AQA GCSE Physics Paper One Revision Test Booklet Name ____________________________

GCSE Physics P1 /50 Name ______________________ Conservation and Dissipation of Energy End of Unit Test v1.0 1. Complete the sentences below by adding in the missing words. Choose your answers only from the list below. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

kinetic thermal work current waves chemical gravitational force a) When an object is projected upwards it’s ___________ energy store is transferred to

a _______________ potential energy store by mechanical _____________.

b) When water is boiled in an electric kettle ____________ energy in the power

station’s fuel is transferred to ____________ energy in the water.

c) When a vehicle slows down its ___________ energy is transferred to _____________

energy by the mechanical ____________ done by the braking __________. [9]

2. Complete the table

System Start Energy Store End Energy Store

Crossbow during firing

Ball going up in the air

Lorry braking

[6] 3. The diagram shows five positions of a swinging pendulum. a) Which energy store is at a maximum for position 1? __________________________________ b) What energy transfer is taking place as the pendulum moves from position 3 to 5? ________________________ to _________________________ c) What energy transfer is taking place as the pendulum moves from position1 to 3? ________________________ to _________________________ [5]

4. The energy transferred in joules when a force moves an object is called the work done and is calculated by multiplying the magnitude of the force in newtons by the distance moved in meters. W=Fs a) Calculate the work done when a trolley is pushed 14 m with a force of 2 N.

______________J [1] b) How far could a rock that takes 150 N to move, be dragged by 1500 J of energy?

_____________m [2] 5. The change in gravitational potential energy when an object is lifted or lowered is given by the equation, Ep = m g h On Earth g ,the strength of gravity, is 10 N/kg a) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy when a 4 kg cat jumps up onto a 1.6 m high fence. _________________J [1]

b) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy when a 500 kg car drives up 250 m high hill. _________________J [1]

c) How high could a rocket of mass 120 kg reach with 2,000,000 J of energy?

_________________m [2] 6. The kinetic energy of a moving mass is given by Ek = ½ mv2 a) Calculate the kinetic energy of a 0.06 kg gerbil running at 2.5 m/s.

_________________J [1] b) Calculate the speed of the same gerbil when it has 0.5 J of kinetic energy.

_________________J [2]

7. The elastic potential energy in a spring is given by Ee = ½ ke2 where k is the spring constant and e the extension of the spring. a) Calculate the energy stored in a spring with a spring constant of 6 N/m that is extended by 0.5 m.

_________________ J [1]

c) Calculate how far the spring would be extended when 12 J of mechanical work are done on it.

__________________m [2] 8. Calculate the maximum height in cm reached by a 0.025 kg pop-up toy if its spring has a spring constant of 50 N/m and the spring is compressed by 4 cm when the toy is pressed down. Use g = 10 N/kg ______________________cm [4] 9. Calculate the percentage efficiency of an electric kettle that transfers 18 J of heat energy to the water it heats for every 20 J of electrical energy it uses. % Efficiency = 100 × Useful Energy Out/Energy In

______________________% [1]

10. Suggest two reasons why electric motors are never 100% efficient. _________________________________________________________________ and ______________________________________________________________ [2]

11. A light bulb with an efficiency of 65% uses 250 J of electrical energy. Calculate how much waste heat energy is given out by the bulb.

___________________J [2]

12. Electrical power in watts is just a measure of the rate at which an appliance transfers energy. Energy/J = Power/W × Time/s (1 kW =1000 W) a) Calculate the energy used by a 30 W light bulb in 20 s

_______________________ J [1] b) Calculate the energy used by a 7 kW electric shower in 3 min

_______________________ J [2]

c) If the 7kW shower is 80% efficient what will be the power transferred to the water?

