops of broiler birds were
reared which fetched an annual net income of Rs. 80,000. Poultry droppings obtained from
3,800 birds was estimated over 2.5 tones in the form of deep litter poultry manure which was
used to manure fish pond (Fig. 31).
Table 6: Actual operational cost and net income generation in duck farming with aquacultureintegration
Fig.30. Poultry production on the pond embankment at Pokharbhinda
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Buffalo farming:Total 20-25 litre buffalo milk/day was produced in the farm. Milk was
sold at farm gate @Rs.20/litre. From milk production gross income was Rs.1, 80,000/yr
against an expenditure of
Rs.95,000/yr, leaving a net
income of about Rs.85,000/yr.Livestock wastes were used in
biogas plant to generate
electricity and cooking gas.
The animal wastes and/or
biogas slurry recycled into
pond to increase the
productivity. It was also used
as manure for horticultural
crops on pond embankmentsand growing green fodder.
Fodder production:Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)is an annual leguminous fodder crop.
It remained soft and succulent at all stages of growth and it is one of the most suitable
fodder crops for buffaloes and grass carp fish. It contains about 20% crude protein (dry
weight basis). Annually 50-60 tonnes/ha fodder can be produced with good management.
Berseem grass was harvested daily for feeding grass carp as well as buffaloes. Grass carp
consumed this grass voraciously. The fecal matter of grass carp was auto-recycled into
pond for producing plankton or bacteria-loaded detritus. Leftover fodder from buffalo-
shed was also applied into pond for recycling. On the pond embankment elephant grasswas grown and during monsoon Bajra grass was cultivated in fodder field to meet the
demand of buffalo and grass carp feed.
Fig.31. Poultry wastes on the pond embankment
Table 7: Total gross income and net profit from different commodities in integrated fishfarming at Pokharbhinda, Kushinagar
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From the above accounts it is obvious that farmer has made gross income of Rs. 30.54 lakhs
annually from all the farm commodities of integrated fish farming. The net profit wascomputed to Rs.13,56,980/4.8 ha/yr (Table 7). Maximum net return of the total expenditure
was reported from fingerling-yearling-food fish culture package (132.83%) and fry-
fingerling-yearling rearing package (126.99%) in succession. While in duck farming it was
103.49%, in food fish culture and buffalo farming 99.1% and 89.47% respectively. Commodity
wise percentage return on expenditure is depicted in Fig. 31.
Main reasons for success
Moral and infrastructure support from the parents and elder brother.
Financial support from the bank to construct integrated fish farm and hatchery complex.
Educated family background, keen interest and active involvement of farmer.
Strong linkages with state and central government offices. Constant technical support
from fishery department of Uttar Pradesh Govt. and other subject matter specialists
from the line departments of the state.
Backyard level fish culture by the farmer during his student life developed his self
confidence in its profitability.
Appropriate quality of soil and water for fish farming. Availability of water in bore
well because of low level water table in the area.
Major constraints faced
Poor communication particularly during monsoon season when the farm was
surrounded with water logged area.
Fish predation by wild animals like Fishing cats, Otters, Jackals, etc. Fishing cats used
to prey upon 3-4 kg size fish. They silently hide near the pond shore. As soon as fish
come near the margin of the pond; they suddenly attack on them and hold with the
help of their sharp claws. To prevent such loss due to predation Doberman dog has
been kept on the farm.
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Deterioration of water quality during the monsoon period. Frequent oxygen depletion
in brood fish pond resulted poor fish appetite, delayed maturity and gonad development
and thereby delayed spawning.
Poor responses towards fish seed sale in the locality because of poor road facilities for
transportation in rainy season. Silver carp seed is poorly accepted by the local fish
farmers.
Disease outbreak in poultry birds. At times, poor market response compels to rear
poultry birds beyond two months which resulted heavy consumption of feed. Thus
the profit margin becomes negligible.
Constant increase of poultry feed price and poor market demand adversely affected
the profitability in poultry production in small unit.
Suggestions for improvement
For year round implementation of activities, and input as well as farm output supply
it is worthwhile to facilitate road construction up to fish farm with the support of state
government for the ease of transport of inputs and farm produce.
For further increase of fish production in unit area under intensive culture, the provision
of aerator in food fish culture pond is essential. Supply of oxygen in brood fish pond to
prevent frequent oxygen depletion will be highly beneficial to accelerate fish appetite
and timely gonad maturity in brood fish.
Improvement of feeding with freshly prepared fish food using locally available
ingredients.
Any pesticide or rodenticide should not be used in an integrated farming system and
organic farming should be emphasized to maintain environmental sustainability.
Buffalo-shed washings and urine can be collected in a pit. After fermentation it could
be applied into fish pond to increase plankton production.
