AQA GCSE Specimen Material - Vandyke Upper · PDF fileChemistry 1H Specimen Paper 67 Mark...

version 1.0

AQA GCSE Science B (4462)

General Certificate of Secondary Education

Science B

Specimen Papers and Mark Schemes

Copyright © 2005. AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales 3644723 and a registered charity number 1073334. Registered address AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell Director General.

Contents

Science B (4462)

Biology 1F Specimen Paper 5 Mark Scheme 22 Biology 1H Specimen Paper 27 Mark Scheme 42 Chemistry 1F Specimen Paper 47 Mark Scheme 60 Chemistry 1H Specimen Paper 67 Mark Scheme 81 Physics 1F Specimen Paper 89 Mark Scheme 105 Physics 1H Specimen Paper 113 Mark Scheme 127

The specimen assessment materials accompanying the new AQA GCSE Sciences specifications are provided to give centres a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers in advance of the first operational examinations.

Specimen Paper BLY1F BLY1F

Surname Other Names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Candidate signature

Leave blank

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen Paper SCIENCE B Unit Biology 1 BIOLOGY Unit Biology 1 Foundation Tier Date and Time

For this paper you must have: • a ruler

You may use a calculator.

Time allowed: 45 minutes Instructions • Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen. • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. • Answer all questions. • Answer the questions in the spaces provided. • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not

want marked. Information • The maximum mark for this paper is 45. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear

presentation in your answers. Advice • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.

For Examiner�s Use

Number Mark Number Mark

1 9

2 10

3

4

5

6

7

8 Total (Column 1)

Total (Column 2)

TOTAL

Examiner�s Initials

F

[5]

Specimen Paper BLY1F

2 LEAVE MARGIN BLANK

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 The drawing shows a cape fox.

The cape fox has receptors which are sensitive to changes in the environment. (a) Write down one part of the cape fox�s body where there are:

(i) receptors that are sensitive to light ............................................................................ (ii) receptors which help it to keep its balance................................................................ (iii) receptors which are sensitive to chemicals. ..............................................................

(3 marks) (b) The cape fox lives in a hot desert. Write down one way in which the cape fox is adapted for losing heat. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

4

[6]

Specimen Paper BLY1F Turn over ►


2 The drawing shows some of the ways in which humans affect the environment.

Use information from the drawing to help you to answer these questions. (a) Write down three ways in which humans have reduced the amount of land available to

other animals and plants. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 .........................................................................................................................................

(3 marks) (b) Smoke from the power station contains several gases that pollute the atmosphere. Name one of these gases. ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (c) Write down one way in which the water in the river might become polluted. ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

5

[7]



3 The diagram shows a timeline for the evolution of some groups of animals.

All the groups shown below the line for Present day are extinct.

Use information from the diagram to answer these questions. (a) Name the four groups of animals which developed legs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 4 .........................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[7]

[8]

[7][7]



(b) Which group of animals shown in the diagram evolved first? ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (c) The animal labelled X has been extinct for over 50 million years. How do scientists know that it once lived? ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (d) Complete the sentence by using the correct words from the box.

diseases enzymes hormones plants predators rocks

Animals may become extinct because of new .............................................................. and

new ................................................... . (2 marks)

Turn over for the next question

5

[9]



4 Obesity is a condition in which people are overweight. (a) Write down two health problems caused by obesity. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 .........................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) The graph shows the percentage of people in different occupations who are obese.

(i) Which group has the highest percentage of obese people? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Suggest an explanation for this. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

4

[10]



5 The diagram shows some of the events in a woman�s monthly cycle.

(a) On which day of the cycle is the lining of the womb thickest? ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) On how many days in a month might an egg be released? ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (c) Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) contain hormones. Which event in the diagram is prevented by these hormones? ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

Question 5 continues on the next page

[11]



(d) �The Shot� is a method of contraception, in which a hormone is injected into a woman once every three months. These are some facts about �the Shot�:

• effective for twelve weeks • must receive �the Shot� every three months • helps prevent cancer of the lining of the uterus • no pill to take daily • takes about 10 months to get pregnant after getting the last shot • nothing to put in place before vaginal intercourse • some women will have longer, heavier periods • may not be used continuously for more than two years.

Use the above information to write down two disadvantages of �the Shot� as a method of contraception.

1 ......................................................................................................................................... 2 .........................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

5

[12]



6 These young rabbits look like their parents. This is because information about characteristics such as fur colour is passed from parents to

their young.

Complete the sentence by using the correct words from the box.

body chromosomes clones cytoplasm genes nucleus sex

Information is passed from parents to their young in........................................................... cells. Each characteristic, eg fur colour, is controlled by ................................................................... . The structures which carry information for a large number of characteristics are called ............................................................. . The part of the cell which contains these structures is called the .............................................. .

(4 marks)


4

[13]



7 Each January, the RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) organises the Big Garden Birdwatch. About 400 000 volunteers take part.

This is to find the most commonly seen garden birds. These are the instructions given to volunteers.

• Choose one hour over the weekend of 29�30 January to watch birds in your garden, local park or school.

• Then tell us the highest number that you see at any one time (not the total number that you see in one hour).

• You only need to record the birds that actually land (not the ones flying over).

The table shows what one volunteer recorded.

Bird Most seen at one time

Blackbird 2

Blue tit 2

Chaffinch 0

Coal tit 0

Collared dove 2

Goldfinch 0

Great tit 0

Greenfinch 0

House sparrow 6

Long-tailed tit 1

Magpie 2

Robin 1

Starling 8

[13]

[14]



(a) The volunteers were all asked to do the survey on the weekend of 29�30 January. Explain why. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(b) The volunteers were told not to count the total number of birds seen in one hour. Explain why. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (c) The volunteer said �My results show that starlings are the most common garden bird.� Was she correct? Give the reason for your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (d) The RSPB have collected questionnaires from 400 000 people Suggest the best method of storing this data so that it could be analysed quickly. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

5

[15]



8 When the tendon below the knee is tapped with a hammer, the lower leg jerks upwards in a reflex action. A group of students wanted to find out how the speed of the hammer affected the distance the lower leg moved. The diagram shows how the experiment was set up.

Each trial was recorded on a video. A frame was taken every 33 milliseconds. The video was

then played using single-frame advance. The number of frames for the hammer to move to the knee was found. The faster the speed, the smaller was the number of frames. The video was also used to find the distance moved by the toe.

In each trial, the experimenter held the hammer 20 cm from the subject�s knee and then hit the

subject�s tendon. For each trial the experimenter used the hammer at a different speed.

The table shows some of the results.

Trial number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Distance hammer moved to knee (in cm) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Number of frames it took the hammer to move to the knee 15 16 12 10 9 8 7 6 2 2

Distance moved by toe in cm 0 0 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15

[16]



(a) What was the control variable in this experiment? ...........................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) Give two advantages of using a video to measure the time it took for the hammer to move to hit the tendon.

1 ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(c) Give one conclusion from the results of the experiment. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (d) Give one way in which the precision of the experiment could have been improved.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


5

[17]



9 The picture shows a child being vaccinated with the MMR vaccine.

(a) Measles is caused by a virus.

Why does a virus infection makes us feel ill?

