AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology · The truly multi-faceted French designer, Phillippe Starck...
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Design and Technology AQA GCSE (9-1) M J Ross
Transcript of AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology · The truly multi-faceted French designer, Phillippe Starck...
Design andTechnology
AQA GCSE (9-1)
M J Ross
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Contents
Core technical principles Section 1 New and emerging technologies 1
Chapter 1 Industry and enterprise 2
2 Sustainability and the environment 7
3 People, culture and society 13
4 Production techniques and systems 21
5 Informing design decisions 25
Section 2 Energy, materials, systems and devices 31Chapter 6 Energy generation 32
7 Energy storage 38
8 Modern materials 43
9 Smart materials 49
10 Composite materials and technical textiles 55
11 Systems approach to designing 60
12 Electronic systems processing 64
13 Mechanical devices 70
Section 3 Materials and their working properties 79Chapter 14 Papers and boards 81
15 Natural and manufactured timbers 84
16 Metals and alloys 88
17 Polymers 91
18 Textiles 94
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Specialist technical principlesSection 4 Common specialist technical principles 101
Chapter 19 Forces and stresses on materials and objects 102
20 Improving functionality 105
21 Ecological and social footprint 111
22 The six Rs 119
23 Scales of production 124
Section 5A Papers and boards 130Chapter 24 Sources, origins and properties 130
25 Working with papers and boards 133
26 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 141
Section 5B Timber based materials 147Chapter 27 Sources, origins and properties 147
28 Working with timber based materials 151
29 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 159
Section 5C Metal based materials 163Chapter 30 Sources, origins and properties 163
31 Working with metal based materials and fixings 166
32 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 176
Section 5D Polymers 180Chapter 33 Sources, origins and properties 180
34 Working with polymer based materials and fixings 185
35 Commercial manufacturing and quality control 194
Section 5E Textile based materials 199Chapter 36 Sources, origins and properties 199
37 Working with textile based materials and fixings 204
38 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 211
Section 5F Electronic systems 216Chapter 39 Selection of materials and components 216
40 Working with electronic components 220
41 Commercial manufacturing and quality control 228
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Designing and making principlesSection 6 Designing principles 237
Chapter 42 Investigation, primary and secondary data 238
43 The work of others 245
44 Design strategies 254
45 Communication of design ideas and prototype development 259
Section 7 Making principles 269Chapter 46 Selection of materials and components 270
47 Tolerances and allowances 273
48 Material management and marking out 276
49 Specialist tools, equipment, techniques and processes 281
50 Surface treatments and finishes 284
Index 290
Section 1 New and emerging technologies 1
1
Section 1New and emerging technologies
In this section:Chapter 1 Industry and enterprise 2
Chapter 2 Sustainability and the environment 7
Chapter 3 People, culture and society 13
Chapter 4 Production techniques and systems 21
Chapter 5 Informing design decisions 25
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Section 2 Energy, materials, systems and devices
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Power generation is more efficient during periods of heavy rainfall. At other times, water is pumped back up to the top of the reservoir when the demand for electricity is low. The flow of water through the turbine is easily controlled, making it simple to alter the power being produced depending on the demand at different times of the day.
Q8 List as many positive factors for hydroelectric power as you can.
Q7What might be the impact on the natural environment and wildlife of constructing a dam at the end of a valley and flooding the valley to create a reservoir for a hydroelectric power station?
Transformer
Turbine and generator
Sluicegate
Outflow
Reservoir Dam
Sunenergy
Croprefining
Foodproducts
Biodieselproduction
Glycerineproducts
Renewablefuel
Existingtechnology
Renewableresource
(as well as used cooking oil)
CO2
In 2016, only about 3% of fuel for the UK’s transportation system came from biodiesel, according to the Department of Transport. A growing number of companies and private users are recycling spent cooking oil, (a waste product from the catering industry) and converting it into biodiesel by refining it independently.
BiofuelThe production of biofuel is becoming a viable way of producing energy for our transportation and heating needs. Oil- and starch-producing crops are grown, harvested and refined into a number of products, including biodiesel. The process is commonly known as biomass energy production. The term biomass can include other solid biofuels such as wood chips and farm waste.
CHAP
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Chapter 9 Smart materials 51
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Shape memory alloyMost materials have some form of memory, meaning that they will try to resist deformation or spring back to their original shape. Shape memory alloys (SMA) take this a step further; they can remember a preset shape and return to it despite being dramatically reshaped. The stimulus for returning to the preset shape is heat or electricity.