Livelihood analysis of the family
Major source of income of the farmer was fish culture (40%), service (20%), business (20%),
agriculture (10%), livestock (7%) and horticulture (3%) in descending order. Income
generated by the family members of the farmer was spent in various activities. About 30%of the total income was spent in fish culture, 20% in food, house and cloth, 20% in medicine,
education and social work, 20% in business, 5% in livestock, 3% in agriculture and 2% in
horticulture. This indicated maximum input support in aquaculture due to highest return.
Lessons learnt
Fish-livestock-horticulture-green fodder-agro forestry integration model developed by
farmer in an unproductive low land area with technical and financial supports of the
respective departments of Uttar Pradesh Government. Management of crop diversification
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(Fish, buffalo, duck, poultry, fruits, vegetables and teak plant) in one farm provided multi
commodities (spawn, fry, fingerling, yearling, food fish, milk, egg, duck meat, poultry meat,
fruits, vegetables and wood) at one platform to meet local requirements. Value addition of
buffalo-dung through biogas plant provided slurry as an efficient organic manure for
increasing pond productivity. Biogas generated was used for lighting farm-house andcooking food. Recycling of duck droppings and poultry wastes in fish ponds reduced feed
cost of fish. Use of fodder enhanced production of herbivorous fish and buffalo milk. This
system was environmentally benign, technologically appropriate, economically viable and
socially acceptable. In addition to organic manure recycling in poly culture, farmer also fed
the fish with supplementary diets. It resulted in fish production of 9.29 tonne/ha/yr, which
was far above the national average fish production of the country. Farmer produced 250
liter carp spawn, 2400 kg fry, 2480 kg fingerling, 3650 kg yearling, 7370 kg food fish, 8200
liter milk, 10500 eggs, 175 kg duck meat, 8400 kg poultry meat and adequate quantity of
fruits and vegetables. From all the activities, he made a net earning of Rs.13,56,980/4.8ha/yr. It may be helpful in making the area self sufficient in quality fish seed for rural aquaculture
development, improving food and nutritional security of the rural farmers, providing self
employment opportunities for rural youths and generating family income at sustainable
level. This is likely to encourage the regional farmers and entrepreneurs to follow suite at a
sustainable level for improving their livelihood efficiently using village resource.
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Horticulture-fish integration in newly constructed pond
G. S. Saha, Radheyshyam, A. K. Behera, Lekha Safui and Geeta Saha*
Central Institute of Freshwater AquacultureKausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, Odisha, India
*Directorate of Research for Women in Agriculture
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Introduction
With ever increasing urbanization, industrialization and human density of the country,
per capita availability of land and water resources is declining. It exerts pressure on growing
rural population to ensure food production to meet their family needs. Under such
circumstances, rural farmers are struggling hard to generate additional income through
appropriate option of occupation for their livelihood. In this direction crop diversification
with its intensive management may play a crucial role in producing multi commodities at
one place with increased production and income generation from unit area. Resource poor
rural farmers also do experimentation in order to produce additional sustainable
commodities for greater profit to ensure their family livelihood. Many of them successfully
demonstrated their efforts. However, in few cases adoption of alternative occupations
remains unsustainable owing to certain unavoidable circumstances. One such resource poor
farmer is Mr. Ramchandra Behera, aged 64 years, of Village Jasuapur, PO. Satsankha, Pipili
Block of district Puri, Odisha. He was in possession of 2 ha agricultural land. Besides, hemaintained a beaten rice mill for generating additional income to meet the requirement of
his family. Subsequently, he took leadership in organizing a Youth Club involving 18 fish
farmers of the village. They took a weed infested Gram Panchayat pond for operating
community based fish farming to improve nutritional security of the family members. Mr
Behera worked as secretary of the Youth Club. This aquaculture was stopped after ten
years of operation due to expiry of lease period. However, Mr. Behera did not stop his
ambition of doing remunerative occupation of fish farming, although he did not have his
own pond resource. Subsequently he constructed one new pond to establish an integrated
fish farming model (horticulture - fish farming). Present case study deals with horticulture-fish integration in his newly constructed pond for generating additional family income at
sustainable level.
Background information
Under the guidance of Mr. Ram Chandra Behera, Youth Club took a community pond of
2.4 ha on lease for 10 years. Since the Gram Panchayat Pond (village community pond) was
totally covered with aquatic weed-mates, the actual annual lease value was fixed at only
Rs.1200/- per/year (@ Rs.500 ha/year). The members of the Youth Club were very
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enthusiastic to carry out fish farming in community pond. They cleaned aquatic weeds
manually. The heap of the aquatic weed was decomposed and recycled into pond during
later stage of fish culture. A fraction of weed and predatory fishes were removed from the
pond by repeated netting. Pond was also limed at recommended dose. Pond was stocked
with Rohu (5 cm), Catla (7.5 cm) and Mrigal (5 cm) @ 20,000 fingerlings /ha along with leftover weed and predatory fishes. Fish were not fed with any supplementary feed during
culture period. They relied on natural fish food organisms of the pond. During first year
fish were harvested after about one year of stocking by seining. In first crop they could
harvest about 1600 kg fish (@ 665 kg/ha/yr). However, all the fish could not be harvested.
