Jornadas de Engenharia do Ambiente 2014Jornadas de Engenharia do Ambiente 2014Painel Água

Aquacultura – o novo período Neolíticoq phttp://goodclam.org/jeamb

João Gomes Ferreira

Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

Lisboa, 18 de Fevereiro 2014

Talk outlineTalk outline

• The new Neolithic – food from the sea (4)

• Sustainability and carrying capacity (8)

• Virtual tools for aquaculture (7)• Virtual tools for aquaculture (7)

• New ideas, going offshore? (6)

• Synthesis (1)

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Trends in fisheries and aquaculture

65

60September 2011

Capture fisheries for human consumption

er year)

55

September 2011

tonn

espe

r² = 0.99, p<0.0150

ight (1

06t

45 Aquaculture Data pointsExtrapolationLi

ve we

402003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

YearYear

Equivalent to the emergence of agriculture 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic period

Aquaculture in Europe and the worldVolume and value

• 90% of the 68 million tonnes (Mt) of aquaculture products (105 billion USD)i i t f A i (S l )

Fast (FAO) facts

originate from Asia (Sorgeloos)

• Production of striped catfish Pangasius in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y-1,highest yields in the world, 350-400 tonnes ha-1 per crop (Sena da Silva)g y p p ( )

• 30 Mt y-1 of extra aquatic products required to feed the planet by 2050(Swaminathan)

• US predicted expansion from 0.5 to 1.5 Mt y-1 (Olin)

• Europe: production is 4.2% by volume, 9.1% by value (Sorgeloos)

Growth of both population and aquaculture will take place in developingGrowth of both population and aquaculture will take place in developingnations.

Aquaculture in EuropeSustainability and legislation

• Aquaculture is the most heavily regulated food production sector in Europe(V di)

Environmental, legal, and social pressures

(Varadi)

• Competition for space, access to capital, availability of special services,limited authorised veterinary products (Varadi)y p ( )

• Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – no reference to aquaculture.Benthic biodiversity, fish (in transitional waters); Good Ecological Status inEurope by 2015Europe by 2015

• Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) – Fish and ShellfishQuality Descriptor (QD3). Aquaculture is seen only as a pressure. Good

SEnvironmental Status by 2020

• Many other parts of the world don’t come close to the EU regulatorypanoramap

In all likelihood Europe will add value over volume.

Imports to EuropeAll numbers in millions of USD (SOFIA 2012)

Europe imports 74% of its ti d t Th USA

All numbers in millions of USD (SOFIA 2012)

aquatic products. The USA imports 86%

If European consumption was at the level of Portugal (57.4 kg y-1 per capita)an extra 27 million tonnes of fish products would be required annually.

Sustainability criteria: foundation in classical ecology

Over carrying capacity farmingOver carrying capacity farmingAn extreme case study of cage farming in e e e case s udy o cage a g

Sandu Bay

Yellow croaker

(Zhang, 2008)

Yellow croaker

Zhu, 2010

Rapid overstocking…Rapid overstocking…• Yellow croaker cage farming was started in

Sandu Bay in 1995, 1000 fish cages in Qingshan, 1996.g ,

50 000 fi h i Qi h (260 000• 50,000 fish cages in Qingshan, (260, 000 fish cages in the whole Sandu Bay,) 2005

C i it h i di t d 40% f• Carrying capacity research indicated 40% of the cages should be removed in 2005, but things remain unchanged.

Zhu, 2010

Zhu, 2010

Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture(the gospel according to FAO)

Three principles

• Aquaculture should be developed in the context of

Three principles

ecosystem functions and services (includingbiodiversity) with no degradation of these beyond theirresilience;resilience;

• Aquaculture should improve human-well being andequity for all relevant stakeholders;equity for all relevant stakeholders;

• Aquaculture should be developed in the context ofother sectors policies and goalsother sectors, policies and goals.

Soto, 2010

EAA: ecosystem balance, social equity, multiple uses

Different types of carrying capacityfor aquaculturefor aquaculture

Southeast Asia, US, Europe, Types of carrying China

Production

Canada capacity

Limiting factor

E l i l

factor

Ecological

Governance

SocialLimiting

factor Socialfactor

Different parts of the world see carrying capacity in very different ways

Sanggou BayIMTA with Japanese seabass, oysters, seaweed, and abalone

Longlines as far as the eye can see. Oyster ropes drop from the lines, abalone are cultivated on the bottom.

FORWARD and COEXIST modelling framework

Terrestrial boundary

Different models for different questions. Scales are from minutes to decades.

Terrestrial boundaryconditions

From technologies to toolsExample: Stage 1 Circulation model – connected systemsExample: Stage 1. Circulation model – connected systems

• Larval dispersal;•Diesease;Diesease;•Xenobiotics.