Nitinol can also be used as muscle wire. The wire is first stretched and then, when an electrical current is passed through it, it will contract approximately 5% of its length. This is used in dental braces.
Name and stimuli
Appearance Image Characteristics Uses
Shape memory alloy (Nitinol)
Heat or electricity
Mid-grey metal wire of varying thickness.Also available in sheets
A shape can be programmed when heated to 540°C; it can be deformed and will return to the memory shape when reheated to 70°C
Frames for glasses, dental braces, self-expanding stents used in surgical procedures to open capillaries, fire sprinklers
Q5 Explain how a piece of shape memory alloy could be used in a fire detector controlling a sprinkler system.
Nitinol, an alloy of nickel and titanium, is the most commonly used SMA. To program its shape memory, the nitinol must be held in the desired position and heated to around 540°C, then allowed to cool. It can then be deformed to a different shape. When it is heated to around 70°C, it will spring back to its programmed shape. This can also be achieved by passing an electric current through it. It can be re-programmed by reheating it to 540°C.
High outflow temperature movesSMA valve to reduce hot water input
Low outflow temperature movesSMA valve to increase hot water input
Hot waterinlet
Cold waterinlet
Hot waterinlet
Cold waterinlet
SMA used as a self-expanding surgical stent
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Section 2 Energy, materials, systems and devices
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9. Explain one reason why Kevlar is an appropriate choice of material for the firefighter protective gloves shown below. [2]
10. Give two applications for microencapsulated fabrics. [2]
11. (a) Draw the correct circuit symbol for a PTM and a PTB switch. [2]
(b) Describe one operational difference between a PTM and a PTB switch. [2]
12. Use notes and sketches to show the difference between an analogue and digital electrical signal. [4]
13. (a) Name the type of motion shown below: [1]
(b) Give one application or machine which exhibits the type of motion you have named in your answer to (a). [1]
14. Identify the class of lever shown below for the car foot pump. [1]
15. (a) Describe the action a follower goes through when following a snail shaped cam. [2]
(b) Name two types of cam follower. [2]
16. Explain one reason why an idler gear is used in a gear train. [2]
CHAP
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Chapter 18 Textiles 97
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Name Appearance Image Characteristics Example usesBonded fabric
Random laid fibres are visible in the fabric, it can have small holes or a textured surface
Fabrics lack strength, they have no grain so can be cut in any direction and do not fray
Disposable products such as protective clothing worn for hygiene purposes, tea bags, dish cloths and dusters
Felted fabric
Matted fibres randomly interspersed, wide range of colours and thicknesses
Can be formed with moisture and heat; once dry it has no elasticity or drape, and can pull apart easily. Woollen varieties can be expensive
Hats, handicraft, pads under furniture to prevent scratching, soundproofing and insulation
Non-woven textilesNon-woven fabrics are made directly from fibres without being spun into yarns. The most commonly available non-woven fabrics are bonded fabrics made from a web of fibres held together with heat or adhesive. Common uses of non-woven fabrics include disposable products such as garments worn by surgeons and crime scene investigators, dishcloths and interfacings. Non-woven fabrics can be given special treatments such as flame resistance to make head rest covers on trains and aircraft.
Felting is a mechanical process which has traditionally been done by hand, but is now mainly machine produced. It involves matting together wool or synthetic fibres using a combination of heat, pressure, moisture and movement to mesh the fibres together in a random way. Felt can be formed into shapes when wet (see drape formed hats in Chapter 37), but it does not have any elasticity and will not drape well when dry. It is not strong and can pull apart under tension, but unlike woven fabric, will not fray when cut.
Q5 What might happen to woollen felted products if they are washed in hot water?
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Chapter 38 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 211
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Chapter 38 – Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes
Objectives• Know and understand how textile based materials are selected and processed for
commercial products
• Understand why aids are used to judge quality and accuracy before and during processing
• Understand how surface treatments and finishes affect the functional and aesthetic properties of textile products
Textiles for commercial productsCommercial textile production has developed significantly over the last 50 years owing to new materials being invented as well as new industrial manufacturing methods and higher levels of computer driven automation. Both ‘technology push’, in the form of new materials and ‘market pull’ with demand for greater performance of fabrics, have contributed to a huge and expanding industry.
The introduction of stretch fabrics has transformed aerodynamics, especially seen in cycling and swimming, enabling items of clothing to fit tightly thus reducing drag yet allowing for freedom of movement by the wearer. Wicking fabrics have also been of huge benefit to athletes and outdoor adventurers by allowing perspiration to evaporate quickly, keeping the wearer dry.