Thus along with existing left over fishes pond was again stocked with fingerlings of Indian
major carps @ 15,000/ha. Fish were reared without providing any feed and fertilizers. After
that fishes were harvested 3-5 times in a year depending upon consumption needs of the
families of Youth Club members. Fish production was estimated to 850-1200kg/ha/yr
without any feed and fertilizers.
During operation of community based fish farming, farmers experienced poor fish
production due to various limitations. One of the most important limitations was lack of
supplementary feeds. To mitigate this problem, the secretary of the Youth Club, Mr. Behera
borrowed beaten-rice bran from his own mill for providing it as supplementary feed in
community pond. This was supplied by Mr. Behera with the condition that after the harvest
of fish crop he would be paid the price of feed. Thus during last few years of lease period
Youth Club members started feeding fish with beaten-rice bran @ 1000-1500kg/yr (@ 417-
625 kg/ha/yr) keeping other factors almost constant. By providing beaten-rice bran as
supplementary feed even at unbalanced and under dose, fish production increasedsignificantly to 2500-3000kg/yr (1042- 1250 kg/ha/yr). Contribution of weed and predatory
fishes was 15-24% of the total fish production; because these fishes were not fully eradicated
from the pond and most of these weed and predatory fishes were self recruiting fish species.
But after competition of sale of harvested fish, the youth club members paid him partial
cost of beaten-rice bran to Mr. Behera. They argued that it was value less waste material.
Since Mr. Behera couldnt dispose such waste materials even at a minimum price, he cleverly
used it in community pond for his personal gain. Perhaps they could not understand the
importance of supplementary feed in increasing fish production. Mr. Behera felt insulted
and resigned from the youth club. Moreover, pond lease tenure was completed in 2008.
Since then it was not leased to any one due to political reasons. Consequently the pond is
now lying fallow and fully weed choked.
Being secretary of the Youth Club and educated up to 7th class, he was maintaining all
relevant records including expenditure in aquaculture operation, fish production and net
profit from the fish culture by providing supplementary feed. Mr. Behera had a decade of
experience in fish farming through community based aquaculture. He has developed
confidence in fish culture and found it as a more profitable occupation than paddy farming.
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Fig.1: A view of horticulture-fish integration
Although he got experience in fish farming and developed confidence in its profitability,
he was not having any pond of his own to do this highly remunerative fish culture occupation
for his livelihood.This was the turning point for Mr Behera. He has foresighted fish culture
as good occupation for his family members or their livelihood. Subsequently he sold his 1.8
ha paddy field @ 12.5 lakh/ha and purchased 0.85 ha under-productive low land area(suitable for pond construction and fish farming) near his village at same rate for constructing
fish pond.
Methods
Pond construction: During summer months of 2010, pond was constructed using JCB
dozer. However, leveling of pond embankments and dressing of slopes were carried out
manually. On the pond embankments one double storyed building was constructed. One
lift point along with one 5 HP diesel water pump was also installed on the pond
embankments near house shed. Pond was constructed in 0.56 ha area leaving 0.29 ha areaof pond embankments. Thus the water area and embankment ratio was 1.9:1 against
recommended water and embankment ratio of 10:1 or 5:1. For pond embankment an
additional area was kept for growing horticultural crops (Fig-1).
Banana: Pond embankments were
properly levelled. To cultivate
banana on the pond embankments
100 pits of about 45 cm diameter
and 45 cm depth were dug out in
two rows in June 2010. Between pitto pit 2-2.5 m distance was
maintained. In each pit two baskets
farm yard manure (compost) was
given. It was exposed to sun for
about 15 days. Then 50 g potash and
50 g grow-more fertilizer was mixed
with the compost in the pits. Banana
suckers of Gaja bantal and Paunsia bantal purchased from local farmers were transplanted
in these prepared pits. Just after transplantation a light watering was facilitated. After the
appearance of new leaves, periodical hoeing and soil dressing was carried out. Each banana
plant was fertilized at the time of hoeing using 50 g grow-more and 50 g potash followed
by irrigation. This was carried out in 3 installments.