_____________________ W [1] 13. Calculate the power of a rocket that lifts 2000 kg to a height of 20 km in 25 s g = 10 N/kg

_____________________ W [2]

14. Calculate the power of an 800 kg car that accelerates from 0 m/s to 30 m/s in 5.0 s

_____________________ W [2]

GCSE Physics P2 /55 Name ______________________ Energy Transfer By Heating End of Unit Test v1.0

1. Mechanical devices with moving parts that rub against each other often transfer energy as heat which is wasted. For example in an electric motor or a car engine and gearbox. a) What name is given to the cause of this energy transfer? _____________________________ [1] b) How is this energy transfer kept to a minimum? _____________________________ [1]

2. Below are some data about thermal insulation used to insulate school roofs.

a) Which insulation is the best conductor? ___________ [1] b) Which insulation will have the lowest rate of heat transfer across it? ___________ [1] c) Out of A and D, which is made from the better insulating material? __________ [1] d) Which insulation is likely to trap the most air? ___________ [1] e) Which insulation would be best if the thickness could not exceed 225mm? _________ [1] 3. An experiment was carried out to test four types of

water pipe lagging / insulation; A, B, C and D.A length of insulated copper pipe was filled with hot

water at 80C. The insulated pipe was left to cool for 20 min and the temperature of the water in the pipe recorded. The test was repeated five times for each insulation. The end temperatures for each test are given in the table.

a) Which result must have been recorded incorrectly? _____________C [1] b) Not including the anomalous result, calculate the mean average for each type of insulation

and record it in the table rounding to the nearest 1C [4]

c) Calculate the range for the test results of material D ___________ C [1] d) Which insulation would be best for preventing water pipes freezing in winter? __________ [1] e) Which insulation would be best for insulating hot water pipes? __________ [1]

Insulation A B C D Thickness / mm 50 200 250 300 Thermal Conductivity / W/C m2 0.25 0.30 0.15 0.25 Density / kg/m3 15 30 35 40

A / C B / C C / C D / C

1 64 45 67 54

2 66 44 68 49

3 82 40 69 42

4 66 50 72 55

5 65 47 70 62

mean 65 45 69 52

4. Use the words below to complete the sentences. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

transmit emit shorter absorb black longer emitter radiates hotter reflect

All objects, no matter what temperature, ____________ and ___________ radiation.

The __________ the object, the more radiation it will _________. The cooler the object the

____________ the wavelength of the radiation its gives out.

A perfect black body is an object that will ___________ all of the radiation incident on it.

A black body does not ____________ or ____________ any radiation. A good absorber of

radiation is also always a good ____________ of radiation. [9]

5. The diagram shows the black body spectra of a filament lamp at a three different voltages. a) Complete the table to match the temperature to the line in the diagram.

Voltage / V Temp / C Line

6 700 9 900

12 1100 [2] b) At which temperature is the intensity of the infrared radiation emitted greatest? _____________ [1] c) At which temperature is the wavelength of the infrared radiation shortest? ________________ [1]

d) Add a line on the diagram to show the spectrum that would be produced at 500C.

Label the line 500C [2]

e) Add another line on the diagram to show the spectrum that would be produced at 1500C. [2] f) Explain in terms of radiation how the temperature of the filament in a filament lamp can: i) remain constant _____________________________________________________ [1] ii) increase _____________________________________________________ [1] iii) decrease _____________________________________________________ [1]

A

C

B

5. Write text for the six labels in the diagram to fully explain how the naturally occurring greenhouse effect results in an average global temperature

around 30C higher than it would otherwise be. a) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ b) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ c) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ d) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ e) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ f) _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ [6]

a

b c

d

e

f

6. Specific heat capacity, symbol c, is a measure of the energy needed to heat up different materials.

It is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1C.

change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change or E = m c

a) Of the materials listed in the table, which will; i) Tend to heat up fastest ________________ [1]

ii) Store the most energy at 80C _______________ [1] iii) Be best for cooling hot objects _______________ [1]

b) Calculate the energy needed to heat up 5kg of copper by 12C

____________________J [2] c) An electrical heater was used to supply 81,000 J of energy to a 6.0 kg block of aluminium.

Its temperature increased from 22.0 C to 37.0 C Calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

____________________ J/kg C [3] d) Calculate the temperature rise of 1.2 kg of water in a 90% efficient 2700 W kettle for 30s

____________________ C [4] 7. One way to reduce the rate of energy transfer by conduction from houses is to fit cavity wall insulation. Complete the table by giving four other ways to reduce the rate of energy transfer from houses by conduction.