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) Explain, as fully as you can, how vaccination prevents disease. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

4

[18]


15


[19]



10 Professor John Lawton researches into the problem of controlling the spread of bracken. He is waiting for government permission to release the Conservular caterpillar which feeds on the bracken. The Secretary of State has to decide whether the Conservular caterpillar can be released. The article printed below describes some of the problems faced by the Secretary of State.

David the caterpillar to bracken�s Goliath Bracken is one of the most widespread and dangerous weeds known to man. Professor

Lawton is researching a new method of controlling bracken with Conservular caterpillars which could have done the job for nothing.

His research has shown that bracken is the caterpillar�s only food. However, can scientists

predict what will happen when insects are released into the wild? Bracken is poisonous � more than 20 000 sheep and 1000 cattle are poisoned by it each year.

Its spores can cause hill walkers to develop cancer. Bracken cost £4 m a year to control. It destroys grazing land worth £5 m each year.

The National Farmers Union is concerned about the caterpillar getting out of control. What if

it started eating potatoes? However, the caterpillar might help to preserve important habitats for rare animals and plants.

World-wide, scientists are trying to control 94 species of weeds by using insects. Professor

Lawson says that there is good control in approximately one-third of these cases.

Use information from the passage to help you to answer these questions. (a) Why might the Secretary of State decide to allow the caterpillar to be released? Explain the reasons for your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

[20]



(b) Why might the Secretary of State decide not to allow the caterpillar to be released. Explain the reasons for your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS

Copyright © 2005 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

4

[21]

Mark Scheme BLY1F

Biology 1F Mark Scheme Question 1

answers extra information mark

(a)(i) eyes 1

(ii) ears 1

(iii) nose / mouth / tongue 1

(b) large ears 1

Total 4

Question 2


(a) any three from:

• roads

• buildings

• farmland

• quarries

• tips

• forests

• reservoirs

• canals

• sewage farms

3

(b) sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides (or named) / carbon monoxide / carbon dioxide

1

(c) sewage / fertiliser / pesticide / herbicide / nitrate / phosphate

1

Total 5

[22]

Mark Scheme BLY1F

Question 3


(a) amphibia, reptile, birds, mammals 1

(b) cartilage fish 1

(c) from fossils 1

(d) diseases

predators

1

1

Total 5

Question 4


(a) any two from:

• arthritis

• diabetes

• high blood pressure

• heart disease

2

(b)(i) females in routine work 1

(ii) eg poor diet / lack of exercise 1

Total 4

[23]

Mark Scheme BLY1F

Question 5


(a) 21 / 22 1

(b) 5 (days) 1

(c) egg release / new egg ripening 1

(d) any two from:

• takes 10 months to get pregnant after last shot

• some women have longer / heavy periods

• may not be used continuously for more than 2 years

2

Total 5

Question 6


sex

genes

chromosomes

nucleus

1

1

1

1

Total 4

[24]

Mark Scheme BLY1F

Question 7


(a) eg conditions same for all observers / some birds migrate

1

(b) some might be counted twice 1

(c) (no) sample too small / sample could be biased

1

(d) computer

database

1

1

Total 5

Question 8


(a) distance moved by hammer 1

(b) permanent record of result

very short time (for hammer to move) can be measured accurately

1

1

(c) the faster the hammer moves, the further the lower leg jerks

1

(d) use 1 cm grid 1

Total 5

[25]

Mark Scheme BLY1F

Question 9


(a) produce toxins / damage cells in which they live

1

(b) any three from:

• antigens / pathogens / bacteria / virus

• stimulate white blood cells

• to produce antibodies

• body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody on re-infection

3

Total 4

Question 10


(a) any two from:

• reduce poisoning of cattle / sheep

• reduce risk of cancer to walkers

• reduce destruction of grazing land

• 5 years of experiment indicate safe to release

2

(b) any two from:

• cannot predict what will happen on release

• possibility of danger to crops

• only 30 % success in similar cases

2

Total 4

Overall marks 45

[26]

Specimen Paper BLY1H BLY1H

Surname Other Names


Candidate signature

Leave blank

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen Paper SCIENCE B Unit Biology 1 BIOLOGY Unit Biology 1 Higher Tier Date and Time








1 9

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Total (Column 1)

Total (Column 2)

TOTAL


H

[27]

Specimen Paper BLY1H



1 When the tendon below the knee is tapped with a hammer, the lower leg jerks upwards in a reflex action. A group of students wanted to find out how the speed of the hammer affected the distance the lower leg moved. The diagram shows how the experiment was set up.

Each trial was recorded on a video. A frame was taken every 33 milliseconds. The video was then played using single-frame advance. The number of frames for the hammer to move to the knee was found. The faster the speed, the smaller was the number of frames. The video was also used to find the distance moved by the toe.

In each trial, the experimenter held the hammer 20 cm from the subject�s knee and then hit the subject�s tendon. For each trial the experimenter used the hammer at a different speed. The table shows some of the results.

Trial number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Distance hammer moved to knee (in cm) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Number of frames it took the hammer to move to the knee 15 16 12 10 9 8 7 6 2 2

Distance moved by toe in cm 0 0 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15

[28]

Specimen Paper BLY1H Turn over ►


(a) What was the control variable in this experiment?

............................................................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(b) Give two advantages of using a video to measure the time it took for the hammer to move to hit the tendon. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(c) Give one conclusion from the results of the experiment. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(d) Give one way in which the precision of the experiment could have been improved. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


5

[29]



2 The picture shows a child being vaccinated with the MMR vaccine.

(a) Measles is caused by a virus. Why does a virus infection make us feel ill? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(b) Explain, as fully as you can, how vaccination prevents disease. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

4

[30]



3 A student accidentally touches a drawing pin. Her hand is automatically moved away from the pin.

The drawing shows the parts involved in this reflex action. (a) In this reflex action: (i) the receptor is found at ............................................................................................. (ii) the effector is found at ..............................................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) How does an impulse cross the synapse labelled V? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(c) Why is this type of reflex action important to the body? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

4

[31]



4 Professor John Lawton researches into the problem of controlling the spread of bracken. He is waiting for government permission to release the Conservular caterpillar which feeds on the bracken. The Secretary of State has to decide whether the Conservular caterpillar can be released. The article printed below describes some of the problems faced by the Secretary of State.

David the caterpillar to bracken�s Goliath Bracken is one of the most widespread and dangerous weeds known to man. Professor

Lawton is researching a new method of controlling bracken with Conservular caterpillars which could have done the job for nothing.

His research has shown that bracken is the caterpillar�s only food. However, can scientists

predict what will happen when insects are released into the wild? Bracken is poisonous � more than 20 000 sheep and 1000 cattle are poisoned by it each year.

Its spores can cause hill walkers to develop cancer. Bracken cost £4 m a year to control. It destroys grazing land worth £5 m each year.

The National Farmers Union is concerned about the caterpillar getting out of control. What if

it started eating potatoes? However, the caterpillar might help to preserve important habitats for rare animals and plants.

World-wide, scientists are trying to control 94 species of weeds by using insects. Professor

Lawson says that there is good control in approximately one-third of these cases.

Use information from the passage to help you to answer these questions. (a) Why might the Secretary of State decide not to allow the caterpillar to be released? Explain the reason for your answer. ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

[32]



(b) What will be the effect on hill farms if the Secretary of State decides that the caterpillar should not be released?