Sportswear and outdoor apparel have gone through more changes than many other areas of textiles over the last few decades owing to constant developments in new technologies, giving a greater range of physical and working properties to use. These fabrics can also take advantage of microencapsulation. (See Chapter 10 for more detail.)
Commercial developments in the area of home and business furnishings have led to a greater range of choice through colours, styles and levels of quality. Furnishings cover a multitude of interior, and increasingly, exterior quality textiles, including carpets, rugs, upholstery fabrics, curtains, cushions and many more. These products all form part of our living and working spaces and are chosen for many different reasons. Aesthetics are very important to most people, but the physical and working properties may well be of equal or greater concern to a customer.
Q1 How have developments in commercial textiles helped to improve comfort and safety in motorsport apparel?
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Section 5 Specialist technical principles
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Section 5 ExercisesExercises in this section are generic so that answers may be given in context that apply appropriate techniques, knowledge and understanding from any of the material areas.
1. Choose one of the materials in the table below.
Materials
Solid white board Ash Low carbon
steel Acrylic Cotton
Name one surface finish or treatment that can be applied to the material to enhance the functional or mechanical properties.
Use notes and/or sketches to explain how the surface finish or treatment can be changed to improve or enhance its properties. [5]
Name of material: _________________________________________________________
Surface finish or treatment: _________________________________________________________
2. Describe two ways that materials can be shaped or formed.
Give examples in your answers. [4]
3. Five materials are listed in the table below. Choose one material:
Materials
Corrugated card Plywood Low carbon
steelPolyvinyl
chloride (PVC) Wool yarn
(a) State one raw primary source material of your chosen material. [1]
(b) Give one stock form in which the material is likely to be available. [1]
(c) Describe the manufacturing process(es) used to turn the raw primary source material into a stock form. You may include sketches in your answer. [3]
(d) Describe two ways that one of the materials can be modified. [4]
4. Choose one product or component from the table below and describe two features that make it suitable for mass production. [4]
Aluminium drink can
PET water bottle Foil lined board Cotton skirt Pine roof truss
CHAP
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Chapter 43 The work of others 253
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Designer investigation:Philippe Starck 1949–present
The truly multi-faceted French designer, Phillippe Starck was born in Paris where his design studio is based to this day. His father was an aeronautical engineer and it is said that young Starck had a passion for design from an early age, hence attending Ecole Nissim de Camondo, a school of product design and interior architecture in Paris. He started by designing inflatable furniture and, although not a great success, it gathered much needed attention.
Starck was offered a job as an artistic director with Pierre Cardin which was a good stepping stone but he preferred much simpler designs than the flamboyance of Cardin. Having successfully created interior designs for Parisian nightclubs he launched Starck Products in 1979. His big break came in 1982 after being selected to work on the private residence of the then French President. Since then he has worked on numerous projects from simple mass produced items for brands such as Alessi and Microsoft to furniture, electrical goods and a number of top end hotels. He is involved in all aspects of design and has even produced motorbikes, electric vehicles and yachts.
Starck is a prolific and innovative designer who has produced many iconic products; some that have already become modern classics such as the ‘Juicy Salif’ lemon squeezer. He is considered by some to put form ahead of function, making some of his products beautiful but impractical to use. He often utilises organic forms which are sleek, simplistic and streamlined. Much of his work can be quirky and humorous; he readily confesses that he likes to inject mystery, magic and quirkiness into his designs. Starck likes to work at reducing the amount of materials used in manufacture and packaging, selecting energy efficient and sustainable options where possible.
The Juicy Salif lemon squeezer, by Phillipe Starck
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Chapter 45 Communication of design ideas and prototype development 261
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Drawing techniquesThere are three main types of 3D drawing styles that you are likely to use within your portfolio. These vary in their level of complexity to produce and have different advantages and disadvantages.
Oblique projection uses a 45-degree angle to draw lines that represent the depth of the side (end) and the top (plan) of the drawing. The front of the drawing is face on to the viewer which actually creates a visual lie. It is impossible to see the front of a cuboid straight on and also see the side and the top.
Oblique projection is a technique that can get an idea across quickly and simply. It can be very useful in the early stages of developing ideas.
Isometric projection uses a 30-degree angle and is much more realistic. For a basic cuboid, all of the height, width and depth lines follow the 30-degree isometric grid lines. Dimensioning can be done accurately and, by using simple techniques, complex shapes can be constructed or carved out of the main cuboid.