[4]

Substance c / J/kg C Concrete 850 Steel 390

Copper 385

Water 4200 Oil 2100

GCSE Physics P3 /54 Name ______________________ Energy Resources End of Unit Test v1.0

1. For each of the Energy Sources write a brief description. Use all the words / phrases listed below in your descriptions.

Fossil Fuel Reactor Waste Non-renewable Renewable Uranium Vegetable Oil Rocks Carbon Dioxide Acid Rain Sulfur Methane Radioactive

Coal

Nuclear

Biofuel

Natural Gas

Geothermal

[13]

2. Complete the table to give an advantage and a disadvantage of each Energy Source.

Source Advantage Disadvantage

Natural Gas

Uranium

Solar

[6]

3. For each of the following descriptions choose from Wind, Wave, Hydroelectric or Tidal.

a) Uses a group of turbines called a farm. ___________________

b) Is affected by short term changes in the weather. _________________

c) Often consists of a rocking float. ___________________

d) Can only operate in coastal areas. _______________ and ______________

e) Is often placed several miles offshore. _______________

f) Requires a large barrage where turbines turn generators. ______________

g) Requires mountainous areas. ____________________

h) Can be used to store energy from other power stations. ________________

i) Is not dependent on weather. ______________________ [10]

4. Describe the operation of a pumped storage power station and explain how it can be used to make solar electricity generation more reliable. Include a labelled diagram. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ [6] 5. Complete the table to give an advantage and a disadvantage for each Energy Source.

Source Advantage Disadvantage

Geothermal

Wind (Turbine)

[4]

6. Solar powered satellites in orbit always have batteries as well as solar panels. Suggest why this is. __________________________________________________________________________ [2]

7. A solar panel heats the water flowing through it from 15 C to 36 C when water flows through it at a rate of 0.02 kg per second. Calculate the power output of the solar panel.

change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change or E = m c

Energy = Power x Time or P=Et specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kgC

___________________W [3] 8. In the UK the average amount of electricity generated is around 30 GW. The UK can generate up to around 48 GW of electricity. Explain why is the extra 18 GW is needed. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ [3] 9. The table gives some costs for setting up electricity generation.

a) Which energy source is likely to lead to the lowest bills for customers? _________________ [1]

b) Which energy source will require the highest up front investment? _______________________ [1]

c) Which energy source’s real cost is likely to be much higher if the cost of dealing with waste is included? ________________________ [1]

d) What would be the cost of building a 10 MW (10,000 kW) gas fired power station?

£ ______________________ [2]

e) How much generation capacity would a £24 million wind farm have?

________________________kW [2]

gas coal nuclear wind solar Capital Cost

£ / kW of capacity 1500 5500 5000 6000 4000

Running Cost pence / kWh generated

8 10 11 22 19

P4 Electric Circuits Test /58 Name _____________________

charge flow = current x time Q = I t potential difference = current x resistance V = I R power = potential difference x current P = V I power = (current)2 x resistance P = I2 R energy transferred = power x time E = P t energy transferred = charge flow x potential difference E = Q V

1. Draw the symbols for the following types of resistor.

Fixed LDR Thermistor Variable

2. In the box below draw a series circuit with a cell and bulb.

Add the symbols to show how to connect an ammeter and voltmeter to the circuit.

3. What will be the potential difference across three 1.5 V cells connected in a) series _____________ b) parallel _______________

4. A student connected together some 100 resistors. For each of the combinations below give the overall resistance. Write your answer in the space below each diagram.

Strictly speaking you don’t need to combine resistors in parallel. But it’s easy – just divide by the number of resistors.

5. If a polypropene rod is rubbed with a cloth it becomes positively charged. Explain why. ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Complete the sentences below by adding the missing words.