Explain the reasons for your answer. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)


4

[33]



5 Scientists have analysed air bubbles trapped in ice in Antarctica. The graph shows some data they have collected.

[34]



(a) Describe how the carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere changed between 160 000 years ago and 2005.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

(b) Why do many scientists think that these data show that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas?

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(c) These data do not prove that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming. Using data from the graph, give one reason why. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


5

[35]



6 Read the information about contraceptive implants. (a) Explain how hormones can prevent pregnancy. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) (b) Suggest one disadvantage of contraceptive implants over contraceptive pills. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(c) Contraceptive implants rather than contraceptive pills are being used increasingly in birth control programmes in developing countries.

Suggest one explanation for this increase in the use of contraceptive implants. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

5

Contraceptive implants work in a similar way to contraceptive pills. They contain one of the hormones in contraceptive pills. This hormone prevents pregnancy. Instead of being in a pill, this hormone is in a small, thin flexible rod. It is 4 cm long and made of plastic. It is inserted just under the skin on the inside of the woman�s arm. This must be done by a doctor who is familiar with the technique. The implant steadily releases a small amount of hormone. This prevents pregnancy for three years.

[36]



7 Read the following passage. The diagram shows how Nicky was cloned.

(a) Explain, as fully as you can, why Little Nicky is identical with Nicky. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)


The first cloned-to-order pet sold in the United States is named Little Nicky, a 9 week old kitten delivered to a Texas woman saddened by the loss of a cat she owned for 17 years. The kitten cost its owners $50 000 and was created from DNA from her beloved cat, named Nicky, who died last year. �He is identical. His personality is he same,� the owner, Julie, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview. She asked that her last name and home town not be disclosed, because she said she fears being targeted by groups opposed to cloning.

[37]



(b) Julie fears being targeted by groups who disagree with cloning. (i) Suggest one group of people who might disagree with the cloning of pet cats. ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Explain why the group might disagree. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

5

[38]



8 (a) Describe the theory of evolution. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) A scientist called Lamarck proposed a mechanism for evolution. The passage gives Lamarck�s explanation of the evolution of the long legs of wading birds.

Darwin�s proposal of natural selection would give a different explanation for the

evolution of the long legs of wading birds. Describe the differences between Lamarck�s and Darwin�s explanations of the evolution

of the long legs of wading birds. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

5

Change occurs, because an animal passes on to its offspring changes it acquires during its lifetime. The long legs of wading birds arose when those animals� ancestors responded to a need to feed on fish. In their attempt to get into deeper water, but still keep their bodies dry, they would stretch their legs to the full extent, making them slightly longer in the process. This trait would be passed on to the next generation, who would in turn stretch their legs. Over many generations, the wading birds� legs became much longer.

[39]



9 The level of cholesterol in the blood is influenced by the amount and type of fat in the diet. (a) How does each of the following types of fat in the diet affect the concentration of

cholesterol in the blood: (i) saturated fat ................................................................................................................................... (ii) mono-unsaturated fat ................................................................................................................................... (iii) poly-unsaturated fat? ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

(b) The graph shows the mean blood cholesterol concentrations of men and women in different age groups.

[40]



(i) These data were obtained by measuring the blood cholesterol concentrations of large numbers of people. Why were a large number of people used?

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(ii) From these data, which group has the highest risk of developing heart disease? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(iii) Apart from diet, suggest one other explanation for the blood cholesterol concentration of the group in (b)(ii). ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(c) An ancient Indian natural medicine called Gum Guggal is said by its manufacturer to reduce blood cholesterol concentration. The manufacturer wants to market Gum Guggal in the UK.

Describe what must happen before Gum Guggal is allowed to be advertised for sale as a

cholesterol-reducing drug. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS


8

[41]

Mark Scheme BLY1H

Biology 1H Mark Scheme Question 1


(a) distance moved by hammer 1

(b) permanent record of result

very short time (for hammer to move) can be measured accurately

1

1

(c) the faster the hammer moves, the further the lower leg jerks 1

(d) use 1 cm grid 1

Total 5

Question 2


(a) produce toxins / damage cells in which they live

1

(b) any three from:

• antigens / pathogens / bacteria / virus

• stimulate white blood cells

• to produce antibodies

• body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody on re-infection

3

Total 4

[42]

Mark Scheme BLY1H

Question 3


(a)(i) Y 1

(ii) X 1

(b) via chemicals 1

(c) protection against damage 1

Total 4

Question 4


(a) any two from:

• cannot predict what will happen on release

• possibility of danger to crops

• only 30 % success in similar cases

2

(b) lose income / less likely to survive

because less grazing land / more animals poisoned

1

1

Total 4

[43]

Mark Scheme BLY1H

Question 5


(a) rose until 130 million years ago fell until 20 million years ago rising since 20 million years ago

1

1

1

(b) changes in carbon dioxide concentration and temperature show similar pattern

1

(c) eg in some parts carbon dioxide concentration is falling whilst temperature is rising

1

Total 5

Question 6


(a) inhibits formation of FSH

so egg does not mature

1

1

(b) eg pain when inserted / need for doctor 1

(c) eg more reliable

since women can forget to take pill / pills not easily available over long period

or

less expensive since treatment only once every three years

1

1

Total 5

[44]

Mark Scheme BLY1H

Question 7


(a) DNA carries genetic information

DNA from skin cell of Nicky inserted into egg

DNA replicated by cell division / mitosis as egg / embryo cells divide

1

1

1

(b)(i) eg religious groups 1

(ii) believe procedure violates natural laws or animal rights groups against experimenting with animals

1

Total 5

Question 8


(a) all species of living things have evolved from simple life-forms

over millions / billions of years

1

1

(b) Darwin � natural variation in leg length / Lamarck � legs stretch

Darwin � selection of fittest ie long-legged survive

Lamarck � inheritance of acquired characteristics

1

1

1

Total 5

[45]

Mark Scheme BLY1H

Question 9


(a)(i) increase 1

(ii) little effect 1

(iii) decrease 1

(b)(i) individuals within age group show large variation

1

(ii) women 65 + 1

(iii) eg genetic / exercise least 1

(c) trials for efficacy

and side effects

1

1

Total 8

Overall marks 45

[46]

Specimen Paper CHY1F CHY1F

Surname Other Names


Candidate signature

Leave blank

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen Paper SCIENCE B Unit Chemistry 1 CHEMISTRY Unit Chemistry 1 Foundation Tier Date and Time








1 5

2 6

3

4

Total (Column 1)

Total (Column 2)

TOTAL


F

[47]

Specimen Paper CHY1F



1 (a) The diagram represents an atom. Choose words from the box to label the diagram.

electrode electron ion molecule nucleus

(2 marks)

(b) When atoms react to form compounds, they become joined by chemical bonds. Complete the sentence about chemical bonds by crossing out the two incorrect words in

the box. When atoms form chemical bonds, it involves giving, taking or sharing . (1 mark)

electronsneutrons protons

3

[48]

Specimen Paper CHY1F Turn over ►


2 Alloys have many important uses. (a) State the meaning of the term alloy.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(b) This wedding ring is made from 18 carat gold. This is an alloy made from gold and silver.

The wedding ring has to last many years when worn every day.

Suggest and explain why the ring is made from an alloy rather than pure gold.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) (c) The metal frame of these glasses is made from a smart alloy. This alloy is made from

titanium and nickel.

