APUSH REVIEW. Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization? Missionaries...

APUSH REVIEW

Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization?MissionariesEnclosure MovementLarge Groups of Displaced People Improved technology and knowledge of navigation

CaravelStable-Nation StatesPolitical rivalriesReligious dissentGood European marketsEuropean Hubris/SuperiorityWanted to bypass Middle EastBreak Italian Monopoly of CitiesCatholic v. Protestant

Sailors and ExplorersWanted to find a water route to Asia! Identify the Explorer and the Country they found.SPAIN:

Economendia Gold, God and GloryConvert to Catholicism

FRANCE:Trade with IndianJesuits

ENGLAND:Remove IndiansPuritansGold1st American colony that failed, Roanoke 1590

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America?Martin Luther

ProtestantismFaith=salvation

John Calvin“Institutes of the Christian Religion” 1536Predestination

The Elect-Chosen by GodVisible Saints-Conversion experience

God is all powerfulHumans as weak and filled with Original Sin

**Calvinism drove the will of the puritans to establish a religiously pure colony in America**

**Most of the early Americans were protestant**

Why was the Protestant Reformation ultimately responsible for creating America? CHURCH OF ENGLAND

King Henry VIII Broke with Catholic church

Church of England/Anglican church created Puritans: protestants who wanted to purify the Anglican Church

Remove ALL Catholic elements Separatists: extreme group, broke completely with the church. Separatists left Britain for Holland to practice Calvinism

Led by John Robinson Made about “Dutchification” of babies.

Secured rights with Virginia company Mayflower-102 people

Mayflower Compact: Majority Rule 1st Winter bad Saved by Squanto (Thanksgiving 1621) Success: William Bradford.

CON

T

Protestantism became the defining characteristic of American Culture…-Work Ethic-Democratically Structured Churches-Religious toleration

How were the Puritan immigrants important to the growth of democracy in the New World?Congregation Church in MBCManhood Suffrage in Rhode IslandFundamental Order in Connecticut River

Colony

What was the significance of the New England Confederation? And the major effects of the Dominion of New England?

NEC: First steps toward colonial unity.DNE: Puritan influence permanently

reduced.Common revolutionary sentiment

throughout the colonies.

Similarities Among the 13 Colonies?Mostly EnglishAnglo-SaxonSelf-Government (Not all Democratic)Religious toleration (to some degree)Educational OpportunitiesProvided unusual advantages for economic

and social self-development

SOUTHERN COLONY: VIRGINIA FOUNDED BY: LONDON COMPANY YEAR:1607 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

BUSINESS POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS:

SHAKY START TOBACCO HEADRIGHT SYSTEM HOUSE OF BURGESSES BACON’S REBELLION SINGLE MEN ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT INDENTURED SERVANTS 1ST POWHATAN WAR 1610-1614 2ND POWHATAN WAR 1622-1632

SOUTHERN COLONY: MARYLANDFOUNDED BY: LORD BALTIMORE (GEORGE

CALVERT)YEAR: 1634REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

REFUGE FOR BRITISH CATHOLICSBUSINESS VENTURE

POPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:

CATHOLIC HAVENACT OF TOLERATIONKNOWN FOR TOBACCO NO STARVING TIME

SOUTHERN COLONY: CAROLINAS FOUNDED BY:

NORTH: VIRGINIA SQUATTERS SOUTH: EIGHT ENGLISH NOBLES

YEAR: NORTH: 1653 SOUTH: 1670

REASONS FOR FOUNDING: NORTH: OVERFLOW FROM VIRGINIA SOUTH: BUSINESS VENTURE

POPULATION: BRITISH CHARACTERISTICS:

NORTH SEPARATED FROM SOUTH IN 1691 SOUTH: PROPRIETARY COLONY (AWARD FROM CHARLES II TO LOYAL

SUPPORTERS) CLOSE TIES WITH THE CARABEANS RICE CARLESTOWN BAD TO NATIVE AMERICANS

SOUTHERN COLONY: GEORGIAFOUNDED BY: JAMES OGELETHORPEYEAR: 1733REASONS FOR FOUNDING:DEBTORS

COLONY AND BUFFER ZONEPOPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:

ENJOYED ROYAL SUBSIDIES DUE TO ITS IMPORTANCE AS A BUFFER ZONE.

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: MASSACHUSETTS

FOUNDED BY:MASSACHUSETTS BAY CO (JOINTSTOCK) YEAR: 1620,1623,1629 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

BUSINESS/RELIGION FISHING/TRADING CITY ON A HILL

POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITAN CHARACTERISTICS:

MAYFLOWER COMPACT (Plymouth) CHARTER COLONIES (MASS.BAY AND MAINE) MASS. BUYS MAIN IN 1677, AND MERGES WITH PLYMOUTH FISHING AND TRADING SMALL FARMS WHEAT AND CORN SALEM WITCH TRIALS FAMILY BASED MALE DOMINATED ANN HUTCHISON AND ROGER WILLIAMS

ANTINOMIANISM TOWN HALLS GREAT MIGRATION 1631 TO BOSTON

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: CONNECTICUT

FOUNDED BY: THOMAS HOOKER AND MASS. DISSENTERS

YEAR: 1635, 1638REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

FISHING TRADINGSMALL FARMSSEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

POPULATION: ENGLISH PURITANCHARACTERISTICS:

FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS: 1ST WRITEN CONSTITUTION

SELF GOVERNING

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: RHODE ISLAND

FOUNDED BY: ROGER WILLIAMS AND MASS. DISSENTERS

YEAR: 1636REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

RELIGIOUS TOLERATIONSECULAR GOVERNMENTTREATMENT OF INDIANS


RELIGIOUS TOLERATIONSEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATEFAIR TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANSSIMPLE MALEHOOD SUFFRAGE

NEW ENGLAND COLONY: NEW HAMPSHIRE

FOUNDED BY: JOHN MASON 1623YEAR: 1623REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

FISHING TRADING

POPULATION:ENGLISH

CHARACTERISTICS:ABSORVED BY MASS. FROM 1641-1679BELIEVED IN BASIC INDUSTRY SMALL FARMS

MIDDLE COLONY: NEW YORK FOUNDED BY: DUTCH

HENRY HUDSON NEW NETHERLANDS (PETER MINUIT) NEW AMSTERDAM PETER STUYVESANT

YEAR: 1664 REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

FUR TRADING COMMERCE

POPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN CHARACTERISTICS: DUTCH CULTURE NY CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES LEISLER’S REBELLION DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND PORT/COMMERCIAL CENTER LARGE ESTATES ALONG THE HUDSON

MIDDLE COLONY: NEW JERSEYFOUNDED BY: JOHN BERKELEY AND GEORGE

CARTERETYEAR: 1664REASONS FOR FOUNDING:

BUSINESS VENTUREREWARD FROM JAMES IIQUAKER SETTLEMENT


PROPRIETARY COLONYSPLIT INTO EAST AND WEST JERSEYDOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

MIDDLE COLONY: PENNSYLVANIAFOUNDED BY: WILLIAM PENNYEAR: 1681REASONS FOR FOUNDING: HAVEN FOR

QUAKERSPOPULATION: NORTHERN EUROPEAN

(DIVERSITY)CHARACTERISTICS:

PROPRIETARY COLONYRELIGIOUSLY TOLERANTRECRUITED SETTLERS FROM ACROSS EUROPEEQUITABLE TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANSIMPORTANT PORT

MIDDLE COLONY:DELAWAREFOUNDED BY: SWEDISH FUR TRAPPERSYEAR: 1682REASONS FOR FOUNDING: FUR TRADEPOPULATION: BRITISHCHARACTERISTICS:

ABSORVED BY DUTCH NEW NETHERLANDS, THEN BY BRITISH

HARBORED MANY QUAKERS

SOUTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE

- DOMINATED BY RICE AND TOBACCO

- SLAVERY AND INDENTURED SERVANTS

- SMALL POPULATION- CHURCH OF

ENGLAND- PLANTATION

ECONOMY- SOME RELIGIOUS

TOLERATION- ½ OF ALL BORN IN

VIRGINIA DID NOT LIVE PAST 20

- HOUSE OF BURGESSES

- MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION

- BACON’S REBELLION- POWHATAN WAR

- SLAVERY- ROYAL AFRICAN CO.- SLAVE CODES- CULTURE- PLANTATION

OWNERS- SMALL FAMERS- LANDLESS WHITES- INDENTURED

SERVANTS- ARISTROCRATIC

MIDDLE COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE

- PURITANISM- GREAT LAND FOR

FARMING- FEWER INDUSTRIES- ETHNICALLY DIVERSE- QUAKERS- FARMING- LUMBERING- SHIP BUILDING - TRADE AND FUR

TRAPPING- BREAD BASKET- IMPORTANT

COMMERCIAL CENTER

- BROAD FERTILE LAND

- SLOW FLOWING RIVERS

- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

- LEISTERS REBELLION

- POPULATION ETHNICALLY MIXED

- RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT

- PATROONSHIP- DEMOCRATIC

NORTHERN COLONIESCHARACTERISTICS MAJOR EVENTS CLASS STRUCTURE

- MERCANTILLISM- NAVIGATION LAWS- HARVARD- MASSACHUSETTS

SCHOOL OF LAW- PURITANS- LESS RELIGIOUSLY

TOLERANT- RESTRICTIONS ON

CIVIL PARTICIPATION

- PEQUOT WAR 1636-1637

- KING PHILIPS’ WAR- MAYFLOWER

COMPACT- FUNDAMENTAL

ORDER OF CONNECTICUT

- SALEM WITCH TRIALS

- DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

- PURITANS- TOWNHALL

MEETINGS- INDUSTRY- FAIR TO NATIVE

AMERICANS- MERCANTALISM

EVENTS THAT FOSTERED THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL IN ENGLISH

COLONIES?1619: FORMATION OF THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES1620: SIGNING OF MAYFLOWER COMPACT1629: NEW ENGLAND TOWNHALL MEETING1628 AND 89: PETITION OF RIGHTS AND BILL OF RIGHTS

COLONIA GOVERNEMNT AND CONTROL OF PURSE1639: FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT1643: NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION1649: PASSING OF MARYLAND ACT OF TOLERATION1676: BACON’S REBELLION1683: NEW YORK CHAPTER OF LIBERTIES1691: LESILER’S REBELLION1734: ZENGER CASE1713-1763: ERA OF “SALUTARY NEGLECT”1720-90: THE ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANCE IN AMERICAFRANCE LATE TO NEW WORLD

EDICT OF NANTESQUEBEC IN 1608

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAINGOVERNMENT

CROWN RULED AUTOCRATICALLYBUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE

AMERICANSBEAVER TRADETRADING POSTS IN MISSISSIPPI

EMPIRES COLLIDEENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH1688-1763

KING WILLIAMS WARQUEEN ANNE’S WARTREATY OF UTRECHT

SALUTARY NEGLECTKING GOERGE’S WAR

WAR OF JENKIN’S EAR AND AUSTRIAN SUCCESSIONPEACE TREATY 1748

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR1754-1763: 7 YEARS WAROHIO VALLEYOHIO MISSION: WASHINGTONTRIGGERED A WORLD WARALBANY CONGRESSALBANY PLAN FOR UNIONBRITISH: GENERAL BRADDOCK

WILLIAM PITTBATTLE OF QUEBEC (1760)BATTLE OF PLAIN OF ABRAHAM (1759)PEACE OF PARIS (1763)

REBELLIONCHIEF PONTIAC’S REBELLIONPROCLAMATION OF 1763

Today:Leading to the RevolutionRevolutionAOCWashingtonAdams

Early “Rebels” in MBCQuakersAnne HutchinsonRoger Williams

Liberty of ConscienceHalf-Way CovenantSalem Witch Trials

Road to Revolution

Grenville

Stamp Act

Sugar Act

1760 1763

Treaty of Paris

Pontiac’s War

Proclamation of 1763

1764 1765 1766 1767 1770 1772

Stamp Act Repealed

Declaratory Act

Gaspee

Quartering ActThe Road to

Revolution

Writs of Assistance

Townshend Acts

Townshend

Currency Act

Boston Massacre

Towns-hend Acts Repealed

Committees of Correspondence

Consequences of the French and Indian WarTreaty of Paris of 1763

France forfeits all its land in North America (except islands at entrance to St. Lawrence)

American colonists feel less need for Britain**Chief Pontiac led a pre-emptive war to keep

British/colonists out of the Ohio River ValleyBritish post 10,000 troops in the colonies

Britain refuses to recognize land claims west of the Appalachians: Proclamation of 1763Colonists resent the “slow-growth” policy

George Grenville’s ProgramGrenville: PM from April 1763 to July 1765Grenville’s fiscal goal in the colonies:

Raise revenue to pay part of the costs of British troops stationed in America

The Sugar Act, 5 April 1764Reorganized customs system to enforce trade laws

The Currency Act, 19 April 1764The Stamp Act, 22 March 1765The Quartering Act, 24 March 1765

Writs of AssistanceOpen-ended search warrantsImposed by Mass. Royal governor to end smuggling,

especially with French West IndiesWar measureThey signal definitive end to salutary neglectChallenged by Mass. merchants (James Otis)“Act against the Constitution is void”Lost the case, but set a philosophical precedent

Sugar Act, 5 April 1764Amended the Molasses Act of 1733 to raise revenue

Lowered tariff on non-British sugar so colonists would pay it instead of smuggling: 6 to 3 pence

Expanded the enumerated goods: Items that had to be exported to BritainHoped to increase British imports on returning ships

Placed a heavy tax on Portuguese winePreviously tax free

Sugar Act, continuedExpanded and complicated shipping rules

Made compliance very difficultChanged procedures for trying smugglers

Cases heard in vice-admiralty courts in Halifax, Nova Scotia

No jury trial: Judge decided the case (Got 5 percent of confiscated cargo)

Defendants’ guilt assumed, had to prove innocence

Reaction to the Sugar Act

Nine provincial legislatures formally protested the act, but opposition was fragmented and ineffective

Still an external taxGreatest burden fell on the shipping colonies

Massachusetts, New York, and PennsylvaniaColonists continued to smuggle non-British sugar until

Britain lowered the tariff to 1 penny in 1766

Currency Act, 19 April 1764

Prohibited the issuance of paper Made England the “central bank” for the colonial

economyPinched the money supply of the coloniesEnsured payment of colonial debts in stable

currencies: gold, silver or British pound notes

Stamp Act, 22 March 1765

Revenue-raising actFirst internal tax imposed on the colonies

Intended to partially defray the costs of British troops in North America

Required colonists to use stamped paper for newspapers, playing cards, and various legal and business documents

Affected a large number of colonistsScheduled to go into effect 1 November 1765

Reaction to the Stamp ActProtests by colonial legislaturesBoycotts of British goods

Spinning beesHomespun clothesCoffee instead of tea

Non-Importation Agreements (Merchants)Intimidation and violence

Sons of Liberty

Reaction to the Stamp ActStamp Act Congress, Oct. 1765 in New York

Nine colonies represented“Declaration of Rights and Grievances”

Arguments against the Stamp Act:Parliament had no right to impose internal, direct taxes

on the coloniesNo taxation without representation

Counter-argument: “Virtual representation”Colonists refused to use the stamps on Nov. 1

Stamp Act RepealedJan. 1766, William Pitt denounced the Stamp Act;

support for repeal grewFeb. 1766, Benjamin Franklin testified before

Parliament for repeal of the Stamp ActColonial boycotts and non-importation hurt the British

economyUnemployment increasedMerchant bankruptcies rose

March 1766, King George repealed Stamp Act

Declaratory ActPassed on same day as repeal of the Stamp ActAsserted Parliament’s power to legislate laws

governing the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Quartering Act, 24 March 1765Required colonists to pay the expense of housing and

feeding British troopsOnly affected 5 colonies but deeply resentedNew York refused to complyTension with British soldiers broke out in armed

meleesJune 1767: New York Suspending Act nullified NY

laws after 1 October 1767New York complied in June 1767

Charles Townshend’s ProgramTownshend: Chancellor of the Exchequer from Aug.