Papaya:Papaya seedlings were grown in well prepared land bed on the pond embankment
with intensive management. For transplantation of papaya seedlings about 40x40x40 cm
pits were prepared in three rows on the pond embankments with provision of irrigation
channel in between the rows. In each pit one basket of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), 50 g
potash and 10 g grow-more fertilizers were mixed with soil. It was exposed to sun for 4-5
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Fig.2. Aquaplosion in horticulture-fish integration
Fig.3: Netting of pond in horticulture-fish farming
days. About two-month old papaya seedlings were transplanted in these pits. Periodical
soil dressing of the basal area was done to avoid water logging. After 3 months of
transplantation hoeing was done. A mixture of 50 g potash and 10 g grow-more was applied
per plant after hoeing. Then the plants were irrigated using borewell water. After 7-8 months
of transplantation, the plants came to fruiting.
Other crops on pond embankments:Coconut-100 plants, mango-100 plants, pomegranate-
50 plants., leafy vegetables, cucumber, pumpkin, ridge gourd, ladies finger, Poe, brinjal,
tomato, bean, amaranths etc, were grown from time to time. Details are given in Table-1.
Pond preparation and fish culture operation:Pond bottom was ploughed twice using
tractor. Then it was exposed to sun for a week. A mixture of 3000 kg raw cow dung, 100 kg
single super phosphate, 50kg urea
and 25kg potash was applied
evenly on the ploughed pondbottom. It was again thoroughly
ploughed to mix the manures.
After this it was filled up with
ground water in June, 2010 from
a borewell using 5 HP diesel water
pump. Subsequently during last
week of June rain water was also
added. Abundance of natural fish
food organisms was assessed
before fish seed stocking. Pond
was stocked with the yearlings of
750 Catla- Catla catla (Av. wt. 150g), 250 Rohu- Labeo rohita (Av. wt. 100g), 250 Mrigal-
Cirrhinus mrigala (Av. wt. 100g) and 25 Grass carp-Ctenopharyngodon idella(Av.wt.200g) in
last week of June. Later, in the
month of August fry of 4000
Catla (Av. wt. 0.5g), 300 Rohu
(0.05g), 300 Mrigal (Av. wt.
0.05g) and 1000 Grass carp (Av.
wt.3g) were stocked. Fisheswere fed with a mixture of 25
kg beaten rice bran and 2 kg
ground nut oil cake (GNOC)
daily in feeding bags. Besides,
terrestrial grasses, banana
leaves as well as rotten and
small papaya fruits were cut
into pieces and fed to grass
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Fig.4: Segregation of marketable fish
Fig.5: Release of smaller fish back into pond
carp. Over 200 bamboo poles were fixed in pond in zigzag form to avoid fish poaching and
provide adequate surface area for epiphyte production. For sustained production of natural
fish food organisms a mixture of liquid maure was applied fortnightly. Periodical checking
of fish growth and health was carried out (Fig. 2 & 3). Large size fish were harvested (Fig.
4) periodically leaving smaller ones to grow further in the pond (Fig. 5). Fish were stockedin a small adjoining pond for marketing in live condition (Fig. 6).
Results and discussion
Although different varieties of the horticultural crops were grown on the pond
embankments, banana and papaya were found most productive and income fetching (Table-
1). Banana crops were grown in two rows on the pond embankments. From January (7
months after transplantation) onwards banana started fruiting. It took another 3-4 month
to get marketable matured banana bunch. Thus banana was harvested during March-April,
2011 with the production of 100bunches, which was sold @ Rs.150-
200/bunch at production site. Till
date farmer earned Rs.20,000/- from
banana crops. Standing crop of
banana is also available on the pond
embankments. During June-July
2011 a total of 2500 banana saplings
were sold @ Rs.7/sapling fetching
gross income of Rs.17500/- against
an expenditure of Rs.1000/-only.
Chopped banana leaves and tender
stems were used as feed for grass
carp.
Papaya seedlings were planted in three
rows and between the rows there was
provision of irrigation channel. A total
of 300 papaya plants were found in
fruiting condition on pondembankments. Till November 2011, over
34300 kg of papaya was harvested and
sold @ Rs.10/kg at pond site. Which
valued Rs. 3,43,000/- against an
expenditure of only Rs. 50,000/-
Among vegetable crops Bitter gourd
(Karaila) was found more profitable on
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Fig.6: Stocking of marketable fish in a small pond
the embankments of newly constructed pond. Its crop was grown in 100 clusters. From
September, 2010 to April, 2011 a total of 1370 kg bitter gourd was harvested with the market
price of about Rs.20,250/- against an expenditure of Rs.10,000/-. Other vegetable crops
produced on the pond embankments were Cucumber, Cucurbit (Kakharu), Brinjal,
Tomato, Ladyfinger, Ridgegourd (Jahni), Bean, Cowpea (Jhuranga), Chilies, Poi (climbingspinach) and leafy vegetables. Though the maximum vegetable production was
consumed by the family members of the farmer, its production and estimated market
price is given in the Table-1.