Isometric projection is very good for design ideas that have a geometric shape. With some practice, it is also good to convey ideas quickly and to show where components and parts fit in relation to others.
Two-point perspective uses two vanishing points that are set to the outer edges of the page. The main construction lines that create the width and depth are all projected back to the two vanishing points.
Two-point perspective gives the most realistic view as it emulates the way the viewer’s eye sees perspective, meaning that things get smaller the further away they are. It is great technique to give a realistic view of what a product or prototype might look like. It is not so easy to add dimensions, in comparison to isometric projection.
Q4 Which 3D drawing technique would you choose if you were intending to make an accurate prototype of a product?
45°
155
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32
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Ø53
R12
30°30°
45°
155
32
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Ø53
R12
30°30°
45°
155
32
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62
Ø53
R12
30°30°
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Section 7 Making principles
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Chapter 48 – Material management and marking out
Objectives• Understand how effective design planning can minimise waste
• Be aware of how design adaptations and use of tessellation can save time and materials
• Understand how to calculate the surface area and quantity of required materials
• Understand the value of using measurement and marking out to create an accurate and quality prototype
• Understand the use of datum points and coordinates
• Be able to recognise and characterise the appropriate tools and methods to mark out a range of materials to create prototypes
PlanningThe key to material management is to plan ahead. Working out the best way to fit the required parts of a product onto the material efficiently is not as straightforward as one might imagine. Material tends to come in specific sizes, depending on the type of material. Papers and boards come in ‘A series’ sizes, for example A4 sheets are 210mm x 297mm. These A series sizes are all rectangular, so if you wanted to cut a square shaped section from the sheet you would automatically have waste. However, if you wanted a number of identical squares you could get a much larger sheet and divide it up, producing less waste than using a number of smaller sheets.
Q1Using the standard A series paper sizes (covered in Chapter 25) answer the following questions.
(a) Calculate the waste if you cut a 210mm square from a sheet of A4 paper.
(b) Calculate the waste if you cut a 195mm square from a sheet of A4 paper.
(c) Which larger size of A series paper would be the most economical to use if you wanted to produce 66 squares at 195mm x 195mm?
As the majority of materials come in rectangular or other specific shapes and sizes there are a few basic rules to follow in order to use materials efficiently. For example, starting from the most effective edge or corner of a sheet and not somewhere in the middle, means that the material remaining is as large as possible and is in its most useable form. If cutting discs from a rectangular sheet consider the following options:
Waste A and Bin one piece
Extra circles cut from otherwise wasted material
Wastepiece A
Wastepiece B
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AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index
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Index
0–92D sketching 2593D printing 1923D sketching 259
AABS 184absorbency 80acrylic 92, 203additives
paper and board 145plastic 181textiles 199
Adidas 244aesthetics 266air-drying 147Alessi 248, 249, 253alkaline cells 41Allen key 152allowances 275alloy 45, 88, 90, 164aluminium 48, 90, 164, 217
ore 88analogue 64analysis of data 241anatomy 240animal skins 199annealing 175annotation 262anodising 179, 217anthropometrics 239, 240Apple 250appliances 228aramids 57, 200architecture 247architrave 152Art Deco 248Art Nouveau 248ash 85astable 65automation 2, 3, 21
robotics 3
BBakelite 93balsa 85batch production 125batik 206batteries
alkaline 41disposal 42rechargeable 41
Bauxite 88, 164Beck, Harry 245beech 85beliefs 17bell crank 73
belt 76bending 104, 108