Give one advantage of making the frame from a smart alloy, instead of an ordinary

metal. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

4

[49]



3 (a) Complete this sentence about crude oil. Crude oil is mainly a mixture of compounds called ............................................................

which contain carbon and hydrogen only. (1 mark)

(b) The diagram shows a laboratory experiment used to separate crude oil.

Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.

condensation distillation evaporation melting sublimation

The main process taking place at A is ............................................................................. . The main process taking place at B is.............................................................................. .

This method of separating crude oil is called .................................................................. . (3 marks)

(c) Complete this sentence by crossing out the word in each box that is wrong. The first

one has been done for you. This method of separating crude oil works because the the molecules are, the their boiling point and the volatile they are.

(1 mark)

smallerlarger

higher lower

moreless

[50]



(d) (i) The separation of crude oil produces lots of hydrocarbons with large molecules. Choose a word from the box to complete the sentence.

condensing cracking distilling evaporating

At an oil refinery, large hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules by a process called .......................................................................................................... .

(1 mark)

(ii) Some of the small molecules produced can be used to make polymers. Name the polymer made from ethene. ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (e) Crisp packets are often made from a non-biodegradable polymer. Suggest why this:

(i) is good for storing crisps ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(ii) could be bad for the environment. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

10

[51]



4 Limestone is a useful rock. (a) Limestone can be used to make several useful products.

Draw rings around two useful products made from limestone.

cement diesel glass petrol plastic

(2 marks)

(b) A student did some experiments to study limestone. In one experiment, a piece of limestone was heated very strongly as shown in the

diagram.

(i) Suggest one safety precaution that the student should take when doing this experiment.

................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[52]



(ii) When limestone is heated it forms two products; a white powder and a gas. Complete the word equation by choosing the correct product from the list.

heat calcium carbonate ��.. + carbon dioxide (limestone)

(1 mark)

(c) The student did another experiment using 2.00 grams of limestone. The limestone was weighed before and after being heated.

The student then repeated this experiment. A new sample of 2.00 grams of limestone was used. The results are shown in the table.

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

Mass of limestone before heating in grams (g) 2.00 2.00

Mass of limestone after heating in grams (g) 1.12 1.10

Mass lost in grams (g) 0.88 0.90

(i) Calculate the average mass lost for the two experiments.

................................................................................................................................. Average mass lost = ................................................ g

(1 mark) (ii) Explain why it was important for the student to repeat this experiment. ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) Question 4 continues on the next page

calcium carbide calcium hydroxide calcium nitride calcium oxide

[53]



(iii) Suggest why the mass lost was not the same for the two experiments.

...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... (1 mark)

(iv) Explain why a balance which measures to the nearest 0.1 g would not be suitable for

this experiment. ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(v) Suggest what mass of carbon dioxide would be produced when 2.00 g of limestone is heated.

Mass of carbon dioxide produced = ........................ g (1 mark)

[54]



(d) The drawing shows a limestone quarry.

(i) Suggest two ways in which the limestone quarry may harm the environment. 1 ................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(ii) Suggest two ways in which the limestone quarry is of benefit to people. 1 ................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)


13

[55]



5 (a) The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth. Complete the diagram by adding the three missing labels.

(3 marks)

(b) The crust and upper mantle are cracked into a number of pieces called tectonic plates.

(i) Explain why these tectonic plates move.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(ii) Explain why the movement of the tectonic plates can lead to major disasters.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

7

[56]


11


[57]



6 Most cars use either diesel or petrol as their fuel. The table gives information about four cars of the same make and model but with different

sized engines.

Size of engine (litres) Fuel

Carbon dioxide produced (grams of carbon dioxide produced when

the car travels one kilometre)

1.8 petrol 185

2.0 petrol 192

2.5 petrol 235

2.0 diesel 156

[58]



(a) (i) Plot the three points for the petrol engines on the graph paper. (1 mark)

(ii) Draw a straight line of best fit for the three points. (1 mark)

(iii) Extend your line of best fit to estimate the mass of carbon dioxide per kilometre that might be produced by a 1.0 litre petrol engine.

Estimate of mass = ............................................................................................ g/km

(1 mark)

(iv) A student made this conclusion from the data and graph. �The larger the size of the petrol engine, the greater the mass of carbon dioxide

that it produces per kilometre.� Is the data sufficient to be certain of this conclusion? Explain your answer. ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is increasing. How might this affect the environment?

............................................................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(c) This statement appeared in a magazine:

�Diesel engines cause less harm to the environment than petrol engines.�

Suggest two different sources of data you could use to test this statement. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ (2 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS


8

[59]

Mark Scheme CHY1F

Chemistry 1F Mark Scheme Question 1


(a) nucleus

electron

1

1

(b) electrons 1

Total 3

Question 2


(a) mixture of metals (owtte) 1

(b) pure gold is soft

would wear quickly

1

1

(c) returns to original shape when bent

1

Total 4

[60]

Mark Scheme CHY1F

Question 3


(a) hydrocarbons 1

(b) evaporation

condensation

distillation

1

1

1

(c) lower

and

more

both required for mark 1

(d)(i) cracking 1

(ii) poly(ethene) / polyethene / polythene / polyethylene

1

(e)(i) polymer does not rot / decompose / not broken down by microorganisms

idea of protecting crisps (could be stated in many ways) eg stops crisps from decomposing etc even prevent getting soggy etc

this can be awarded in part (i) or (ii) (but only once)

1

1

(ii) litter / eyesore / harm to animals etc

1

Total 10

[61]

Mark Scheme CHY1F

Question 4


(a) cement

glass

1

1

(b)(i) any one from:

• wear safety goggles

• use mat under apparatus

• wear lab coat

1

(ii) calcium oxide 1

(c)(i) 0.89 (g) 1

(ii) to check accuracy etc 1

(iii) experimental error or any other sensible answer

1

(iv) not accurate enough or other sensible answers

1

(v) 0.89 (g) accept 0.88 g / 0.90 g

accept their average from (ii)

1

continued�

[62]

Mark Scheme CHY1F

Question 4 continued


(d)(i) any two from:

• dust

• noise

• eyesore

• pollution

• destroys habitats

• lorries along local roads

accept any sensible answer 2

(ii) any two from:

• makes useful products

• named useful products / uses (could get both marks here)

• building material / stone

• employment

• makes money

2

Total 13

[63]

Mark Scheme CHY1F

Question 5


(a) mantle

outer core

inner core

1

1

1

(b)(i) convection currents in the mantle

driven by heat released by radioactive processes

1

1

(b)(ii) any two from:

plates may:

• collide

• rub past each other

movement may cause:

• earthquakes

• volcanic eruptions

2

Total 7

[64]

Mark Scheme CHY1F

Question 6


(a)(i) accurately plotted points 12± square 1

(ii) sensible attempt at line of best fit no very thick lines / curves / double lines / joining dots

1

(iii) accurately read from their graph 12± square 1

(iv) no � 3 points / readings is not enough

and any one from:

• to plot graph

• to be certain of trend (owtte)

or

no � not a wide enough range (owtte)

and any one from:


• bigger smaller engines may not follow same trend

• not a big enough difference between amount of CO2 given out to be sure there is not a difference / could be experimental error

1

1

(b) global warming (owtte) 1

continued�

[65]

Mark Scheme CHY1F



(c) Any two from:

• own experiments

• text books

• scientific journals

• magazines

• newspapers

• internet

• oil companies / car manufacturers

• TV programmes

• CD rom encyclopaedia

2

Total 8

Overall marks 45

[66]

Specimen Paper CHY1H CHY1H

Surname Other Names


Candidate signature

Leave blank

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen Paper SCIENCE B Unit Chemistry 1 CHEMISTRY Unit Chemistry 1 Higher Tier Date and Time








1 5

2 6

3

4

Total (Column 1)

Total (Column 2)

TOTAL


H

[67]

Specimen Paper CHY1H



1 (a) The diagram shows the layered structure of the Earth. Complete the diagram by adding the three missing labels.