1766 to Sept. 1767 (died)William Pitt is PM, but in poor health: Townshend is in

chargeTownshend’s goal in the colonies:

Increase British controlRaise revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and

judges New York Suspending Act, June 1767Townshend Revenue Acts, 29 June 1767American Board of Customs Commissioners, June 1767

Townshend Revenue ActsRevenue raising actsTownshend returned to an indirect, external taxModest tariff imposed on consumables (paper, paint,

lead, glass) and tea

Reaction to Townshend ActsMild reaction until John Dickinson’s Letters from a

Farmer in PennsylvaniaIndirect/direct tax not important: Intent of the tax made it

legal or illegalNo right to tax the colonies for revenue

British reaction to Sam Adams’ Circular Letter galvanized colonial resistanceBoycotts, non-importation agreements, legislative

protests, intimidation, violenceBritish sent 1,700 troops to Boston in October 1768 to

enforce the Townshend duties

Boston Massacre

Anger at customs officials and British troops had grown since 1767, especially in Boston

5 March 1770, an angry Boston mob taunted (and pelted) British troops at the customs office

Soldiers opened fire: 5 killed, 6 injuredSam Adams spun the incident into a “massacre”John Adams defended the soldiers: Received light

sentences

Townshend Acts RepealedTownshend died suddenly in 1767: Lord North

replaced Pitt as PM in 1770North favored repeal of Townshend Acts to stop

economic damage of colonial boycottsNorth wanted to retain the tea tax on principle:

Parliament could tax the coloniesApril 1770, Parliament repealed Townshend duties,

except on tea Most colonial boycotts/non-importation end

Burning of the Gaspee, 9 June 1772Example of the anger toward corrupt customs officials

in the coloniesGaspee, a customs schooner notorious for its abuses,

stuck in the mud off Providence, RILocal citizens boarded the vessel at night and burned it

to the waterlineCommission sent to investigateSuspects to be tried in Britain: No one arrested

Committees of Correspondence, 1772Had been used previously to educate and organize

resistance to the Stamp ActNow used on a pan-colonial scaleBegan in Boston, spread to New England and then to

the other coloniesImportant step toward increasing political awareness

and unifying action in the colonies

Lord North, Prime Minister from 1770-1782

Quebec Act

Coercive Acts

1773

Boston Tea Party

1774 1775 1776

Lexington & Concord

Bunker Hill

The Road to Revolution

Tea Act Mass. declared in rebellion

First Continental Congress

Common Sense

Declaration of

Independence

Fort Ticon-deroga

2nd Continental Congress

Tea Act, Sept. 1773Designed to bail out East India CompanyGrants right to sell tea directly to colonial agents: Cuts

out British import housesRetains a 3-penny-per-pound duty on teaNet effect: Price of tea is lower, even with taxColonists protest on principle

Boston Tea Party, Dec. 1773Tea consignees condemned by Philadelphia, New

York, and CharlestonBostonians decide to send arriving tea back Royal Gov. Hutchinson says “no,” not without first

paying the dutyDec. 18: 8,000 Bostonians rally in Old South ChurchThat night, radicals dump 342 casks of tea into Boston

Harbor

Coercive Acts, March-May 1774Boston Port Bill: Closed port of Boston until Mass.

paid for tea plus the duties owed

Administration of Justice Bill: Made government officials immune from prosecution in colonial courts if accused of committing a crime in the course of their official duties

Coercive Acts, continuedMassachusetts Regulating Act

No town hall meetings without governor’s consentGovernor’s council to be appointed by the kingChief justice, superior judges, Attorney General, lower

judges, justice of the peace, and sheriffs to be appointed by the king, not elected

Quebec Act, May 1774

Recognized Catholicism in CanadaSet up royally appointed governing council and no

assemblyExtended the borders of French Canada to

the Ohio River and Mississippi River

First Continental Congress, Sept.-Oct. 1774

Met in Philadelphia55 delegates from all colonies but GeorgiaFirst encounter of the “Founding Fathers”Actions

The Association: Boycott all British goods after 12/1/74, and cease all exports after 9/1/75

Addressed a petition to the king: “Declaration and Resolves”

Agreed to meet again in May 1775 if Intolerable Acts had not been lifted

Mass. Declared in Rebellion,9 Feb. 1775

Henry Knox transports canons from Ft. Ticonderoga to Boston, Nov. 1775 - Jan. 1776

Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen capture Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, May 1775

First battle: Lexington & Concord, April 1775

Early Battles

Breeds Hill, June 1775

Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery invade Canada, Fall 1775

New New HampshireHampshire

New YorkNew YorkMassachusettsMassachusetts

VermontVermont

MaineMaine

QuebecQuebec

Picture Source: Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant. 12th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002, p. 153

2nd Continental Congress, May 1775Created a Continental Army: Appointed George

Washington to lead it, June 1775Olive Branch Petition to the king, July 1775

King rejects the petition, declares the colonies in rebellion, Aug. 1775

The Continental Congress would serve as the central government during the Revolutionary War

Declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms (Dickinson and Jefferson)Seen as the intermediate step towards the declaration of

Independence.

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine, published in January 1776The most important work for convincing Americans to

declare independenceBritain’s colonial policies were inconsistent; independence was

the only courseWhy should tiny England control a huge North America?King was nothing more than “royal brute of Great Britain”America had a sacred mission: moral obligation to set up an

independent democratic republic.Persuaded Congress to go all the way for independence

Part of a lively debate over independence in 1775-76

Sam Adams published leaked letters of Mass. Governor Thomas Hutchinson

Benjamin Franklin accused in Parliament of inciting rebellion in the coloniesFranklin had leaked Thomas Hutchinson’s letters to the

Massachusetts assemblyFranklin left England in 1770 and became an ardent

patriot

Road to Revolution Pretty Proclamation of 1763 Silly Stamp Act, 1765 Tammy Townsend Acts, 1767 Baked Boston Massacre, 1770 Tea Tea Act, 1773 Cookies Committees of Correspondence Inside “Intolerable Acts,” 1774 Freshly First Continental Congress Layered Lexington and Concord Spicy Second Continental Congress Dough Declaration of Independence

Loyalists V. Patriots Loyalists (Tories):

Colonists who fought for return to colonial rule; loyal to the king.