An electric ____________ is a flow of charge. If one coulomb flows in one

_____________ the current is said to be one ____________. Potential difference is the

____________ transferred to or from each coulomb of _____________ as it passes through

a component. A measure of how hard it is for charge to flow around a circuit is called the

____________. If a potential difference of 1V produces a ____________ of 1A then the

________________ is said to be 1.

7. Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity.

________________________________________________________________________________

8. A current of 6A flows for a time of 3s. Calculate the amount of charge that is transferred.

________________________________________________________________________________

9. A bulb in a circuit has a potential difference of 12V across it and a current of 3A flowing through it.

Calculate its resistance _____________________________________________________________

10. What will be the reading on an ammeter if 12C flows through it in 6s ? ____________________

11. A bulb from a car headlight has 12V and 5A written on it. Calculate:

a) Its resistance _________________________________________________________

b) Its power ____________________________________________________________

12. A bulb from a table lamp has 240 V and 60 W written on it. Calculate:

a) Its resistance _________________________________________________________

b) Its power ____________________________________________________________

c) How much energy it uses in 1 min ________________________________________

13. The diagram shows two resistors in parallel in a circuit.

Complete the sentences by choosing the correct answers from the box.

The total current in the circuit is ______________

The total potential difference in the circuit is _____________

14. The graph shows how the resistance of a component changes with temperature.

a) Give the name of the component.

______________________________________________

b) Estimate the resistance of the component at 100 °C

______________________________________________

c) Describe the trend shown by the graph.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

15. Explain what happens to rod A when rod B is moved towards rod A. Rod B is positively charged.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

A1 A2 A1 – A2 A1 A2

V1 V2 V1 – V2 V1 V2

16. The graphs show how the current through different components changes with potential difference.

a) Which graph shows a filament lamp? ____________

b) Which graph shows a diode? ____________

c) Which graph shows an ohmic conductor? ____________

17. What type of resistor could be used in a circuit to turn on a street light when it gets dark?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

18. Sketch the electric field around the positively and negatively charged spheres.

19. In the circuit to the left a 6 V battery is connected in series to two resistors. The current in the circuit is measured to be 0.6 A.

Resistor A has a resistance of 6. a) What is the resistance of B? ________________ b) What is the voltage across A? _______________ c) What is the voltage across B? _______________ d) What is the power of the battery? ______________

20. Resistor B is now replaced with a resistor of 20 a) Calculate the current in the circuit ________________________________________________ b) Calculate the potential difference across A _________________________________________

+ -

P5 Electricity in the Home Test Name______________________

charge flow = current x time Q = I t

potential difference = current x resistance V = I R power = potential difference x current P = V I

power = (current)2 x resistance P = I2 R energy transferred = power x time E = P t

energy transferred = charge flow x potential difference E = Q V 1

2 Describe what will happen if each of the following fuses are fitted to a 10A fan heater. a) 5A __________________________________________________________________ b) 13A __________________________________________________________________

What name is given to the type of current supplied by cells and batteries?

What does the letter a stand for in a.c?

What is the voltage of mains electricity in the UK?

What is the frequency of mains electricity in the UK?

What is the colour of the live wire in a UK mains plug?

What colour is the neutral wire in a UK mains plug?

Which two wires are at 0V in a UK mains plug?

Which wire is there only for safety reasons?

Which wire is the fuse connected to in a UK mains plug?

What name is given to the UK’s electricity distribution system?

In addition to cables what other electrical devices are used by this system?

Transmission cables work at high _____________ to reduce energy losses.

Transmission cables work at low _____________ to reduce energy losses.

What type of transformer is used to increase voltages?

What is the alternative name of voltage?

3. A 120 V light bulb uses a current of 5 A

a) Calculate the resistance of the bulb using the equation R = V/I

_________________ b) Calculate the power used of the bulb using the equation P=IV _________________ W c) Calculate the charge that flows through the bulb in 600 s using the equation Q=It _________________ C d) Calculate the energy transferred by the bulb in 600 s using the equation E = Pt _________________ J

4. Use the equation P = I2R to calculate the power of an electric toaster that has an

electrical resistance of 46 and draws a current of 5 A from the mains?