(3 marks) (b) The crust and upper mantle are cracked into a number of pieces called tectonic plates.

(i) Explain why these tectonic plates move.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(ii) Explain why the movement of the tectonic plates can lead to major disasters.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) 7

[68]

Specimen Paper CHY1H Turn over ►

3


[69]



2 Most cars use either diesel or petrol as their fuel. The table gives information about four cars of the same make and model but with different

sized engines.

Size of engine (litres) Fuel

Carbon dioxide produced (grams of carbon dioxide produced when

the car travels one kilometre)

1.8 petrol 185

2.0 petrol 192

2.5 petrol 235

2.0 diesel 156

[70]



(a) (i) Plot the three points for the petrol engines on the graph paper. (1 mark)

(ii) Draw a straight line of best fit for the three points. (1 mark)

(iii) Extend your line of best fit to estimate the mass of carbon dioxide per kilometre that might be produced by a 1.0 litre petrol engine. Estimate of mass = ............................................................................................ g/km

(1 mark)

(iv) A student made this conclusion from the data and graph. �The larger the size of the petrol engine, the greater the mass of carbon dioxide

that it produces per kilometre.� Is the data sufficient to be certain of this conclusion? Explain your answer. ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is increasing. How might this affect the environment?

............................................................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(c) This statement appeared in a magazine:

�Diesel engines cause less harm to the environment than petrol engines.� Suggest two different sources of data you could use to test this statement.

1 ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

8

[71]



3 This information was taken from a label on a packet of margarine. (a) Suggest why eating too much margarine could be bad for health.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) To harden margarine, some of the vegetable oils are hydrogenated. How is vegetable oil hydrogenated?

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) (c) The margarine contains some unsaturated fat.

(i) What type of chemical bond is present in unsaturated fat that is not in saturated fat?

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) To show that the margarine contains unsaturated fat it can be shaken with bromine

water.

What change would be seen in the colour of the bromine water? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

Ingredients Vegetable oils; water; hydrogenated vegetable oils; salt; emulsifier; E471; Flavourings; Vitamin E; citric acid; E160a; Vitamins A and D

Nutritional information (per 100g) Energy 2775 kJ Fat 75 g Protein nil saturated fat 27 g Carbohydrate nil unsaturated fat 48 g Fibre nil Sodium 0.94g

5

[72]



4 (a) A student did some experiments to study limestone. In one experiment, a piece of limestone was heated very strongly as shown in the

diagram.

The limestone was converted into quicklime and carbon dioxide. Limestone quicklime + carbon dioxide (i) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

CaCO3 ��. + CO2 (1 mark)

(ii) Give the chemical name for quicklime. ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


heat

heat

[73]



(b) A student did another experiment to measure the mass of quicklime formed when 2 grams of limestone was strongly heated.

The limestone was weighed before and after being heated, using a balance reading to the nearest gram.

The results are shown in the table.

Mass of limestone before heating in grams 2

Mass of quicklime formed in grams 1

(i) What mass of carbon dioxide was produced? ......................................................... g

(1 mark)

(ii) Suggest ways in which the student could improve the accuracy and reliability of the measurements.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

6

[74]



5 Cracking is used in the oil industry to break large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules.

(a) Cracking involves a thermal decomposition reaction. State what must be done to make a thermal decomposition take place.

............................................................................................................................................ (1 mark)

(b) Suggest why air must be excluded from the reactor vessel.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(c) (i) The equation shows a reaction that can take place in the reactor vessel.

A nonane molecule is split into two smaller molecules. Complete the equation by adding the formula of the other product.

(1 mark) (ii) The product with the formula C2H4 is called ethene. Some ethene is reacted with steam. The equation represents this reaction.

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH Name the useful product with the formula C2H5OH ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

C9H20 ��. + C2H4nonane

[75]



(d) Modern window frames are often made from uPVC plastic which contains the polymer called poly(chloroethene).

(i) State why plastic window frames need no painting or maintenance.

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(ii) Name the monomer that is used to make poly(chloroethene). ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Explain what is meant by the term polymer. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

8

[76]



6 Bridges are often made from steel.

(a) Explain, in terms of atoms, why pure iron would be too soft for making bridges. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(b) The steel used for bridges is an alloy made from iron with a small amount of carbon. Explain, in terms of atoms, how the addition of a small amount of carbon makes the

steel suitable for bridges. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[77]



(c) The strength of a metal can be tested by measuring the force needed to snap a wire made from the metal. An apparatus that could be used is shown in the diagram. Great care must be taken, since, when the wire snaps, the end of the wire could hit

somebody.

The apparatus is used to compare the strength of two different metals. Suggest two variables that must be controlled in order to make the experiment a fair

test. 1 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

[78]



(d) Read the information below about the recycling of steel and then answer the questions. (i) Explain why mining iron ore causes environmental problems. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)


Scrap steel reduces related water pollution, air pollution, and mining wastes by about 70 %. It takes four times as much energy to make steel from virgin ore. Recycling steel and tin cans saves 74 % of the energy used to produce them from raw materials. At least 70�80 % of the tin on a can is saved when you recycle it. This cuts down mining waste and preserves a valuable ore source. Every time a ton of steel is recycled, 2500 pounds of iron ore, 1000 pounds of coal and 40 pounds of limestone are preserved. The recycling process involves simply melting the scrap steel and then removing impurities.

[79]



(ii) Explain why as much steel as possible should be recycled. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS


11

[80]

Mark Scheme CHY1H

Chemistry 1H Mark Scheme Question 1


(a) mantle

outer core

inner core

1

1

1

(b)(i) convection currents in the mantle

driven by heat released by radioactive processes

1

1

(ii) any two from:

plates may:

• collide

• rub past each other

movement may cause:

• earthquakes

• volcanic eruptions

2

Total 7

[81]

Mark Scheme CHY1H

Question 2


(a)(i) accurately plotted points 12± square 1

(ii) sensible attempt at line of best fit no very thick lines / curves / double lines / joining dots

1

(iii) accurately read from their graph 12± square 1

(iv) no � 3 points / readings is not enough

and any one from:

• to plot graph


or

no � not a wide enough range (owtte)

and any one from:


• bigger smaller engines may not follow same trend

• not a big enough difference between amount of CO2 given out to be sure there is not a difference / could be experimental error

1

1

(b) global warming (owtte) 1

continued�

[82]

Mark Scheme CHY1H



(c) any two from:

• own experiments

• text books

• scientific journals

• magazines

• newspapers

• internet

• oil companies / car manufacturers

• TV programmes

• CD rom encyclopaedia

2

Total 8

[83]

