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Aquaculture in Kenya Status – Challenges - outlook
Dr. Abdel Rahman El Gamal
Nairobi - Kenya 24 – 28 September, 2018
The present week activities
September 24
Registration Opening Participants and the expert introduce themselves General overview about the course by the expert Introductory presentation by the expert covering: Status of the world aquaculture African aquaculture Status of Kenyan aquaculture and the rationality of its development A special focus will be given to the constraints facing aquaculture development as presented in earlier events and discuss it with the participants in the present course
September 25 & 26
Carrying out the following field visits to: Fish farm(s) and hatcheries of different production scales Fish processing unit, if available Fish feed mill, if available Wholesale and retail fish markets, if possible There is a possibility to suggest a visit not mentioned above as long as it could be arranged Note: The expert will develop a fact finding sheet for each visit to be circulated to the course participants prior to the visit The expert develops a compiled set of constraints having the field visits in consideration
The present week activities
September 27
The expert presents the constraints in a general discussion session targeting to rank such constraints in order to work on it via effective solutions.
In this session the expert is expected to bring in case studies similar to the ones in Kenya along with possible means of addressing such constraints
September 28
Active participation of the course participants on the entire event ending by specific recommendations towards the development of aquaculture in Kenya. Concluding the program
Rationality of fish farming (general)
Aquaculture has been found successful in many parts of the world in regard to:
Providing fishery products of different types and sizes as required by different social segments
Considered an ideal approach in fish production for the growing populations in the light of the stagnation and/or fluctuation or even declining of capture fishery
Helping to reduce the pressure on the natural fishery stocks
Fish products in general has proven to be highly beneficial to human health
Creating work opportunities –whether directly or indirectly -in different aquaculture projects
Specific aquaculture products may be exported and so help to earn hard currency that is required by the national economies
Development of world aquaculture
World capture fishery and aquaculture
Although capture fisheries dominate the world output, aquaculture accounts for a growing percentage of total fish supply, rising from a share of approximately 13% in 1990 to 40% in 2010.
As a significant part of capture fishery is used for industrial purposes (e.g. fish meal), aquaculture provides about 47% of all fish supplies available for direct human food consumption.
Because of the rapid development of aquaculture, the employment in aquaculture is increasing more rapidly than world population growth
World fish production – Source: FAO
1990 2000 2010 2015 2016
Capture fishery
84 691 996 93 562 990 87 828 719 92 670 190 90 923 551
Aquaculture 13 085 134 32 418 528 59 025 423 76 094 825 80 068 829
Total 97777130 125981518 146854142 168765015 170992380
Aquaculture: total (%)
13.38 25.73 40.19 45.10 46.83
Note: Aquatic plants (e.g. seaweed) and large aquatic mammals (e.g. whales) are excluded from the above data
Development of the world fish production (capture fishery and aquaculture) during selected years from 1970 – 2016. Source: FAO
0
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Capture fishery
Aquaculture
Development of world aquaculture in different aquatic environments (2012 – 2016). Source: FAO
Environment 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Freshwater
Freshwater: total
41161449
(61.95%)
43921355
(62.60%)
45989881
(62.43%)
47604740
(62.59%)
50268927
(62.81%)
Brackish water 5725500 6056775 6587567 6761362 7369127
Marine water 19556074 20176356 21088985 21687599 22392808
Total (ton) 66443023 70154486 73666433 76053701 80030862
Top ten world aquaculture species in 2016 Source: FAO
Species Ton Species Ton
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus
6068015 Whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei
4155827
Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
5300736 Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
3526812
Common carp Cyprinus carpio
4556622 Major Indian carp Catla catla
2960554
Japanese carpet shell Ruditapes philippinarum
4228594
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
2247759
Niletilapia Oreochromis niloticus
4199567
Major Indian carp Labeo rohita
1843496
The ten species collectively produced about 49% of the world aquaculture production in 2016