Belfast Lough

Strangford Lough

Carlingford Lough

Northern Ireland

Irish Lough

Republic of Ireland

Irish Sea

Mass balance for gilthead cultivationWeight: 350 g, AquaFish model

EnergyEnergy assimilated

385 kcalAnabolism: 1471 kcalBMR: 277 kcalSDA: 809 kcalSDA: 809 kcalSwimming: 0.2 kcal

Food ingestion449 g DW

R i ti

Feed supplied Urine

7 4 g NHRespiration0.78 kg O2

Digestion in the gut

Faeces126 g DW

pp463 g DW

Feed O i

7.4 g NH4

Inorganicloss14 g DW

Organic pollution

140 g DW

Inorganic pollution

7.4 g NH4

Cultivation:414 daysCurrent: 10 cm s-1

Biomass: 350 g FWL th 29Length: 29 cmFCR: 1.3ADC (N): 82%

FARM modelApplication to Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)Application to Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

U f th FARM d l f h llfi h fi fi h lt d IMTA

Ferreira et al., 2012. Cultivation of gilthead bream in monoculture and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Analysis of production and environmental effects by means of the FARM model. Aquaculture 358-359, p. 23-34.

Use of the FARM model for shellfish or finfish monoculture, and IMTA.

Gilthead monoculture in pondsFORWARD & COEXIST j t SE P t lFORWARD & COEXIST projects, SE Portugal

Cultivation for 400 days, 0.5 fish m-2. Production of about one ton of fish, but with a substantial cost in environmental externalities.

IMTA of gilthead and Pacific oyster in pondsFORWARD & COEXIST j t SE P t lFORWARD & COEXIST projects, SE Portugal

Addition of Pacific oysters in the ponds, at a low density (5 oysters per m2) provides an extra crop of 1610 kg Benefits: extra income (8 000 USD) less provides an extra crop of 1610 kg. Benefits: extra income (8,000 USD), less chlorophyll emissions (but more DIN), no change to ASSETS score, PEQ: 6 y-1.

IMTA of gilthead, Pacific oyster, and Ulva in pondsFORWARD & COEXIST j t SE P t lFORWARD & COEXIST projects, SE Portugal

Addition of seaweed in the ponds, at a low density (3 plants per m2) provides an extra crop of 1500 kg (102 kg C) Benefits: extra income marked reduction in extra crop of 1500 kg (102 kg C). Benefits: extra income, marked reduction in chlorophyll and DIN emissions , better ASSETS score, 31 PEQ.

Offshore aquaculture

123 countries with at least 100 km2 that meet these criteria: 106 - 107 ton y-1

Current speeds: 0.1-1 m s-1, suitable depth range for cages and longlines

http://ecowin.orgKapetsky et al., 2010. FAO Workshop, Rome, 2010.

Combination of offshore windfarmsd ltand aquaculture

Potential use of wind turbines and enclosed space forcultivating finfish, shellfish, and seaweeds

EcoWin2000 - Simulated change in clam harvest due to offshore aquaculture of mussels

An annual loss of 120 t of clams (1.2 million €) is offset by 13,000 t of mussels

Virus Particle tracking: Ratio between concentrations at XYZ and emission concentrationRatio between concentrations at XYZ and emission concentration

• Disease source:Disease source: APPAA

• Virus concentration:

Up to 2x106 ml‐1l (m

)

APPAA• Forcing functions 

wind and tidePar

alle

l APPAADisease source

• No decay• 6 day model run5 km

• Release in mid‐water layerMeridian (m)

Background virus release the first 2 days, high release on days 3,4and 5, then a reduction by a factor of a hundred on the last day.

Virus exposure90

APPAADi

el (m

)

sure

(h)Disease

source

Par

alle

Exp

os

20 km

Meridian (m)0

20 km

Number of hours of exposure to 0.5% of the sheddingconcentration as a measure of potential infection.

The revenge of the killer mussels…

Huge mussel fouling in the summer of 2012. Spat from offshore culture?

Conclusõeshtt // d l /j b/

• Portugal precisa de mais aquacultura, mas uma boa parte terá que ser desenvolvida nos grandes estuários e g Tejo e

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terá que ser desenvolvida nos grandes estuários, e.g. Tejo e Sado;

• A nossa costa ocidental é muito agitada – o cultivo vai ser gcaro e dificil em termos logísticos. A costa sul é melhor mashá mais conflitos de usos;

• Temos que decidir quais as espécies, quais as zonas, e qualo mercado, senão temos a fábula do bacalhau e da panga;

• Para competir no mercado de peixe temos que fazer o• Para competir no mercado de peixe, temos que fazer o ‘branding’, a certificação, e definir classes intermédias de produto. E aproveitar a boa imagem do pescado nacional;p p g p

• Estamos longe da realidade: é preciso fazer mar, e não só falar mar―não foi assim que chegámos à India.

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Resilience…