Mark Scheme CHY1H

Question 3


(a) sensible ideas such as:

obesity (owtte)

heart problems (owtte)

1

(b) addition of hydrogen

and one from:

• with nickel catalyst

• at 60ûC

1

1

(c)(i) double (carbon � carbon) bond 1

(ii) turns colourless do not accept clear

1

Total 5

Question 4


(a)(i) CaO 1

(ii) calcium oxide 1

(b)(i) 1 (g) 1

(ii) use a more accurate balance

repeat the experiment

take an average of all the experiments

1

1

1

Total 6

[84]

Mark Scheme CHY1H

Question 5


(a) heat 1

(b) sensible ideas such as:

so that the hydrocarbons do not burn /oxidise

so that catalyst does not oxidise

1

(c)(i) C7H16 1

(ii) ethanol 1

(d)(i) not biodegradable / do not rot etc 1

(ii) chloroethene 1

(iii) many small molecules

joined to form a very large molecule

1

1

Total 8

[85]

Mark Scheme CHY1H

Question 6


(a) atoms arranged in layers

which can slide over each other

1

1

(b) different sized / carbon atoms in structure distort layers / so more difficult to slide over each other

1

(c) any two from:

• length of wire

• diameter of wire (owtte)

• temperature

2

(d)(i) any three from:

• destroy habitat

• dust caused by the mining gives air pollution

• noise from blasting / machines etc.

• unsightly waste tips

• scarred landscape (owtte)

• waste / minerals etc. carried by rain into water supplies / rivers / lakes etc / causes water pollution

3

continued�

[86]

Mark Scheme CHY1H



(ii) any three from:

• cost of raw materials or named raw material / raw materials

• produces waste slag

• uses up raw materials / recycling means ores are conserved

• less energy used

• causes more pollution due to waste gases from burning fuels

• blast furnace burns a large quantity of coke / energy needed for hot air blast

• energy only needed to melt cans

3

Total 11

Overall marks 45

[87]

This page has been left blank intentionally

[88]

Specimen Paper PHY1F PHY1F

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen Paper SCIENCE B Unit Physics 1 PHYSICS Unit Physics 1 Foundation Tier Date and Time

For this paper you must have: • a ruler. You may use a calculator.



presentation in your answers. Advice • In all calculations show clearly how you work out your answer.



1 5

2 6

3 7

4 Total (Column 1)

Total (Column 2)

TOTAL


Surname Other Names


Candidate signature

Leave blank

F

[89]

Specimen Paper PHY1F



1 (a) In Britain, most power stations burn coal to produce heat. The following sentences describe what happens to change the heat into electrical

energy. The sentences are in the wrong order. A The turbine turns an electrical generator. B Water is heated to produce steam. C Electricity is produced. D Steam is used to turn a turbine. Arrange the sentences in the right order. Start with letter B.

(2 marks)

B

[90]

Specimen Paper PHY1F Turn over ►


(b) Power stations waste a lot of energy. The diagrams show the energy transfer in two different types of coal-burning power stations.

(i) Write the two missing figures in the boxes on the diagrams. (2 marks)

(ii) Give a reason why the combined heat and power station is more efficient than the

normal power station. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) Question 1 continues on the next page

[91]



(c) The diagram gives information about the waste gases produced by power stations.

The bar charts show how much waste is produced by oil, coal and gas-burning power

stations for every thousand kilowatt-hour of electricity produced.

(i) Which fuel, coal, oil or gas, when burnt, produces the largest amount of waste

gas? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(ii) Which fuel, when burnt, causes the smallest increase in the greenhouse effect? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[92]



(d) The diagram shows how heat trapped in the rocks of the Earth�s crust can be used to generate electricity.

(i) Which one of the following is the name given to this source of energy?

Draw a ring around your answer.

geothermal nuclear solar tidal

(1 mark) (ii) Describe two advantages of using this type of power station to generate electricity

rather than a coal-burning power station. 1 ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(e) A network of cables carries electricity from power stations to our homes. What name is given to this network of cables? ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

11

[93]



2 The picture shows an experimental electric taxi powered by six solar panels.

In full sunlight, each of the six solar panels transfers 85 joules of energy every second to the

batteries which drive the electric motor. (a) What is the maximum energy transferred to the batteries in 60 seconds?

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ maximum energy = ................................... joules

(2 marks)

(b) Complete this sentence by crossing out the two lines in the box that are wrong. On a bright sunny day the energy output of the solar panels is it is on a dull cloudy day.

(1 mark) (c) Solar cells are expensive. Give two reasons why they are used to generate electricity.

1 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ 2 ......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

5

higher than the same as less than

[94]



3 (a) List A gives the names of four different types of electromagnetic radiation. List B gives uses of different types of electromagnetic radiation.

Draw a straight line from each type of electromagnetic radiation in List A to its use in List B. Draw only four lines.

(4 marks)

[95]



(b) Radiographers working in hospitals are exposed to different types of radiation. Tick (√) the statement that describes what they can do to reduce their exposure to radiation. Wash their hands Wear a badge containing photographic film Wear a lead apron Wear rubber boots

(1 mark)

5

[96]



4 (a) There are three types of radiation, alpha, beta and gamma.

The diagram shows what can stop the radiation from two different sources.

Which type of radiation, alpha, beta or gamma is given out by: (i) americium

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) strontium?

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


[97]



(b) Diagram 1 shows the position of a smoke detector inside a house. Diagram 2 shows the warning label at the back of the smoke detector. Diagram 1 Diagram 2

Explain why the radiation given out by the americium is unlikely to do any harm to people living in the house. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

[98]



(c) The graph shows how the number of americium atoms inside a source goes down slowly.

The battery inside the smoke detector lasts one year and is then replaced. Explain why the americium source will never need to be replaced. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)


6

[99]



5 The drawing shows the energy transferred each second by a television set.

(a) What form of energy is transferred as waste energy by the television set?

............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) What does the waste energy do to the temperature of the air around the television set?

............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (c) Use the following equation to calculate the efficiency of the television set.

useful energy transferred by deviceefficiencytotal energy supplied to device

=

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ efficiency = ............................................................... J

(2 marks)

4

[100]



6 (a) To be seen walking along the road on a dark night, it is important to wear clothing which will reflect light from street lights and car headlamps. Isaac investigated which colours are best at reflecting light.

He stuck small squares of different coloured material on to a black card at one end of a

darkened laboratory. He switched on his torch and moved towards the squares. When he could clearly see a coloured square, he measured the distance between his torch and the square.

(i) Why did Isaac do the investigation in a darkened laboratory?

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Give one condition that Isaac should keep the same for each square.

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


[101]



(b) Isaac�s results are shown below in two different ways.

(i) Complete the graph to show all of the results. (1 mark)

(ii) From his results, which colour clothing should Isaac recommend a walker to wear

at night? Give a reason for your choice. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(iii) Another student carrying out the same experiment, under the same conditions, does not get the same results. Suggest two reasons why this is not a reliable experiment. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2 ............................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

Colour Distance from torch to square

in metres

Blue 2.3

Orange 3.4

Green 3.2

Brown 2.1

Red 3.0

6

[102]



7 (a) Read the following information, then answer the questions.