Outlook of world aquaculture
• On the world level, even aquaculture continues to grow, the rate of its growth is declining from as >10% during mid-1990s to about 4% in 2009 (FAO)
• According to FAO, aquaculture is expected to reach 95 million tons in 2020 and 123 million tons in 2030
• On the other hand, the capture fishery is expected to remain at the current production level till 2020 and 2030
African aquaculture
Africa fish production – Source: FAO
1990 2000 2010 2015 2016
Capture fishery 5072241 6770808 7795149 8767151 9279133
Aquaculture 81015 399628 1285692 1771661 1981897
Total 5153256 7170436 9080841 10538812 11261030
African aquaculture: total (%)
1.57 5.57 14.15 16.81 17.60
World aquaculture: total (%)
13.38 25.73 40.19 45.10 46.83
Development of African aquaculture in different aquatic environments during the period 2010 – 2016. Source: FAO
Source 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Freshwater 527081 576771 580651 733941 780459 760581 858802
Brackish water (Brackish: total)
750271 (58.36%)
809828 (58.03%)
894444 (60.27%)
871757 (53.94%)
921908 (53.83%)
1002046 (56.56%)
1112379 (56.12%)
Marine water 8340 8934 8949 10335 10115 9034 10716
Total (ton) 1285692 1395533 1484044 1616033 1712482 1771661 1981897
The significant contribution of the brackish water system in Africa is related to Egyptian aquaculture because of the freshwater use policy
Development of African fish production (capture fishery and aquaculture) during selected years from 1970 – 2016. Source: FAO
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Capture fishery
Aquaculture
Production of African aquaculture in different aquatic environments in 2016 (ton) compared to world aquaculture
Africa
Freshwater Brackish water Marine water
World
Freshwater Brackish water Marine water
African aquaculture in comparison to world aquaculture in
selected years from 1970 to 2016. Source: FAO
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African aquaculture
Main fish groups contributing to African aquaculture during the period 2010 – 2016 Source: FAO
Group of fish 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Freshwater fishes
1110126 1217465 1296141 1436925 1521819 1547356 1729250
Diadromous 1808 2212 2690 3190 3544 3525 3727
Crustaceans 5705 6977 6382 11572 12329 3732 4607
Marine fish 165018 166136 175568 160495 170320 212131 238571
Mollusks 3034 2741 3262 3894 4458 4892 5705
Miscellaneous fish products
1 1 1 1 1 25 37
Total (ton) 1285692 1395505 1484044 1616077 1712471 1771661 1981897
Species composition of freshwater aquaculture in Africa during the period 2010 – 2016.
Source: FAO
Fish group 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Tilapias and cichlids
644403 718953 917595 804141 949119 1079662 1177262
Carps and cyprinds
210129 226344 95275 324388 323090 128532 236527
Miscellaneous freshwater fish
255594 272167 283271 308395 339611 339161 315461
Total (ton) 1110126 1217464 1296141 1436924 1611820 1547355 1729250
Tilapia: total (%) 58.04 58.98 70.79 55.96 55.88 69.77 68.08
African aquaculture outlook
According to the estimation by FI Department (FAO), the annual growth rate of aquaculture in Africa (2007 to 2030) is expected to be the highest with 7.2% compared to the world average 4%, Asia 4.1%, Europe 3.1%, Europe 3.1%, Latin America 4.4%, North America 0.4% and Oceania 2.6%
Aquaculture in Kenya
Features of aquaculture in Kenya
Freshwater fish account for close to 98% of Kenya’s reported aquaculture production.
The peak of aquaculture production reached its peak in 2014 (24,098 tons) before declining to 18,658 and 14,960 tons in 2015 and 2016 respectively.
Milk fish (Chanos chanos) represents the main farmed species in marine waters, followed by mullet (Mugil cephalus).
In regard to shellfish, its culture takes place in coastal Kenya and represented by mud crab and prawns Penaeus monodon and P. indicus.
The seaweed of the “spinosum” and “cottonii” are being cultured
Reference: Kenya’s aquaculture brief 2017. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
Features of aquaculture in Kenya
Earthen ponds are the main farming system in Kenya in which different levels of intensification are practiced.
Tilapia, catfish and common carp are often cultured in earthen ponds.
The raceway system (concrete or earthen) are used for trout farms
Cage culture for Nile tilapia has been increasingly adopted in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria
The size of the pond is 150 m2. The thickness of the liner is 0.5 mm
Credit: Jesee Maina Nyokabi (Kenya)
Credit: Mercy maiyo (Kenya)
Fish feed mills in Kenya
There are quite a few fish feed mills of different capacity and feed types producing sinking pellets, floating pellets and feed produced by hammer, mixer pelletizer. Feed produced have different sizes and protein contents.