Usually conservative: educated and wealthy; fearful of “mob rule.”

Older generation apt to be loyalists; younger generation more revolutionary

King's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown

Anglican clergy and a large portion of their followers; most numerous of the loyalists (except in Virginia)

Well entrenched in aristocratic NY, Charleston, Quaker PA, and NJ.

Least numerous in New England Ineffective at gaining allegiance of

neutral colonists

Patriots: Sometimes called "Whigs" after

British opposition party American rebels who fought

both British soldiers and loyalists Most numerous in New England Constituted a minority movement More adept at gaining support

from colonials Financing: Robert Morris, “the

financier of the Revolution” helped Congress finance the war.

The Loyalist Exodus 1. Loyalists regarded by Patriots as traitors.

2. About 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled the colonies -- Estates confiscated and sold; helped finance the war 3. 50,000 fought for the British

Frontier Country

West raged throughout most of the war Indian allies of Britain attacked American frontier

positions 1777 known as "the Bloody Year" on the frontier

Westward movement continued despite treacherous war conditions (especially Kentucky)

Illinois country taken from the British George Rogers Clark

America During WAROver 250,000 American soldiers fought

10% who fought died; British captured and occupied most major cities

including Boston, NYC, and Philadelphia.

America During The War

War Economy: all of society became involved in the war.

Men with military experience volunteered for positions in the army.

Some merchants loaned money to the army and to Congress.

Most of the fighting was done by the poorest Americans

African Americans fought on both sides. Native Americas also fought with the British

America During the WarWomen in the War

Managed farms and businesses while men served in the army

Traveled with the Army as cooks and nurses. More politically active and expressed their thoughts

more freely.

Changes to SocietyMany conservative Loyalists no longer in

America; paved way for more democratic reforms in state governments.

Slavery issue Stronger emphasis on equalityEnd of primogeniture and entail before 1800.Separation of Church & State: Jefferson’s

Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom, 1786 State governments Indians no longer enjoyed British protection and

became subject to U.S. expansion westward. Women did not enjoy increased rights; idea of

“Republican Motherhood” took hold

Coming of the American RevolutionAct or Action

Purpose Provisions of Act

Colonial Reaction

British Reaction

Proclamation Line of 1763

-British hoped to pacify Indians in West-Pacification would reduce need for troops to battle Indians on Frontier

-Forbade settlement west of Appalachian Mountains-Everyone in the western region must return to the East

-Anger; colonists had fought French and Indian War to gain access to western region-Colonists continued to settle in the area.

-British repealed law with Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768-Moved line of permitted settlement farther to west.

Sugar Act 1764 Act passed to raise money for colonial defense

Duty on foreign molasses had been reduced but now would be enforced

Anger

Smuggling

Attempted to enforce tax

Stamp Act 1765 - Passed to raise money

- Same tax existed in GB

-Taxed dice, playing cards, newspapers, marriage licenses-Total of 50 items taxed

-Convened Stamp Act Congress-Petitioned the King-Urban riots-Boycotted goods-Viewed as an internal tax

Repealed law

Little money raised

Economy of Post War America

America suffered a depression during the 1780s.

Seizure of Loyalist holdings were moderately significant

Economic democracy preceded political democracy: land readily available and inexpensive.

Manufacturing was bolstered by non-importation agreements

Timeline…leading to 1789DATE 1777 1781 1782 1785 1786 1787

EVENT AOC forming

the “united” states

for ratification

AOC are

ratified

Congress

adopts the Great Seal of the U.S.

Adopts the

dollar as official

currency using a decimal system

(TJ created

it)

-Annapolis

(Maryland) Convention is held to discuss

U.S. trade

policies-Shays

Rebellion

-Northwest

Ordinance

-Constitutional

Convention

The Articles of Confederation

The Continental Congress served as the central government during the war

Delegates knew they needed a constitution to bind the states together

Formed a committee to draft “the form of confederation to be entered into. . .”Headed by John Dickinson (PA)Adopted 1777 but not ratified until

1781

Articles of ConfederationMaryland ratified the Articles when New York

pledged to abandon Congress promised to create new states from the territory

State ConstitutionsIn 1776 the Continental Congress recommended

the colonies form state governmentsBy 1780, all 13 had written constitutions

Most contained bills of rightsAll based on popular consentSuffrage limited to male land owners but voting

requirements were loweredThe States were reluctant to yield their new-won

powers: Memories of monarchy

Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation were a loose

organization of states in which the state legislators, represented in the federal congress, exercised sovereigntyEach state delegation given one vote in a

one house CongressImportant legislation required 2/3 approval

of statesAmendments needed unanimous approval

Factors for and against unity

Reasons for Unity among the states

Common language and culture

Linked geographically

Tradition of peaceful coexistence

Common goal during the war

Reasons for Disunity among the states

Strong loyalties to individual states

Little close contact between states due to poor roads and slow transportation

Economically independent

No common enemy after the war

Articles of ConfederationPowers given to Congress included:

Making lawsForeign relations: Making treaties and alliancesMaintaining an army and navyCoining money

The Articles of Confederation would prove too weak to deal with the needs of government of the new United States

Articles of ConfederationWeakness

No executive or judicial branchResult

No president to enforce laws; no federal courts to judge disputes between states or residents of different states


Congress did not have the power to tax

ResultCongress never had enough money to

run the government


Both states and Congress could issue money

ResultDebased currency; no national

currency


One state, one voteResult

States had authority in Congress disproportionate to population


Approval by 9 of 13 states required for laws and treaties, all 13 for amendments

ResultLegislation was cumbersome,

amendment virtually impossible


Congress could not regulate interstate commerceResult

States set up tariffs and taxes on each others’ products

To deal with interstate commercial battles, 9 states agreed to meet at Annapolis, MD in Sept. 1786. Called for a meeting at Philadelphia in May 1787 to

revise the Articles

Articles of ConfederationSuccesses of the Articles

Land Ordinance of 1785Northwest Ordinance of 1787Kept Republicanism alive: Held the states together,

even though imperfectly

Land Ordinance of 1785Acreage of the Old Northwest (modern-day

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan) should be sold; proceeds to pay national debt.

Region split into townships six miles square, split into 36 sections of 1 sq. mi. -- 16th section set aside to be sold for the benefit of public schools.

Contrasted with land south of the Ohio River where disorganized settlement was the rule.

Northwest OrdinanceOld Northwest regions would first begin as a territory,

subordinate to the fed. gov't. Territories would become a state when it had 60,000

inhabitants; equal status w/ other states. Significance: By not subordinating states, it ensured

peace between east & west. Bill was farsighted: principles were carried over to other

frontier areas. Forbade slavery in Old Northwest (north of the Ohio River.)

Major advantage gained by the North; future states would not be slave and thus ally themselves with the South.

Southerners could cross state lines and reclaim fugitive slaves.

Challenges to the New NationBritain closed West Indies ports to U.S.

to protect its merchantsSpain closed port of New Orleans to

U.S. preventing movement of products British violated Treaty of Paris by

maintaining military and trading posts on U.S. soilNo effort made to remove them

Shays’ RebellionAn uprising of Massachusetts farmers in

1786-87 against high taxes in the stateMassachusetts had trouble putting down the

rebellionSpotlighted the weakness and vulnerability of

the nationpropertied class feared that the Revolution had

created a "mobocracy." Many prominent citizens cried out for a stronger

central gov't.

Newburgh ConspiracyThe Newburgh Conspiracy was a plot hatched

in 1783 near the end of the American Revolutionary War

Resulting from the fact that many of the officers and men of the Continental Army had not received pay for many years.

Annapolis ConventionIn September 1786 Virginia called together the states

into a convention in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss the state of commerce in the country.

The current government, under the Articles of Confederation, had no power to regulate commerce or trade among states. Little was able to be accomplished, only five states, out of thirteen, showed up.

They did, however, suggest another conference in Philadelphia to discuss the problems in the current government.

Start the Philadelphia Convention

Constitutional ConventionEach state sent participants (except R.I.)

Leaders were all appointed by the state legislatures, whose members had been elected by voters who could qualify as property owners.

55 delegates convened on May 25, 1787 in the Philadelphia statehouse.

Most all were men of high prestige and conservative Jefferson, in Paris, called the group a "convention of demigods"

Strong anti-nationalists like Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Samuel Adams did not attend.

Washington elected chairman; presided over the convention. Notables present: Franklin, Hamilton, Madison

Sessions were held in complete secrecy Delegates did not want to advertise their dissension or give fuel

to the opposition.

LEADERS OF THE CONVENTION

George MasonWanted a weak central government and more

democratic rule!Author of the Virginia Declaration of

RightsHe withheld his signature from the United

States Constitution, because it did not abolish the slave trade.

LEADERS OF THE CONVENTIONJames Madison

The man in the middleThe father of the constitution

In Congress, he helped frame the Bill of Rights and enact the first revenue legislation.

No one got what they wanted!

Virginia Plan“Large-State Plan”Written by MadisonRepresentation in both

houses of bicameral Congress should be based on population“proportional representatio

n”Larger States would thus

have a political advantage.

New Jersey Plan“Small-State Plan”“Equal representation” in

a unicameral Congress by states regardless of size and population

Weaker states feared that under Virginia’s plan strong states would band together and dominate the rest

“THE GREAT COMPROMISE”BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE

HOUSE BASED ON POPULATIONREQUIRES CENSUS EVERY TEN YEARSREAPPORTIONMENTSmaller states conceded representation by

population in the House of RepresentativesSENATE EQUAL REPRESENTATION (TWO PER

STATE)Larger states conceded equal representation

in the state.Every tax bill would originate in the House since big

states would have to bear a larger burden of taxation.Large States benefited more from the

compromise.

MORE COMPROMISES3/5TH COMPROMISE= THE COUNTING OF

SLAVES FOR HOUSE SEATSArt. I, Sec. II, para. 3North said slaves should not be counted as citizensSouth said their smaller population would lead to North

Domination.The Electoral College: the indirect election of the

president!Each state gets electoral equal to number of seats in

congress.Majority electoral vote selects the president.

MOREExtension of the African Slave Trade 20 years

Trade man in 1808Most states wanted to immediately end the

importation of slaves1779 all states but deep South had outlawed the

importation of slavesSC/GA: Need slave labor for rice production.

Indirect election of senators.Federal judges appointed not elected.