wood 157bespoke 124, 207bias 201, 207billet 172binding 140biofuel 36, 116biomass 36Biopol 43bio-polymers 180, 183bitumen 180blackening 179blanking 175blast furnace 163blasting 179bleed proof paper 81blended fibres 96block and tackle 76blockboard 149blow moulding 196boards 81, 149
fibreboard 82manufactured 87, 148
bolts 168bonded fabric 97borehole 116bowing 147brass 90Braun 250brazing 174breadboard 265Breuer, Marcel 247broadband 45buildings 4bulk buying 223button 205buzzer 63
CCAD 3, 21, 22, 192, 212, 265calendering 131, 215calico 96cam 74
eccentric 74heart shaped 74pear 74snail 74
CAM 21, 23, 213camshaft 74canting 206capacitor 222carbon 88, 111
dioxide 111footprint 111, 120offsetting 12
carbon-fibre reinforced plastic (CRP) 56
card based food packaging 142carding 201carton board 132, 142cartridge paper 81casing 224casting 173
metal 177polymer resin 193
cast iron 88cedar 86cellulose fibres 130Chanel, Coco 246charts 241children's wooden toys 159chipboard 87circuit boards 216circular cam 74climate change 118closed loop 60CMOS 220CMYK 143CNC 22, 216coated metals 179, 217coal 33cog 38, 76collaboration 254colour bars 145colour printing 143combing 201communication 259components 220composite materials 55, 106compression 39, 103
manufactured board 148conductive fabrics 57coniferous 84continuous improvement 11continuous production 126conversion 147cooking utensils 176Coolmorph 48, 184cooperative 6copper 90
clad circuit board 216corn starch 43corrosion 285corrugated card 82cotton 94, 200cotton paper 81counters 67countersink 152cracking 181crank 74crank and slider 73creasing 136crop marks 145crowdfunding 5crude oil 180cupping 147
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AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index 291
I
current rating 220cutlines 110cutting
efficiently 276fabric 206papers and boards 135PCBs 225wood 155
Ddata
primary 238secondary 239sheet 283
datum 278debossing 146deciduous 84decisions 68deforestation 85, 114, 150density 80depth stop 178desertification 115, 150design
brief 242, 265fixation 256for maintenance 27specification 242
De Stijl 248destructive testing 258developing times
PCB manufacture 232die cutting 137, 142digital 64DIL 220Digital Light Processing 192dimensional accuracy
depth stop 178go/no go fixture 161laser settings 197repeating print 214
DIP 220dip coating 179disabled 18domestic appliances 228dowel 152drag 173drape forming 207drawing 259drilling
for oil 116metal 170PCBs 224plastics 187wood 154
dual in-line package 220ductility 80duplex board 82duralumin 164dyeing fabric 213dynamic load 102Dyson 229, 250
EE12 resistor series 222eccentric cam 74economic challenge 244efficient working 11elastane 95, 203elasticity 80elderly 18electrical conductivity 80electrical fittings 181, 194electroless plating 198electrolysis 88, 164electroplating 179, 198embossing
metal sheet 175paper 146ply form 133
emerging technologies 2emissions 117encapsulation 138, 146end of life disposal 28energy
compressed 38electrical 32generation 32hydroelectric 35kinetic 40mechanical 38nuclear 34, 37potential 38, 40renewable 32, 34solar 35storage 38tidal 35
environment 9environmental challenge 244epoxy resin 93equilibrium 71ergonomics 240etching 198
circuit board 216PCB manufacture 232times 232
e-textiles 57euroslot 142evaluation 258, 267evergreen 84exploded drawing 262extraction 163extrusion 196
Ffabric interfacing 108Fairtrade 6, 113faiths 17farming 116fashion 15, 26fasteners
paper and board 139textiles 106, 205
Favrile glasswork 249feedback
client 238loop 61responding to 267
felling 84felt 207felting 97ferrous 88fibre optics 45fibres
filament 200staple 200
finite resources 7, 113fire resistant 58first angle projection 263first order lever 72flame
retardants 58, 202hardening 233resistant 58
flat follower 75flat pack furniture 159flax 200, 203fleece 200flexibility 107flocking 198flow soldering 230flyer 141flywheel 40FMS 23foam core board 83focus group 239foil lined board 82folding 108
paper 136follower 74footprint
carbon 111, 120ecological 112social 112
forces 102bending 104compression 103shear 104tension 102torsion 103
former 157, 207fossil fuels 33Foster, Norman 247fracking 33fractional distillation 180freehand sketching 257, 259frequency 67frosting 198FSC 150fulcrum 71functionality 266fur 200furnace 88, 163furnishings 211Fused Deposition Modelling 192fusibility 80
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AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index
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Ggalvanizing 179Gap 251gas 33gathering 209gauge 167, 185gears 38