About 700 tons of extruded feed have been imported by few fish feed importers in 2016
Capture fishery and aquaculture production in Kenya during the period 2010 – 2016 (ton)
Year Fin fish – crustacean - mollusks
Total Aquaculture: total (%)
Aquatic plants Capture
fishery Aquaculture Without plants
2010 140433 12154 152587 07.96 40
2011 181385 22135 203520 10.88 160
2012 158804 21488 180292 11.92 400
2013 163140 23501 186641 12.59 400
2014 168235 24098 192333 12.53 400
2015 165201 18658 183859 10.15 400
2016 171205 14960 186165 08.04 400
Source: FAO Yearbook 2016 - Aquatic plants/ seaweed in tons on wet weight basis
Contribution of capture fishery and aquaculture to total fish production in Kenya (2010-2016). Source: FAO
0
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2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Aquaculture
Capture fishery
Main fish groups contributing to aquaculture in Kenya during the period 2010 – 2016 (in tons). Source: FAO
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Freshwater fish 12032 21914 21273 23266 23855 18469 14780
Diadromous fish 122 221 215 235 243 189 180
Total 12154 22135 21488 23501 24098 18658 14798
Freshwater: total (%) 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.9
Species composition of aquaculture in Kenya in tons during the period 2010 – 2016. Source: FAO
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Nile tilapia 9115 16602 16115 17626 18072 13991 11180
African catfish 2188 3984 3869 4230 4337 3358 2700
Common carp 729 1328 1289 1410 1446 1120 900
Rainbow trout 122 221 215 235 241 187 176
Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 2 2 4
Total 12154 22135 21488 23501 24098 18658 14960
Nile tilapia: total (%) 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 74.7
Species composition of aquaculture in Kenya in 2016
11180
2700
900
176 4
Tilapia African catfish Common carp Rainbow trout Others
Aquaculture production in Kenya (ton) compared to African aquaculture. Source: FAO
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Kenya 12154 22135 21488 23501 24098 18658 14960
Africa 1285692 1395505 1484044 1616077 1712471 1771661 1981897
Kenya : Africa aquaculture (%)
0.95 1.59 1.45 1.45 1.41 1.05 0.75
Rationality for aquaculture development in Kenya
Present aquaculture production is far below the potential
Per capita fish consumption is much lower than the African average
In order to maintain the current level of fish consumption, fish imports of about 20,000 tons take place annually to fill the growing gap in the national fish supply
Considerable local and regional market is expected with growing populations and declining wild fish catches
All fish exports from Kenya belong to the capture fishery; no exports from aquaculture
Available natural resources, increasing fish demands, declining of capture fishery and before all the trained human resources are all in favor of a well-developed aquaculture in Kenya
Kenya has a highly developed fish processing sector and quality assurance laboratories that serve fish export
Quantity and value of imported fish in Kenya compared to that in Africa during the period 2012 – 2016. Source: FAO
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Kenya Imported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$
25614
18731
18714
17800
26134
22884
24967
20640
23326
23417
Africa Imported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$
3456431
5388856
3380482
5301577
4026385
5823308
3893286
5289896
3715155
4887837
Quantity of imported fish into Kenya in 2016 sorted into groups (in tons). Source: FAO
Group Tons % Notes
Frozen fish 19122 81.98 Includes tunas 152 t – diadromous 31 t – flounder 31 t
Fresh or chilled fish 332 1.42 includes tunas 59 t – diadromous 105 t
Frozen fish fillets 844 3.62 Nile perch fillets 403 t + tilapia fillets 441 t
Prepared/preserved fish 441 1.89
Dried – salted smoked fish
4 0.02
Fish meat (fresh – chilled – frozen)
1207 5.17
Crustaceans – mollusks – other invertebrates
1373 5.89
Live fish 3 0.01
Total 23326 100
Types of imported fish into Kenya
Frozen fish, 19122, 82%
Fresh or chilled fish, 332, 1%
Frozen fish Fresh or chilled fish
Frozen fish fillets Prepared/preserved fish
Dried - salted or smoked fish Fish meat (fresh - chilled - frozen)
Crustaceans - molluscs - aquatic invertebrates Live fish
Quantity and value of exported fish from Kenya compared to that in Africa during the period 2012 – 2016. Source: FAO
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Kenya Exported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$
18257
64291
12670
40528
16223
49639
11768
37697
6368
19984
Africa Exported quantity (ton) Value 1000 US$
2002287
5773359
2040521
6001287
2185104
6341303
2344017
5942900
2567034
6335492
Quantity of exported fish from Kenya in 2016 sorted into groups (in tons). Source: FAO
Group Qty
(ton) US$ 1000
Crustaceans (frozen) 284 1837 All shrimp and prawn