Washington Inaugurated PresidentWashington unanimously drafted as president

by the Electoral College in 1789 – only Presidential nominee ever to be honored unanimously. Many believe Congress was willing to give the

presidency power due to Washington's immense respectability

Took oath of office on April 30, 1789 in temporary capital of NYC. John Adams sworn in as vice president

Washington's cabinet Precedent: Consulting of cabinet members (department

heads) in order to make decisions. Constitution does not mention a cabinet The cabinet has become an integral part of the

"unwritten constitution." In the beginning, only three full-fledged department

heads existed: Secretary of State -- Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury -- Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War -- Henry Knox Edmund Randolph--Attorney General; became the

4th major cabinet member after passage of Judiciary Act of 1789.

Cabinet characterized by bickering between Hamilton and Jefferson

Judiciary Act of 1789

It established a Supreme Court of six justices, a Chief Justice, and five Associate Justice. (John Jay the 1st Chief Justice)

It provided for 13 District Courts and three Circuit Courts.

It established the office of Attorney General (Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General, head of the Justice department)

Part of this law will be important in Marbury v. Madison Case of 1803

Bill of Rights ratifiedOne of first priorities facing the new government Amendments to the Constitution could be

achieved two ways.Federalists feared that another constitutional

convention might reverse their victory

Bank of the United States EstablishedA central federal depository established to

promote interstate commerce and contribute to the nation’s economic growth

It helped maintain a uniform currency, made loans, and encouraged overseas trade with Europe.

The bank’s backing came largely from the private sector.

HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLANFoundation of Hamilton's financial plan was a Bank of

the United States -- Washington requested written opinions from Jefferson & Hamilton

Provisions: Gov't would be the major stockholder despite bank being a

private stock corp. Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus moneys in the

bank Federal gov't would have a convenient safe. Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in

circulation. Government would print urgently needed paper money thus

providing a sound & stable national currency.

Issues with BUSJefferson strongly opposed

the bank States' righters Moneyed interests would

benefit at the expense of farmers.

State banks would not be able to compete against federal bank.

Federal gov't did eventually enjoy a monopoly of surplus funds

Jefferson: Constitution did not stipulate creation of a nat’l bank.

Hamilton argued Constitution would support a plan for a national bank

loose construction “elastic clause”

"necessary & proper"

Whiskey RebellionWestern farmers refused to pay the excise tax

on whiskey which formed the backbone of Hamilton’s revenue program.

When a group of Pennsylvania farmers terrorized the tax collectors, President Washington sent out a federalized militia force of some 15,000 men, and the rebellion evaporated

Strengthening the credibility of the young government.

Neutrality ProclamationU.S. still obligated to France under the

Franco-American alliance of 1778 President Washington believed war should be

avoided at all costs Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France

Warned citizens to be impartial to both Britain & France

Citizen Genet CensuredFrench envoy/ profiteer undertook to entice

U.S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause and recruited Americans

Wrongly believed Neutrality Act did not truly reflect the wishes of Americans.

Suggested going over "Old Washington's" head by appealing to the voters.

Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced.

Jay’s Treaty with BritainJohn Jay negotiated a treaty with British which

attempted to settle the conflict at seaIn addition wanted to curtail English agitation of their

Indian allies on the western borders.The agreement actually settled few of the issues and

merely bought time for the new nation in the worsening international conflict.

Jay was severely criticized for his effortsHe was hanged in effigyBut the Senate accepted the treaty as the best

possible under the circumstances.

Pinckney’s Treaty with SpainThomas Pinckney was invited to the Spanish

court to strengthen what Madrid perceived to be her deteriorating position on the American Frontier.

The result was the Pinckney Treaty, ratified by the Senate in 1796 in which the Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic.

Including the right of deposit in the port city of New Orleans, and recognized the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida.

Treaty of Greenville with Ohio IndiansCleared 2/3 of Ohio and Indiana of Indian tribes.

Defeat of Indians on the Frontier Iroquois nation forced onto reservations in New

York & Pennsylvania after the Revolutionary war. Indians in Northwest and Southwest borders,

Shawnee and Miami tribes increasingly hostile toward Americans.

Defeat of Indians on the Frontier

General “Mad” Anthony Wayne finally led U.S. forces to victory in Old Northwest Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794 Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Eastern Woodlands Indians now saw their lifestyle ruined by increased competition for fur trade, white settlement, and ruining of hunting grounds. Forced westward, they came into increased conflict

with tribes west of Mississippi. A movement to regenerate Indian society swept

through the region and was led by certain Indian prophets but eventually failed due to continued American expansion.

Washington’s Farewell AddressHe had reluctantly accepted a second term when

his friends & advisors begged him to stay -- Unanimously reelected

Washington lost his nonpartisan standing when he became a Federalist

Refused to accept a third term as PresidentFarewell Address

Warned against evils of political parties -- partisan bitterness.

Warned against permanent foreign alliances (like treaty with France)

Jeffersonians angered that speech seemed to declare U.S. hostility toward France.

Isolationism became dominant U.S. foreign policy for next 100 years.

Washington's Precedents President came to rely on department heads

for advice & consult regularly with cabinet.Chief executive gained the right to choose his

own cabinet. Two-term office for president After Jay resigned, went outside the Supreme

Court to select new Chief Justice

Election of 1796 John Adams became the Federalist candidate:

experienced leader from Massachusetts. Democratic-Republicans gathered around

Thomas Jefferson Adams d. Jefferson 71 to 66 in the Electoral

College

XYZ Affair with FranceA three-man delegation was sent to France in 1798 to

persuade the French to stop harassing American shipping.