driven 76idler 76train 75
generator 32, 37, 40glass reinforced plastic (GRP) 55global warming 11, 150go/no go 161Gore-Tex 56granules
polymer 186graphene 14, 46graphic design 245graphite 46graphs 241greenhouse 111green timber 147grid paper 82gsm 134
Hhand tools 176hank 204hardboard 149hardening 177hardness 80hardwood 84Harry Thaler 109harvesting 114headstock 172health and safety 282Health and Safety at Work Act 113Health and Safety Executive 113heart shaped cam 74hertz 67hides 199hierarchy of sustainability 119high density polyethylene 92High Impact Polystyrene 92high speed steel 90hinges
plastic 187wood 154
Honda ASIMO 255housing 224hydraulics 39hydrocarbons 181hydroelectric 35hydrographic printing 198
Iinclusive design 18industrial design 249industrial revolution 2injection moulding 195ink jet card 83
innovation 266input components 62integrated circuit 64, 220interfacing 97, 107
fusible 108sew-in 108
interlocking 98interviews 239, 254intuitive design 256investigation 238, 252iron ore 163ISO 134isometric projection 261Issigonis, Alec 249iterative design 238, 255, 256
Jjig 125, 279job roles 15joint 158joint overlap 275Juicy Salif 253Just In Time 11, 24
KKaizen 11Kamikatsu 123kerf 155
laser cutting 197Kevlar 57, 58, 200kiln-drying 147kinetic energy 40Kinetic Energy Recovery System 40Kirigami 137knife edged follower 75knitted yarns 98knock-down fittings 153
Llacquer 179laminating 107, 138
paper 146plastics 190textiles 205wood 148, 157
lamp 63landfill 123larch 86Laser cutter 197laser sintering 192lathe 157
CNC 160, 177metals 172
layout paper 82LCD 46LDR 62, 69lead time 125leaflet 141lean manufacturing 11, 24LED 63, 68
lever 71classes 72
Life Cycle Assessment 8, 11, 27, 117, 183
line bending 190linen 203linkage 72
bell crank 73crank and slider 73parallel motion 73push/pull 73reverse motion 73treadle 74
lithography 144litmus paper 54London Underground 245low carbon steel 89Low density Polyethylene 92lubrication 233LunaTik 5LYCRA 95
Mmachine screws 168, 186Mackintosh, Charles Rennie 248magnitude 71mahogany 85malleability 80manufactured board 149, 160manufactured timber 84manufacturing specification 242market
pull 14research 25, 239share 26testing 258
marketability 267marking out 135, 277, 278mass production 126material
costing 264management 276properties 80protection 284requirements 277
mathematical modelling 264McQueen, Alexander 246MDF 87, 148
flexible 44measurements
human 240measuring 277mechanical advantage 71mechanical devices 70melamine formaldehyde 93metal foam 48metals 88
ferrous 88non-ferrous 89
microcontroller 64, 68, 223microencapsulation 59microfibres 59
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AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index 293
I
microns 134MIG 174mild steel 88milling 173
CNC 177metals 177
Mini 249miniaturisation 120, 228minimum wage 113mining 115, 163model construction 265modelling 257, 264
breadboard 265CAD 265card 265toile 265
modifications 267monomers 180monostable 65Morris, William 246motor vehicles 229mouldings 152mountboard 132movement 70
linear 70oscillating 70reciprocating 70rotary 70
muscle wire 51muslin 96
Nnails 153nanomaterials 47nanotechnology 47natural fibres 94natural resources 7nesting 277net 110, 137newsprint 132nimby 34Nitinol 51Nomex 58, 200non-destructive testing 257non-ferrous 88, 89non-finite resources 7non-woven textiles 97nuclear 34, 37nuts 168nylon 95, 200
polyamide 184
Ooak 85oblique projection 261offset lithography 144oil 33one-off production 124open loop 60ore 88, 163oriented strand board 149origami 137
orthographic projection 263oscillating
motion 70output 66
output 63output components 63outsourcing 283oxidisation 89, 285
Ppainting 162, 286
plastic 198Pantone 144paper 81paper sizes 134parallel motion 73Paris agreement 118parison 196Parley 244patent 5patina 89pattern 125, 279
fabric alignment 214metal casting 173repeat 279
PCB 216PCB lacquering 233PCL 184pear cam 74PEFC 150people 13percentiles 241perforate 135peripheral interface controller 65, 223perspective 261PH 54PHB 43, 184phenol formaldehyde 93photochromic
particles 50pigments 50
photoresist PCB 217, 231PIC 65, 223pick and place assembly 230piezoelectric 53pig iron 164pigments
photochromic 50thermochromic 49
pine 86pins 153, 280pipeline 116piping 210
fabric trim 210metal tube 166polymer tube 185
pitch 167pivot 71PLA 43, 184place of work 4planed all round 147, 151planks 147
planned obsolescence 25, 122plastics
thermoforming 92thermosetting 93