Fresh or chilled fish 85 195
Frozen fish 680 1528
Frozen fish fillets 1300 5712 Includes 1250 t Nile perch and 25 t tilapia
Fresh/chilled fish fillets/meat 864 4295 Only 1 t of Nile perch
Frozen fish meat 21 163
Fish prepared/frozen 47 82
Dried – salted smoked fish 1411 1096
Crustaceans – mollusks – other invertebrates
1295 4883
Live fish 381 193 51 t for ornamental and culture
Total (tons) 6368 19984
Composition of consumed fish products in Kenya (kg/person/year). Source: FAO FISHSTAT
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Total per capita fish consumption
3.32 3.43 4.52 4.40 4.28
Composition
Freshwater fish 3.19 3.22 4.35 4.23 4.12
Demersal fish 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08
Marine fish 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.04
Pelagic fish 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03
Crustaceans 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Daily protein intake from non-animal protein sources in Kenya (g/person/day). Source: FAO
Source G Source G
Wheat 7.73 Roots & tuber 3.31
Rice - maize – millet – oat - barley 22.55 Bananas – pineapples - plantains 0.75
Sorghum 0.67 Dates 0.01
Cassava – potatoes – sweet potatoes - yams
3.28 Oranges- mandarins – Lemons – limes – grapefruit
0.10
Sugar cane 0.25 Other fruits 0.33
Beans – peas – other pulses 9.33 Coffee - tea (including mate) 0.51
Groundnuts (in shell + shelled) 0.72 Nuts - coconuts 0.31
Vegetables, other 1.22 Pimento – other spices 0.03
Tomatoes 0.27 Beverages, Fermented 0.09
Sunflower seed – soyabeans – other oil crops
0.44 Miscellaneous 0.04
Onions 0.06 Total 51.99
Daily protein intake from animal protein sources in Kenya (g/person/day). Source: FAO
Sources G
Bovine Meat 3.85
Mutton & Goat Meat 0.73
Poultry Meat 0.16
Pigmeat 0.07
Offals, Edible 0.78
Butter – Ghee – fats – cheese – cream - honey 0.06
Eggs 0.52
Milk - Excluding Butter/ milk whole 14.82
Freshwater Fish 1.19
Marine Fish – pelagic fish – demersal fish 0.89
Total 23.07
Typical indicators on fish consumption in Kenya in 2013 compared to those in Africa and in the world. Source: FAO
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Kenya 4.1 51.99 23.07 75.06 1.2 5.2 1.6
Africa 10.1 63.75 16.0 66.6 2.9 18.4 4.4
World 19.8 48.91 32.1 80.8 5.4 16.9 6.7
Production of field crops (ton) possibly related to aquaculture in Kenya. Source: FAOSTAT
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Millet 73396 138204 138829 126000 99000 54000
Yams 9635 10143 13569 20028 18719 12388
Sorghum 159877 166627 168857 177553 189000 117000
Cotton seed 14400 7600 8400 8900
Sesame seed 11705 12000 12200 12364 11226 11135
Maize 3376862 3749880 3592688 3513171 3825000 3339000
Sunflower seed 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 13378
Rice, paddy 111229 138204 125256 112263 116473 118150
Wheat 268482 441944 449641 228900 238600 222400
Barely 65235 72726 57671 65402 51396 56084
Production of field crops (ton) possibly related to aquaculture in Kenya. Source: FAOSTAT (Cont.)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ground nuts (with shell) 12803 24639 94072 56149 28574 32955
Dry peas 577674 622759 714492 615992 765000 728160
Cassava 679167 930922 935089 858461 709926 571848
Dry cow peas 81534 112948 133756 138673 173057 146807
Soybeans 2181 2866 2497 2463 2603 2007
Linseed 960 1000 1000 954 951 949
Oats 3500 4000 4000 3890 3656 3658
Consumed animal protein rather than fish in Kenya – in tons (Source: FAOSTAT)
Source 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Cattle meat 410600 425000 442571 487176 528990
Camel meat 64500 65100 59908 65926 70362
Goat meat 56399 57928 68190 68016 50468
Sheep meat 40236 42000 43559 42308 42172
Pig meat 12950 17445 17877 26001 10768
Chicken meat 21650 23754 25446 29574 30926
Rabbit meat 3000 3060 2997 3504 2902
Hen eggs 83229 81823 71325 77406 84132
Camel milk (whole) 910846 870864 747934 811634 848939
Cow milk (whole) 3732960 3686431 3424954 3444214 4115473
Goat milk (whole) 267904 268543 224655 212131 221591
Sheep milk (whole) 61564 62408 84054 82579 89342
Challenges to fisheries and aquaculture development in Kenya
Sources of the information:
• Country reports and round table discussions held during the training courses hosted by the Egyptian International Center for Agriculture (EICA) - Egypt
• Published publications addressing this subject matter
Compiled list of constraints
Inadequate supply of quality and reliable aquaculture inputs especially
seed and feed
High cost of fish production to the level that discourages the investors
Inadequate investment in research and technology development
Low funding to the aquaculture sub sector
Lack of credit facilities and insurance schemes for fish farmers
Conflict in water resource management
Less effective research – extension – farmer linkages
Inadequate market information available for fish farmers
End of this part