A newspaper article had the heading:

�Are mobiles putting our children at risk?�

A recent report said that children under the age of nine should not use mobile phones because of potential health risks. Although there is no direct evidence that mobile phones are a health danger, the advice is that young children should use mobiles in emergencies only.

Currently there are over 30 000 mobile phone masts in the UK. The masts transmit microwave signals between mobile phone users.

Objects containing water absorb microwave radiation. This is why humans can absorb microwave radiation. When microwaves are absorbed they produce a heating effect; this is not thought to be a significant health risk. Some scientists worry that long term exposure to microwave radiation may cause genetic damage and cancer. Other scientists think there is no evidence of this.

(i) Below which age is it recommended that children use a mobile phone in

emergencies only? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


[103]



(ii) Why does the human body absorb microwaves? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(iii) What are the possible effects on a person�s body of living too close to a mobile phone mast? ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(iv) Have these effects been proven? ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) The microwaves used in microwave ovens have a frequency of 2400 million hertz and a

wavelength of 0.125 metres. (i) Write down the equation that links frequency, wavelength and wave speed.

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Calculate the speed of microwaves. Show clearly how you work out your answer.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... speed of microwaves = ......................................... m/s

(2 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS Copyright © 2005 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

8

[104]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Physics 1F Mark Scheme Question 1


(a) D A C correct order

allow 1 mark for one letter in correct place

2

(b)(i) 30

50

1

1

(ii) less waste energy

or

some heat energy is usefully used

1

(c)(i) coal 1

(ii) gas 1

(d)(i) geothermal 1

(ii) any two from:

• no pollutant gases produced

• not using up reserves of coal

• does not increase greenhouse effect

or

• does not increase global warming

• does not cause acid rain

accept waste for pollutant

accept for both marks two named pollutant gases

accept is renewable

2

(e) National Grid 1

Total 11

[105]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Question 2


(a) 30600 accept 30.6 kilo

allow 1 mark for an answer of 510 or 5100

2

(b) higher than 1

(c) any two from:

• no (air) pollution

• running costs are low / zero

• good for remote locations

• generate where electricity is needed

• suitable for equipment that needs only small amounts of electricity

• renewable

accept no fuel is burnt

accept no fuel (to buy) accept no new batteries (to buy)

accept energy will not run out do not accept energy can be used again

2

Total 5

[106]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Question 3


(a) four lines drawn correctly

award 1 mark for each correct line

if more than 4 lines are drawn mark incorrect ones first, mark only 4 lines.

4

(b) wear a lead apron 1

Total 5

[107]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Question 4


(a)(i) alpha 1

(ii) beta 1

(b) any two from:

• radiation is outside the body

• radiation will not reach (living) cells

• radiation is absorbed by the air

accept detector is high up the wall

accept radiation can not pass through the body / skin

accept cannot pass through the plastic casing

do not accept because it is alpha radiation � unless qualified

do not accept does not give off harmful substance

do not accept cannot pass through building materials etc.

2

(c) in one year / lifetime of the detector

the number of americium atoms hardly changes

or

the level of radiation hardly goes down

accept for 1 mark americium has a long half-life

award 2 marks for americium has a half life of 450 years

1

1

Total 6

[108]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Question 5


(a) heat 1

(b) temperature increase accept gets warmer accept gets hotter

1

(c) 60 % / 0.6

60 without % scores 1 mark 0.6 with a unit scores 1 mark 60 with incorrect unit scores 1 mark

or

correct substitution 120200

for 1 mark

2

Total 4

[109]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Question 6


(a)(i) any one from:

• so only light from the torch is reflected

• so when the torch is off the squares cannot be seen

• to be able to judge better when the squares become visible

1

(ii) area of the squares / same type of material

1

(b)(i) last mark on x-axis labelled red

and

value plotted correctly


(ii) orange

and can be seen from furthest away


(iii) any two from:

• sensitivity of pupils eyesight difference

• relies on pupil judgement

• difficult to measure from the wall to the torch accurately

• students results not repeated to check accuracy

• it is not possible to repeat measurements in exactly the same way

• repeat measurements may not be precise

2

Total 6

[110]

Mark Scheme PHY1F

Question 7


(a)(i) 9 1

(ii) (cells) contain water 1

(iii) genetic damage

cancer

accept any named cancer accept tumour

1

1

(iv) no proven link 1

(b)(i) wave speed =

frequency × wavelength

accept v = f × λ

accept

provided subsequent method correct

1

(ii) 300 000 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution

an answer of 300 gains 1 mark only

2

Total 8

Overall marks 45

[111]

This page has been left blank intentionally

[112]

Specimen Paper PHY1H PHY1H

Surname Other Names


Candidate signature

Leave blank

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen Paper SCIENCE B Unit Physics 1 PHYSICS Unit Physics 1 Higher Tier Date and Time

For this paper you must have: • a ruler. You may use a calculator.



presentation in your answers. Advice • In all calculations show clearly how you work out your answer.



1 5

2 6

3

4 Total (Column 1)

Total (Column 2)

TOTAL


H

[113]

Specimen Paper PHY1H



1 (a) Read the following information, then answer the questions.

A newspaper article had the heading:

�Are mobiles putting our children at risk?�

A recent report said that children under the age of nine should not use mobile phones because of potential health risks. Although there is no direct evidence that mobile phones are a health danger, the advice is that young children should use mobiles in emergencies only.

Currently there are over 30 000 mobile phone masts in the UK. The masts transmit microwave signals between mobile phone users.

Objects containing water absorb microwave radiation. This is why humans can absorb microwave radiation. When microwaves are absorbed they produce a heating effect; this is not thought to be a significant health risk. Some scientists worry that long term exposure to microwave radiation may cause genetic damage and cancer. Other scientists think there is no evidence of this.

(i) Below which age is it recommended that children use a mobile phone in

emergencies only? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[114]

Specimen Paper PHY1H Turn over ►


(ii) Why does the human body absorb microwaves? ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (iii) What are the possible effects on a person�s body of living too close to a mobile

phone mast? ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

(iv) Have these effects been proven? ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) The microwaves used in microwave ovens have a frequency of 2400 million hertz and a

wavelength of 0.125 metres. (i) Write down the equation that links frequency, wavelength and wave speed.

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Calculate the speed of microwaves. Show clearly how you work out your answer.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... speed of microwaves = ......................................... m/s

(2 marks)


8

[115]



2 (a) The energy transformation (Sankey) diagrams show what happens to the input energy for three different machines.

(i) Which machine is the most efficient?

................................................................................................................................... Give a reason for your answer. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

[116]



(ii) What percentage of the input energy is usefully transformed by the electric motor? Show clearly how you get your answer. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) (b) (i) Draw on the grid a labelled energy transformation (Sankey) diagram for a

filament lamp.

(2 marks)

(ii) A pupil wrote the following statement.

�Switching lights off does not save energy. Since energy cannot be destroyed, it will always be there so none is wasted.�

Explain carefully what is wrong with the pupil�s statement.

................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)


8

[117]



3 (a) To be seen walking along the road on a dark night, it is important to wear clothing which will reflect light from street lights and car headlamps.

Isaac investigated which colours are best at reflecting light.

He stuck small squares of different coloured material on to a black card at one end of a

darkened laboratory. He switched on his torch and moved towards the squares. When he could clearly see a coloured square, he measured the distance between his torch and the square.