By utilizing about 0.29 ha pond embankments, farmer could make a net profit of Rs. 328,761
against an expenditure of Rs.92,289. The percentage net returns on the expenditure was
computed to 356% with the profitability index of 3.56 and cost benefit ratio of 0.28. This
suggests that production of horticultural crops on the embankments of newly constructed
ponds is most suitable and profitable venture.
Farmer stocked the newly constructed
pond @ 21920 /ha with different sized fish
seeds in two batches. First batch was
stocked with 100-200 g yearlings @ 2277/
ha, while second batch with 0.05-3.0 g
early fingerlings @ 19643/ha. Yearlings
grew faster with average weight range of
1.2-2.8 kg and the recovery was also
higher (84-96%), whereas, early fingerling
stocking resulted poor recovery (50-80%)and growth (0.251-0.80 kg). Stocking and
harvesting details of fish from the pond is
given in Table-2. Total fish yield was 3899
kg/0.56 ha/yr (6963.66 kg/ha/yr), which
was much higher than the National
average fish production (2600 kg/ha/yr)
of the country. The production
contribution of Rohu, Catla, Mrigal and Grass carp was 21.36; 52.77, 18.07 and 7.80%
respectively. Catla contributed highest probably due to highest stocking density (38.69%)
and fast growth.
Fish were sold in live condition at farm site. Farmer had a small pond adjacent to culture
pond. From culture pond marketable sized fish were segregated (Fig.4) by netting in the
evening hours and stocked in adjoining small pond (Fig.6). From where fish were hauled
and transported to Bhubaneswar market in live condition by the middle man and was sold
@ Rs.120-150/kg depending upon size and market demand. However, farmer could get
Rs.100/kg by selling to the middle man at pond site. Item wise operation cost is given in
Table-3. Pond rental, pond preparation, manure and fertilizer, feed cost, fish seed cost,
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Fig.8: A smile of success
manpower, miscellaneous expenditure and interest on working
capital constituted 19, 1, 12, 5, 31, 19, 6 and 7 % of the total
working capitals respectively (Fig.7) Though feed cost and
manpower contributed together 50%, the maximum feeds, a
mixture of paddy powder and beaten rice bran, was suppliedfrom his own mill and maximum labor work was carried out
by his family members. From fish culture operation farmer made
a net profit of Rs.128015/-. Percentage net return (48.88%) and
profitability index (0.49) was relatively poor probably due to
less productivity of newly constructed pond. However, it was
compensated with the production of horticulture crops in an
integrated manner on the pond embankments. Thus the
cumulative net profit was Rs.537384/ha/yr with net return of
147.74% and C: B ratio of 0.68. This indicated horticulture-fishfarming integration as a high profitable practice in newly constructed ponds and this has
brought smile on the farmer's face (Fig.8).
Table-1: Horticultural crop production and income generation in 0.29 ha pond embankmentsarea at Village Jasuapur, Satsankha in Pipili block of district Puri
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Table 3: Economics of food fish production at Village Jasuapur, Satsankha in Pipili block ofdistrict Puri
A. Operational cost
Table 2: Stocking and harvesting details of composite fish culture in 0.56 ha at VillageJasuapur, Satsankha in Pipili block of district Puri
* Number given in parenthesis is yearlings and below it is fingerling
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Factors contributing to success
Farmer acquired an adequate experience
in fish farming through his active
participation in community based fish
culture in leased ponds. During this
period he developed confidence in the
economic profitability of fish farming.
Received financial support from the State
Bank of India and technical support from
horticulture department and State
fisheries department and Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture.
Availability of quality soil for construction of farm and the pond where water table
was at upper strata resulting in profuse water in his borewell.
Farmer is very cordial and co-operative and maintained strong linkages with the
Government and private organizations, marketing agents of the farm produce.
Farmer has his own rice mill and beaten rice mill from where he supplied fresh fish
food particularly a mixture of paddy powder and beaten rice bran.
Approach road to his farm was good for easy transport of input and farm produce
supply.
Innovation in technologies/management practices/knowledge and skill
During culture period a mixture of liquid manure (100 kg cow dung + 25 kg singlesuper phosphate + 20 kg potash + 8 kg di-ammonium phosphate + 5 kg urea) was
applied fortnightly into pond to maintain sustained production of natural fish food
organisms.
Farmer has his own rice and beaten rice mill. Poor quality paddy and beaten rice bran
from the mill were mixed together and ground into powder form. About 8% ground
nut oil cake was added with it and soaked in water. It was fed to fish in perforated
feeding bags.
B. Gross return and net profit
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To prevent fish poaching, farmer fixed over 200 bamboo poles in zigzag form in 0.56
ha water area.