pleating 209ply
fabric 205paper 133
plywood 87pneumatics 39POÄNG chair 107polarity 61pole 61polishing
metals 179polymers 189
pollution 11, 34atmospheric 118oceanic 118
polyamide 95, 200poly-cotton 96polyester 95polyester resin 93polyethylene terephthalate 92polyhydroxy-butyrate 43polylactic acid 43, 184polymerisation 180polymers
thermoforming 91thermosetting 91
polymer seating 194Polymorph 48, 184polypropylene 92polyvinyl chloride 92poplin 96portfolio 259potential energy 40powder coating 179power generation 32Pozidriv 152PPE 282, 287presentation of data 241Pressed chair 109pressing 175press stud 205pressure switch 62Primark 251primary data 238printing 145
3D 192discharge 214fabric 213heat transfer 198, 215hydrographic 198mordant 214resist 214
processing yarn 200product analysis 239production
batch 125continuous 126mass 126one-off 124
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AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index
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product miles 117properties
physical 80working 80
prototype 4, 124, 192, 212, 265, 267
provenance 150pulley 76
block and tackle 76pulp 130Puma 20punching 175push/pull 73push to break 62push to make 62PVC fabric 205
Qquality control
electronics 231metals 178papers and boards 144plastics 197textiles 214wood 161
Quant, Mary 246Quantum Tunnelling Composite 52quartz 53quenching 177questionnaires 239, 254quilting 210QWERTY 240
Rradioactive 34, 37rag paper 81recordings 264recover 123recycle 28, 111, 122recycling
batteries 219metals 165paper 131PCBs 219plastics 183primary 121secondary 121tertiary 122timber 87
reduce 120redundancy 223reel 204refining 164, 180refuse 119registration marks 144reinforcing 105religious groups 20renewable energy 34repair 121research 252resin 193resistors 221
resourcesfinite 7, 33natural 9non-finite 7
rethink 120reusable 28reuse 121reverse motion 73RGB 143Rietveld, Gerrit 248rip-stop 96risk assessment 283rivet 106, 168robotics 3, 23roll
paper 133roller follower 75rollers 131Rossi, Aldo 248rot 123, 285rotary systems 74rotational moulding 195rough sawn 147, 151routing 160rubberising 198rust 179, 285
Ssafe working conditions 113sanding
metals 171plastics 189wood 156
sawingmetals 171plastics 188wood 155
scales of production 124schematics 262score 110, 135screen printing 213screws 186
machine 168wood 152
seals 140seam allowance 275seasoning 147secondary data 239second order lever 72sectional view 263selection of materials 270self-healing polymers 52selvedge 96sensor 61sewing 208shale gas 33shape memory alloy 51shear force 104shears 206sheet
metal 167paper 133plastic 182, 185
silk 95sinkholes 115SI units 277six Rs 119sizing 130, 145sketching 257slag 163slash and burn 114slivers 201smart materials 49snail cam 74social
challenge 244footprint 112media 5, 6
society 18softwood 84, 86, 150solar 35soldering 225, 226solid white board 83solvent cement 193Sottsass, Ettore 248sources
metals 163papers and boards 130polymers 180textiles 199timber 147
speaker 63specification 242spinning 200sportswear 211spot varnishing 146spruce 86stabilisers 182stainless steel 90stain protection 215standard mouldings 152staple fibres 200Starck, Philippe 245, 253static load 102steam 32, 157steel 88, 164, 176stereolithography 192stiffening 107stiffness 104stitching 208stock forms
metals 166papers and boards 133plastics 185textiles 204timber 151
strength 80stress 102, 240stripboard 216strut 103studding 166subsystems 60subtasks 60surface
mining 115mount technology 230
AQA
GCSE
(9-1
) DES
IGN
AND
TECH
NOLO
GY IN
DEX
AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index 295
I
surface (cont.)preparation 286treatments 284
sustainability 7metals 165papers and boards 131plastics 182textiles 202timber 150
switches 62synthetic fibres 95systems 60
approach 255closed loop 60diagram 60, 262open loop 60
Ttailstock 172tallow 17tanalising 161tanning 199technical textiles 56technology
emerging 2technology push 13, 26tempering 177template 125, 279Templier, Raymond 248tension 102Tesla 229tessellation 277testing 257Tetra Pak 142textile design 246textiles 94
animal-based natural fibres 95animal sources 199chemical sources 200felt 97mixed fibres 96plant-based natural fibres 94raw materials 199synthetic fibres 95vegetable sources 200woven 96
thermal conductivity 80thermistor 62thermochromic pigments 49thermoforming plastics 91, 181thermosetting plastics 91, 181third angle projection 263third order lever 72thread 167throw 61