(i) Why did Isaac do the investigation in a darkened laboratory?

...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) Give one condition that Isaac should keep the same for each square.

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[118]



(b) Isaac�s results are shown below in two different ways.

(1 mark) (i) Complete the graph to show all of the results. (ii) From his results, which colour clothing should Isaac recommend a walker wears

at night? Give a reason for your choice. ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

(iii) Another student carrying out the same experiment, under the same conditions, does not get the same results. Suggest two reasons why this is not a reliable experiment. 1 ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... 2 ............................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)

Colour Distance from torch to square

in metres

Blue 2.3

Orange 3.4

Green 3.2

Brown 2.1

Red 3.0

6

[119]



4 The graph shows the expected change in the world demand for energy. It also shows how the supplies of various energy resources are expected to change.

(a) Use the graph to estimate when supplies from oil and coal are equal.

............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)

[120]



(b) Currently we rely on coal, oil and gas to supply most of our energy needs. Use the graph to explain why we must develop alternative energy resources.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) (c) On average, the energy use of each family in the UK releases over 25 tonnes of carbon

dioxide and 4 kilograms of sulfur dioxide into the air every year. (i) State one environmental effect that is increased by releasing carbon dioxide into

the air. ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) State a different environmental effect caused by the releasing of sulfur dioxide

into the air. ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (d) Nuclear power stations use the energy released by nuclear fission to generate electricity. Explain what is meant by nuclear fission.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks)


[121]



(e) A 200 MW coal burning power station provides all the electrical power for a small island. The coal is bought to the island from the mainland.

The islanders who want to replace the power station with wind turbines have been given

the following information.

Maximum output from one turbine 800 kW

Maximum number of turbines on one square kilometre of land 6

Average yearly output as a percentage of the maximum 25 %

Percentage of land suitable for a wind turbine 20 %

Reduced carbon dioxide emissions per year (in tonnes) 200 000

[122]



(i) Would you recommend that the islanders replace the coal power station with wind turbines? Explain the reasons for your recommendation.

To gain full marks you must support your explanation with relevant calculations. ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)

(ii) Some islanders want to find out if it would be possible to generate the electricity they need using solar energy. How could the islanders find the data needed to make an informed decision? ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark)


11

[123]



5 The table gives information about some radioactive sources.

Source Radiation emitted Half-life

bismuth 83 beta 61 minutes

caesium 135 beta 3 million years

cobalt 60 gamma 5 years

polonium 210 alpha 138 days

radon 222 alpha 28 years

technetium 99 gamma 6 hours

(a) What is meant by half-life?

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) Radiation has many uses. Which of the radioactive sources given in the table would be

most suitable to use for the following? Explain the reasons for your choice.

(i) To sterilise plastic syringes sealed in plastic bags.

[124]



Most suitable source ................................................................................................. Reasons ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks) (ii) As a medical tracer injected into the body, then detected outside the body.

Most suitable source .................................................................................................

Reasons ..................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(3 marks)


7

[125]



6 (a) The diagram shows a radio telescope, used to investigate distant galaxies.

Why is a radio telescope much larger than an optical telescope?

............................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (b) The light spectrum from a distant galaxy shows a red shift. (i) What is meant by red shift?

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (ii) What does red shift tell us about distant galaxies?

................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................

(1 mark) (c) The �Big Bang� theory is one theory of the origin of the Universe.

What are the main ideas of the �Big Bang� theory? ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

(2 marks) END OF QUESTIONS


5

[126]

Mark Scheme PHY1H

Physics 1H Mark Scheme Question 1


(a)(i) 9 1

(ii) (cells) contain water 1

(iii) genetic damage

cancer

accept any named cancer accept tumour

1

1

(iv) no proven link 1

(b)(i) wave speed =

frequency × wavelength

accept v = f × λ

accept

provided subsequent method correct

1

(ii) 300 000 000

allow 1 mark for correct substitution

an answer of 300 gains 1 mark only

2

Total 8

[127]

Mark Scheme PHY1H

Question 2


(a)(i) electric motor

any one from:

• least energy wasted

• most energy usefully transformed

• largest kinetic energy output

1

1

(ii) 85 %

allow 1 mark for only using the width of input and the kinetic arrow

2

(b)(i) two output arrows shown, one labelled heat, the other light

width of the arrow significantly wider than light arrow

1

1

(ii) any two from:

• some energy is wasted as heat

• all (output) energy is transferred to the surroundings

• energy becomes spread out

• difficult to use energy for further useful transformations

2

Total 8

[128]

Mark Scheme PHY1H

Question 3


(a)(i) any one from:

• so only light from the torch is reflected

• so when the torch is off the squares cannot be seen

• to be able to judge better when the squares become visible

1

(ii) area of the squares / same type of material

1

(b)(i) last mark on x-axis labelled red

and

value correctly plotted


(ii) orange

and can be seen from furthest away


(iii) any two from:

• sensitivity of pupils eyesight different

• relies on pupil judgement

• difficult to measure from the wall to torch accurately

• students results not repeated to check accuracy

• it is not possible to repeat measurements in exactly the same way

• repeat measurements may not be precise

2

Total 6

[129]

Mark Scheme PHY1H

Question 4


(a) 2005 1

(b) any two from:

• reserves of coal / oil / gas are being depleted

• demand (for energy) is growing at a faster rate than total (energy) supply

• traditional fuels will not be able to meet future demands

2

(c)(i) greenhouse effect / global warming

1

(ii) acid rain 1

(d) (large / heavy) nucleus hit by a neutron

splits into (smaller) nuclei and neutron(s) (and energy)

1

1

(e)(i) no even if all the suitable land were used the total power would be insufficient

land available for turbines = 120 km2 so maximum number of turbines 720

maximum power available 144 MW

marks are awarded for reasons

allow 1 mark for total number of turbines required would create noise / visual pollution

allow 1 mark for an answer yes with reasons in terms of reduced CO2 and / or reduced transport

1

1

1

(ii) contact manufacturers / use the internet

accept any sensible way of collecting relevant data

1

Total 11

[130]

Mark Scheme PHY1H

Question 5


(a) the time it takes for the number of parent atoms in a sample to halve

accept the time it takes for the count rate from a sample to fall to half

1

(b)(i) cobalt 60

gamma will penetrate the plastic and kill bacteria

long half-life so source does not need frequent replacement

1

1

1

(ii) technetium 99

gamma can be detected outside the body / gamma least dangerous inside the body / gamma can pass through the body

short half-life so level of radiation in body falls to a safe level in short time

accept this expressed mathematically

1

1

1

Total 7

[131]

Mark Scheme PHY1H

Question 6


(a) wavelength of radio waves (much) longer than light waves

1

(b)(i) light moved towards red end of spectrum / longer wavelength waves

1

(ii) any one from:

• (galaxy) moving away from the Earth

• space is expanding

• the galaxy and Earth are moving apart

accept us for Earth do not accept galaxies are expanding

1

(c) all matter concentrated at a single point

massive explosion sends matter outwards

1

1

Total 5

Overall marks 45

[132]

AQA GCSE Specimen Material - Vandyke Upper · PDF fileChemistry 1H Specimen Paper 67 Mark...

Documents

Transcript of AQA GCSE Specimen Material - Vandyke Upper · PDF fileChemistry 1H Specimen Paper 67 Mark...