Green leaves and tender stems of banana were chopped and applied into pond for
grass carp feed. It also maintains suitable water pH and helpful in preventing fishsuffocation during oxygen depletion.
Rotten ripe papaya fruits were thrown into pond after cutting into pieces. Grass carp
prefer to consume it. While harvesting raw papaya fruits for marketing, some immature
smaller papaya were left over and not accepted for sale. These unmarketable raw
fruits were cut in pieces and thrown into pond which was consumed by grass carps.
Along with raw papaya fruits, papaya latex also enters into pond water which acts as
antibacterial and antifungal agent and thereby prevents disease outbreak in fish.
In newly dug out pond productivity, fish growth and yield are adversely affected for
2-3 years. To compensate the poor return from newly constructed ponds, farmer
judiciously utilized pond embankments for horticulture crop production intensively.
Constraints faced
In newly constructed pond fish growth was found to be poor.
Due to unawareness in initial condition farmer stocked the pond with carp seed in
high density which also caused poor growth rate of fish.
Unawareness in balance fish feed and its feeding methods.
Since pond was located between paddy field there was problem of otters, which are
fish eaters.
There was problem of fish poaching due to social rivalries.
Lessons learnt
Having long experience in community based fish culture in leased ponds, farmer
developed confidence in the economic profitability of fish farming. After expiry of
lease period, farmer took keen interest to construct his own pond to continue this
highly remunerative aquaculture business. The newly constructed pond was found most appropriate for integrating aquaculture
with horticulture. Since in newly constructed pond fish do not grow as fast as in case
of old pond, profitability remains poor initially if fish farming is carried out alone.
However, production of horticulture crops on the pond embankments during this
period made it highly profitable farming system.
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Mass spawn production through multiple carp breeding
and carp seed rearing in succession using
sub-leased village community ponds
Radheyshyam, Tarun Shyam* and G.S.Saha
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
Kausayalganga, Bhubaneswar-751002, India
*KIIT University, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar
Introduction
Increasing unemployment problem of undereducated rural youths compels them to search
alternative occupation for their livelihood. Many of them can not complete their desired
education level due to certain unavoidable circumstances. Under such condition they are
unable to get permanent job neither in government nor in private sectors. However, some
of them in order to generate family income do experimentation by altering their occupation
and in due course of time they get stable job option in rural sectors for livelihood. Several
such undereducated rural youths have been transformed by themselves into entrepreneurs
through adopting resource-specific need-based alternative remunerative occupations at
sustainable level. Each one has different story to tell. Mr. Rajendra Kumar Paswan of village
Mohanapur, P.O: Peeperpati, Block- Partawal, District Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh state
is one of such farmers who has been transformed from a rural farmer to entrepreneurial
fish farmer. Present success story of Mr. Paswan is dealt in two parts. Part-I covers massspawn production through multiple carp breeding using own infrastructure (brood stock
ponds and hatchery complex). Part-II describes commercial production of fry, fingerlings,
yearlings and food fish in succession using sub-leased village community ponds. Detail
management practices and economic profitability in both the parts of success story have
been highlighted in present communication. This case study will not only provide
inspiration to local farmers to ensure fish seed production for the ease of access to rural
fish farmers in order to develop rural aquaculture, but also be helpful in self employment,
income generation, improvement of food and nutritional security of rural poor.
Background information
Sri Rajendra Kumar Paswan is a 49 years old fish farmer. He has 28 years experience in the
field of aquaculture. After his intermediate qualification he was selling pumping sets and
its spare parts for additional family income, though his main occupation was agriculture
at initial condition. He was in possession of 2.5 ha agricultural land. However, for increasing
his family income he took about 1 ha Gram Panchayat pond (village community pond) on
lease @ Rs.850/yr in 1983. The lease tenure of the GP pond was 10 years. He took keen
interest in fish culture and found it a remunerative occupation. Mean while he met with
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an agriculture development officer of Punjab National Bank in 1985. Who advised him to
concentrate in fish culture by creating own ponds for sustained income generation. Through
his motivation Mr. Paswan borrowed Rs.18500/- from bank with the provision of 25%
subsidy under Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDA). He constructed 5 ponds of
1.5 hectare (0.06 - 0.8 ha) utilizing his under productive low land. He started seed rearingactivity in these ponds by purchasing carp seed from the West Bengal through middlemen.
In spite of fish seed import from West Bengal at relatively elevated price, the profitability
in fish seed rearing was found to be very high in relation to other agriculture crops.
However, he was not able to get desired quality and quantity of carp seed in time at demand.