tidal energy 35tie 103Tiffany, Louis Comfort 249TIG 174timber
conversion 147manufactured 84natural 84
timer555 65
tin 90tissue paper 132titanium 44, 48tjanting 206toggle switch 62toile 265tolerance
component 222material 161
toolsmarking and cutting out 279specialist 281
tool steel 89tooth pitch 155torsion 103Torx 152toughness 80tracing paper 82trademark 5transportation 117treadle linkage 74trends 15, 26TTL 220turbines 32, 37turning 172
metals 177wood 157, 160
twill weave 201twisting 147, 201two-point perspective 261
UUnder Armour 251underground mining 115upcycle 121updates 26upgrades 26urea formaldehyde 93, 194user-centred design 254UV degradation 285UV exposure
PCB manufacture 232UV varnishing 146
Vvacuum forming 191vanishing point 261varnish 162Velcro 205veneer 87, 148verdigris 89vinyl decals 198virtual
marketing 6retail 6
voltage 220
Wwarp 96, 98, 201Wassily Chair 247waste
disposal 9nuclear 34reduction 11
wastingmetals 171plastics 189wood 156
wave soldering 231wax batik 206weave
plain 96, 201twill 201
weavingcommercial 212
webbing 107WEEE 123, 219weft 96, 98, 201welding
metals 174plastics 193
Westwood, Vivienne 247wind 34wooden toys 159wood joints 158wood pulp 81woodscrews 152wool 95working conditions 113working drawing 263
Yyarn 200, 201, 204
ZZara 251zinc 90zip 205
8552 (9-1) Specification mapAQA GCSE
3.1 Core technical principles
New and emerging technologies Un
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3.1.1 New and emerging technologies
Energy, materials, systems and devices
3.1.2 Energy storage and generation 3.1.3 Developments in new materials 3.1.4 Systems approach to designing 3.1.5 Mechanical devices
Materials and their working properties 3.1.6 Materials and their working properties
3.2 Specialist technical principles
Common specialist technical principles
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3.2.2 Forces and stresses 3.2.3 Ecological and social footprint 3.2.7 Scales of production
Specialist material areas
3.2.1 Selection of materials or components Materials covered in Units 5A-F
Papers and boards
Timber based materials
Metal based materials
Polymers
Textile based materials
Electronic and
mechanical systems
3.2.4 Sources and origins
3.2.5 Using and working with materials
3.2.6 Stock forms, types and sizes
3.2.8 Specialist techniques and processes
3.2.9 Surface treatments and finishes
The content in each section of the textbook covers the same specification points as the corresponding downloadable
teaching unit, e.g. Section 1 complements Unit 1.
3.3 Designing and making principles
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3.3.1 Investigation, primary and secondary data 3.3.2 Environmental, social and economic challenge 3.3.3 The work of others 3.3.4 Design strategies 3.3.5 Communication of design ideas 3.3.6 Prototype development
Making principles
3.3.7 Selection of materials and components 3.3.8 Tolerances 3.3.9 Material management
3.3.10 Specialist tools and equipment 3.3.11 Specialist techniques and processes
Design andTechnology
AQA GCSE (9-1)
This book provides detailed and concise coverage of all the topics covered in the new AQA 8552 Design and Technology (9-1) specification, written and presented in a way that is accessible to teenagers and easy to teach from. It can be used both as a course text and as a revision guide for students nearing the end of their course.
It is divided into 12 sections covering every element of the specification. Sections 5A to 5F of the textbook cover each of the specialist technical areas. These sections would complement practical classroom experience.Each chapter containsrelevant questions and exercises from past papers, which can be set as homework. Answers to allthese are available to teachersonly, in a Teachers Supplementwhich can be ordered fromour websitewww.pgonline.co.uk
About the authorMike Ross has 16 years’ experience teaching Design and Technology in secondary schools in the state and private sectors. He has been Head of Technology for 13 years and has taught and overseen all Design and Technology disciplines at GCSE as well as A level Product Design for both Resistant Materials and Graphics specialisms. He has also taught Electronics at GCSE and A level. He has a BEd degree in Secondary Design and Technology Teaching.
Cover picture:‘Stony Sunrise’Paper and acrylic on masonite,90x45x3cm © Amy Genser 2015www.nummer40.com
This book has been approved by AQA.
ISBN: 978-1-910523-10-0