_________________ W

5. An electric motor has written on its back 10 A and 20 a) Calculate the potential difference used by the motor.

_________________ V b) Calculate the power of the motor.

_________________ W c) Calculate the charge that flows through the motor in 10 min.

_________________ C d) Calculate the energy transferred by the motor in 10 min.

_________________ J 6. Complete the table. The first one has been done for you.

Quantity Unit Symbol Unit in terms of simpler units

Current Amp A C/s (coulombs per second)

Potential Difference Volt V J/C (joules per coulomb)

Watt J/s (joules per second)

Resistance Ohm V/A (volts per amp)

7. Calculate how long a 1.2 V battery that can supply 300 J on energy can power a lightbulb with a

resistance of 24 .

_________________ s

8 a What is the power of a 12 V, 5 A light?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ b A 600 W electric heater is connected to a 120 V source. Calculate the current.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 9 a What current passes through a 25 V and 1 kW heater?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ b What resistance does a 12.5 V , 25 W light bulb have?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 10 A microwave oven has a power of 1800 W and the potential difference applied from the mains is 230 V. What are its current and resistance?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

11 A computer uses 3.5 A at 110 V. What is its resistance in ohms?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

12 An oscilloscope (time on the x-axis and p.d. on the y-axis) is connected to the mains supply.

P6 Molecules and Matter Test /50 Name____________________________

Equations and Data

density = mass / volume = m / V

energy = power x time E = P t

change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change E = m c

thermal energy for a change of state = mass x specific latent heat E = m L

pressure x volume = constant pV = constant

Specific heat capacity c ice 2.11 J/C g

Specific heat capacity c water 4.18 J/C g

Specific heat capacity c steam 2.00 J/C g

Latent heat of fusion L water 334 J/g

Latent heat of vaporisation L water 2260 J/g

1. Complete the tables by adding the names of the changes of state. [4]

solid liquid liquid gas gas liquid liquid solid

2. Calculate the density of a stone block with a mass of 20 kg and a volume of 0.01 m3 [1] 3. Calculate the volume of 35 kg of gold. The density of gold is 19.3 kg/m3 [1] 4. Calculate the mass of air in a room measuring 8m x 12m x 4m. The density of air is 1.2 kg/m3 [2]

m

E

L m

E

c P

E

t

m

V p

const

V

5. Explain why the three states of a substance can have different densities. Your answer should refer to the particles and how they are arranged in the three different states of matter. Use labelled diagrams to support your explanation. [6]

___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The diagram below shows the apparatus used to monitor the

temperature of a liquid as it cools and freezes. Sketch the shape of a graph of temperature against time once the warm water is removed. Indicate on the graph where the liquid is freezing. [2]

7. Complete the table below. Give simple descriptions. [3]

State Strength of forces between particles

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Tem

per

atu

re

Time

8. Add the names of two types of internal energy and describe what happens to each for the two processes given in the table. Choose from increases, decreases, and no change. [6]

Internal Energy A substance is melting A substance is cooling

9. Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of 35 g of water by 25 C [2] 10. Calculate the energy removed by a freezer as it freezes 25 g of water at 0C forming ice also at 0C. [2] 11. Calculate the mass of steam produced by a 2700 W boiling kettle in 60 s. [2] 12. Calculate the mass of 0 C ice that could be melted by a 450 W microwave oven in 5 min. [2] 13. A sealed glass bottle of cold air is placed into a large bowl of hot water. Complete the table by ticking the one correct box in each row. [5]

increases stays the same decreases

The mass of the gas…

The density of the gas…

The speed of the molecules of the gas…

The pressure exerted by the gas…

The volume of the gas…

14. Add lines to the graphs to show the relationships. Assume that other factors remain constant. [3] 14. a) Use the graph to find the volume of the gas when the pressure is 400 kPa. ___________________ [1] b) Use the graph to find the pressure of the gas when the volume is 20 cm3. ____________________ [1] c) Calculate the value of the Boyle’s law constant for this sample of gas. ________________________ [1]

d) Use your answer for the Boyle’s law constant to calculate:

i the pressure of the gas when its volume is 100 cm3 [1]

ii the volume of the gas when its pressure is 1200 kPa [1]