Then he took interest to produce carp spawn in his village. For this he approached Fishery
Extension Officer (FEO) of Gorakhpur, UP fisheries to learn techniques of Pituitary Gland
(PG) collection, PG extract preparation, brood stock management, hormone injecting
procedure, hapa breeding operation etc. After learning the techniques he started hapa
breeding of Rahu- Labeo rohita, Mrigal- Cirrhinus mrigalaand Bhakur- Catla catla.However,from hapa breeding spawn recovery was 25-30% of the fertilized egg due to various physico-
chemical and biological constraints.
He was very much interested to increase spawn recovery from the fertilized eggs. For that
in 1988 he went to BhairahawanThuthipeepal carp hatchery. He stayed there over one
week for practical learning of carp breeding technology including fish stripping method,
circular carp hatchery management, scientific fish seed rearing etc. Then he started breeding
of Silver carp-Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Grass carp- Ctenopharyngodon idella and
standardized the Pituitary Gland (PG) dosage for the region. After seeing the profitability
performance of circular hatchery at Thuthipeepal carp hatchery, Bhairahawan, heconstructed a circular carp hatchery in 1989 at small scale. He made it operational in 1990.
By 1992 he developed confidence in each technique of carp breeding including brood stock
management, breeding operation, hatchery operation, multiple breeding of Grass carp,
Silver carp, Rohu, Catla and Mrigal, spawn to fry rearing and fry to fingerling rearing
technologies etc. He was continuing his aquaculture business progressively. But in 1995
there was total loss of brood fish stock due to poisoning. However, in 1996 he could develop
brood stock and started breeding work. When fish seed demand increased in the region,
he further expanded his hatchery infrastructure by constructing one spawning pool, 4
incubation pools, one collection chamber and one overhead tank to produce carp seed at
commercial scale during 2000. After seeing his progress there was jealousy and social
rivalry in the locality. This resulted brood stock kills by poisoning in the month of June,
2000. Subsequently, during 2001 there was severe flood and all ponds were inundated.
Most of the brood fish and fish seed were escaped away in flood water. These limiting
factors, could not suppress the intrinsic power of willingness of farmer to continue his
ruminative profession of multiple breeding of carps, fish seed rearing and food fish
production at commercial level utilizing his own ponds and sub-leased village community
fish ponds.
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Methods
Brood stock management : Brood stock management was carried out in two ponds
covering about one ha water area. Ponds were dewatered to eradicate weed and predatory
fishes. At times, farmer killed fishes by applying celphos (Aluminium phosphide) in pond
water. When ponds were
dewatered, pond bottom
was treated with lime @
400-500kg/ha. Then it was
exposed to sun for a week.
After that mixed fertilizer
(per hectare 3000kg cow
dung +125 kg single super
p h o s p h a t e + 5 0 k g
urea+50kg muriate of
potash) was applied to
increase pond
productivity. Immediately
ponds were filled with
borewell water. After 15
days, about 500 g potassium permanganate was applied as disinfectant. In prepared ponds
2-3 years old matured fish were stocked @ 2-3 tonnes/ha for intensive care. For feeding
brood fish a mixture of cooked broken rice and mustard oil cake in the ratio of 2:1 was
used. In this food 10% broken pulse and 1% mineral mixed was also added. Farm prepared
feed was provided @ 2-3% of the standing stock of brood fish daily depending upon
abundance of natural fish food organisms and water quality. However, before 30-50 minutes
of concentrate feed application, grass carp were fed with Berseem grass ad libitum 2-3
times daily. During off season of Berseem grass, Sudan grass was fed to Grass carp. Brood
fish pond water was exchanged quarterly once. Ground water was added daily to maintain
optimum water depth and lower pond water temperature during summer and to increase
pond water temperature during winter season. Fortnightly sample netting was carried
out (Fig.1) and 750g/ha potassium permanganate was applied in pond water for
prophylactic treatment. Farmer reported that application of glaxo made zeolite @ 75-150kg/ha reduced the obnoxious gases from the pond and stop fish suffocation. Argulus
control was carried out by using cypermethrin (clinar), whereas Epizootic Ulcerative
Disease Syndrome (EUDS) was controlled by applying CIFAX @ 1 liter/ha m.
Hatchery infrastructure : Farmer constructed one overhead tank of 13'6"x17'6" for storing
ground water to provide running water facility in spawning pool and incubation pools.
There was only one spawning pool of 20' diameter and 5'deep. During breeding operation
water depth was maintained at 3' only. Farmer constructed four incubation pools (Fig.2)
Fig.1: A haul of brood fish at Mohanapur
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each with 10' 6" diameter from outer
periphery. It has 9" wide outer wall
and 9" inner ring wall. Central ring
diameter was of 6'5". Thus only 2'4"
area was left for egg incubation in
circulating water. Although the pool
was 4' deep, but during operation
only 3' deep water was kept. In one
operation about 300 liter carp
fertilized eggs were released for
incubation with the production of
15-21 liter spawn per pool. Breeding
and incubation pools were
connected with central collectionchamber.