15. To double the pressure of a gas whose volume is 100 cm3 what does the volume need to be? [1]

16. The pressure of 25 g of trapped air is 2 106 Pa. If the volume is doubled, what is the new pressure? [1] 17. A balloon has a volume of 4000 cm3 and the pressure is 100 kPa. The air pressure drops to 90 kPa and

the temperature stays the same. Calculate the new volume of the balloon. [2]

Kin

etic

En

ergy

of

Mo

lecu

les

Temperature

Ave

rage

Sp

eed

of

Mo

lecu

les

Pressure

Pre

ssu

re

Temperature

P7 Radioactivity Test / 70 Name _______________________________

1. Circle the approximate radius of an atom. 10-6 m 10-8 m 10-10 m 10-12 m 10-14 m 2. Circle the approximate radius of a nucleus. 10-6 m 10-8 m 10-10 m 10-12 m 10-14 m

[2] 3. Complete the table by adding the charges choosing from positive, negative or neutral.

proton neutron electron alpha

particle beta

particle atomic nucleus

atom

[7] 4. Complete the table by adding the correct type of radiation choosing from alpha, beta and gamma.

Stopped by paper

The most ionizing

A helium nucleus

A fast moving electron

Electro-magnetic radiation

Stopped by a few cm of

flesh

Can pass through thin

lead sheet

[7] 5. Complete the diagram of an atom and use it to explain how the electron arrangement in an atom can change. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

[4] 6. Draw a labelled diagram to explain how Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment led to the the Plumb Pudding atomic model being replaced by the Nuclear model. Include the following labels. Gold Foil Gold Atoms Gold Nucleus Most Alpha Particles A few Alpha Particles

[6]

7. Complete the table.

Element Symbol

Atomic Number

Mass Number

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Li 3 4

Na 23 11

K 19 39

Rb 48 37

[4] 8. Complete the nuclear equations below.

[4] 9. Explain the meaning of the two terms below in the context of radioactive materials.

contamination

irradiation

[2] 10. a) 96 mg of an isotope of rubidium with a half-life of 2 min was produced in a particle accelerator. For each of the times below give the mass of rubidium remaining.

[2] b) After what time will just 1.5 mg remain? ____________________________ min c) Estimate the amount that will remain after 1 min. ____________________________ mg [2] 11. A sample of carbon-14 from an ancient hominid bone was found to have an activity of 3 counts per hour. The sample would have started with an activity of 192 counts per hour. Given that the half-life of C-14 is 5730 years, calculate the age of the bone.

_________________________ years old [4]

time 0 min 2 min 4 min 6 min 8 min

mass/mg 96

__

__ berillium

133 6 carbon +

4

2 He

__

__ nitrogen

143 6 carbon +

0

-1 e

12. Give brief description or labelled diagram of each of the following medical techniques.

Gamma Camera and Tracer Beam Radiotherapy Internal Radiotherapy

[6] 13. Add the missing word to the following sentences about nuclear fission and fusion. a) In nuclear _________________ a large nucleus splits roughly in ___________ . b) Large nuclei such as Uranium usually need to absorb a _____________ for ____________ to occur. c) For a ___________ reaction to happen a ___________ from one fission reaction sets of another. d) A nuclear explosion occurs when a ____________ reaction is uncontrolled. e) Nuclear reactors contain rods that absorb ____________ to control the ___________ reaction. f) In nuclear _____________ small nuclei join together to make larger nuclei. g) In nuclear processes __________ is converted into ______________ in the form of radiation.

[12] 14. Give examples of sources of background radiation.

1 2

Natural

Man-made

[4] 15. Write about the issues of being contaminated with the same amount of either a long half-life or short half-life radioactive isotope.

Long half-life Short half-life

[4]