Breeding and spawn production
Breeding and spawn production of Cyprinus carpio : Breeding of common carp
commenced from 2ndweek of January. Fish were induced by administering PG extract. At
low water temperature of 10-150 C common carp females were administered with higher
doses of PG extract. (1st dosage @2mg PG/kg, 2nd dosage @14-15 mg/kg), whereas, at
above 200 C water temperature low dosages (1st dosage @ 1mg PG/kg, 2nd dosage @5-6
mg/kg) was administered. Spawning was carried out by stripping method. Females were
stripped in dry container followed by male. The eggs and milt was mixed gently usingbird feather. Then the fertilized eggs were kept in a solution of tanic acid, urea and salt in
the ratio of 0.5:10:10. This solution was prepared in 10 liter water by mixing 5g of glaxo
made tanic acid, 100g urea and 100g common salt. The fertilized eggs were washed several
times using this solution. After gradual mixing of normal water the eggs were de-gummed.
In wet stripping method 25 ml water was taken in a series of bowels in which the milt was
stripped in phases. Immediately females were stripped by gentle mixing of eggs using
feather. The milt and egg mixing was continued for one and half minute. Mucus of the
milt started surfacing. It was removed with the help of feather adding normal water
gradually. This was repeated several times in bowels. After two minutes fertilized eggs
were found free from milt mucus. In detached condition fertilized eggs were collected.
These fertilized eggs were quantified in liter and released in incubation pools for hatching.
Multi-breeding of Grass carp : Four times breeding of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
at fish farm of Mr. R.K.Paswan at Mohnapur Village in partawal block of Gorakhpur, U.P. is
depicted diagrammatically in Fig.-3. It is classified in early (Fubruary-March) breeding mid
breeding (April-July) and late breeding (August-September). Detailed methods of four times
spawning separately are as under.
Fig.2: Carp hatchery facility at Mohanapur
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In the month of February Grass carp were fully matured for induced spawning. Every
year induced spawning of Grass carp commenced from the 2ndweek of February. Due to
high demands of Grass carp seed, they were bred 3-4 times in a season during February to
September using same brood fish. In large sized Grass carp brood fish; there was probability
of fat deposition and handling difficulty. To get rid of these problems, brood fish of 3-4 kg
were used for induced spawning.
First breeding: First breeding was carried out during February to March. PG extract was
used as inducing hormone in two split dosages at about 4 hrs intervals. Female were
administered @ 2mg/kg in 1st dosage and 8-9mg/kg in 2nd dosage, while males were
administered once @1-1.5mg/kg at the time of 2nddosage of female.
Second breeding:After completion of first spawning, spent fish were given dip treatment
with potassium permanganate solution. They were stocked at low density in well prepared
separate brood fish pond under intensive care. Fish were fed with a mixture of mustard oil
cake, broken rice, broken pulses with the fortification of 1% mineral mixed in cooked feed.
Farm made fresh fish feed was given @ 2% of the body weight daily once. In addition, they
were fed with tender Berseem grass ad libitum 3-4 times daily. Periodically pond water
Fig.3: Four times spawning of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at the hatchery of Mr. R.K.Paswan at
Mohnapur Village of Gorakhpur
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was replaced with ground water. They were treated with potassium permanganate solution
at periodical sample netting. Grass carp brood fish again matured after 40-45 days (during
April-May) of first breeding. PG extract was used as inducing hormone in similar pattern
of 1st breeding.
Third breeding: Spent grass carp brood fish after 2ndspawning were bathed in potassium
permanganate. All the intensive management practices applied during 2ndbreeding were
repeated. Same brood fish matured for spawning after 45-55 days (during June-July) of the
2ndbreeding. Induced spawning was carried out using PG extract at conventional dosage.
Fourth breeding: Grass carp after 3rdbreeding were reared under intensive care. They
attained maturity 4th time for induced spawning after 55-60 days (during August -
September) of 3rd breeding. Only a few selected brood fish are used for 4thbreeding by
inducing with PG extract hormone.
Multiple breeding of Silver carp, Catla, Rohu and Mrigal: Farmers used to breed Silvercarp, Rohu, Catla and Mrigal 2-3 times in one season using same brood fish. While breeding
of Silver carp was carried out from the first week of April, the Rohu, Catla and Mrigal
breeding started from the month of May depending on regional seed demands. As inducing
hormone, PG extract or ovaprim was administered to brood fish. Silver carp brood fish
were administered with PG extract @2mg/kg female body weight in 1st dosage and after
4-5 hrs of 1st dosage @ 8-9 mg/kg in second dosage. Males received @ 1-1.5mg/kg body
weight at the time o