When they were solicited for a bribe by three subordinates of the French Minister Talleyrand, they angrily refused, and their report of this insult produced outrage at home.

The cry “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” was raised, and public feelings against the French ran high.

Since Talleyrand’s officials were unnamed in the dispatches…the incident became known as the XYZ affair.

Alien and Sedition ActsElections in 1798 had increased the Federalists’

majorities in both houses of CongressUsed their “mandate” to enact legislation to stifle

foreign influences.The Alien Act raised new hurdles in the path of

immigrants trying to obtain citizenshipThe Sedition Act widened the powers of the Adams

administration to muzzle its newspaper Critics.Both bills were aimed at actual or potential

Republican opposition, and a number of editors were actually jailed for printing critical editorials.

Undeclared Naval Warfare, 1798-1799 -- “Quasi -War”

U.S. war preparations set in motion Adams suspended all trade with France and authorized American ship captains to capture armed French vessels

Undeclared hostilities ensued for 2 1/2 years between 1798-1800

Convention of 1800French Foreign Minister Talleyrand became eager

to negotiate a peace Adams shockingly submitted to the Senate a new

foreign minister to France Envoys arrived in 1800 to negotiate with Napoleon

(who was bent on European conquest) Convention of 1800 Significance

Major war with France avoided

Washington To Jefferson

THEMES

Political

Social/Cultural

Economic

Foreign Policy

WASHINGTON

Before President

Before PresidentLieutenant Colonel in the French and Indian

War (1753-1756)Virginia delegate to the First and Second

Continental Congress (1774-1775)Head Command of the Continental armies in

the Revolution (1775-1783)Virginia delegate to the Annapolis Convention

(1786)Chairman of the Constitutional Convention

(1787)

WASHINGTON’S DOMESTIC POLICY

PoliticalJudiciary Act of

1789Farewell

Address

Social Judiciary Act

of 1789 Whiskey

Rebellion

Economic Hamilton’s 10%

Tariff Sale of Public

Lands: AOC, Land Ordinance of 1785, and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Excise Tax. Hamilton Taxes First Bank of the

US State Debts

VP: John Adams

Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

WASHINGTON’S FOREIGN POLICY

French Revolution and Citizen GenetNeutrality Proclamation

Jay’s Treaty with EnglandPinckney Treaty with Spain

Political

Social/Cultural

Economic

Foreign Policy

JOHN ADAMS

Before President

Before PresidentOne of the most effective writers against the

Stamp ActDefended the British soldiers involved in the

“Boston Massacre”Massachusetts delegate to both the First and

Second Continental CongressesHelped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, 1783Vice President under Washington

ADAMS’S DOMESTIC POLICY

Political:XYZ AffairAlien and

Sedition ActNaturalization

Act“Midnight

Judges”

Social: Kentucky and

Virginia Resolutions

Economic: Quazi-War

ADAMS’S FOREIGN POLICYXYZ Affair (1797)Virtual War with FranceConvention of 1800

Jefferson to the War of 1812

TERMS

Jeffersonian DemocracySmall federal governmentStates rightsStrict constructionFavored farmer

Low taxesNo national debtNo national bankLaissez faire economics

Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight JudgesJudiciary Act

A last-ditch attempt by the Federalists to bequeath a conservative judiciary to the Jeffersonian.

Included in this act were many “midnight appointments” by Adams, which resulted in the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case.

Midnight JudgesJudicial ReviewImpeachment of Samuel Chase

John Marshall Chief JusticeAppointed during last days of Adam’s termMost important CJ (served 34 years)Once a Federalist, always a Federalists.

Barbary WarsBarbary Pirates: Colorful Mediterranean

plunderers who disrupted American commerce there at will.

The success of the BP demonstrated the worldwide lack of respect for the fledgling American nation

Underscored the immediate need for a stronger navy to protect American’s oceangoing trade.

Marbury v. Madison 1803 William Marbury, chosen for judicial office in Adams’ famous

“midnight appointments” just before he retired, failed to receive his commission

Jefferson, the new president, instructed his secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver the appointment.

Marbury then commenced proceedings in the SC to have his commission delivered

In this famous case, Justice Marshall struck down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, declaring Congress had no power to expand the powers of the judiciary outlined in the Constitution.

In this way, Marshall affirmed the Court’s power of judicial review: its right to review the constitutionality of all laws passed by congress.

Louisiana Purchase 1803Clever negotiating by Livingston and James

Monroe gave the U.S. a remarkable land buyEnded French involvement in Louisiana, and

created problems of its constitutionality for Thomas Jefferson.

Corps of Discovery: Lewis and Clark 1804 - 18061804-1806Sacajawea

Jefferson Re-elected1804Defeats Charles PinckneyPushed:

International peaceTerritorial expansionInexpensive unobtrusive government

Aaron BurrAaron Burr

Ambitious New York Republican politician who narrowly lost the election of 1800 to Thomas Jefferson.

He became VP, and was indirectly responsible for the passage of the twelfth amendmentCreated a “ticket” of candidates in each political party.

His later career was marked by the unfortunate duel with Alexander Hamilton

Also the sordid Burr conspiracy in which he allegedly tried to arrange the secession of the southwestern part of the United States.

Aaron Burr Kills Alexander Hamilton

Then Burr Will attempt to separate the Western part of the US…go figure

Chesapeake IncidentThe crew of British frigate Leopard stopped,

searched, and dragged four sailors off an American ship.

The strained British-American relations that ensued and the issue of impressments fore-shadowed the advent of the War of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807Drafted by MadisonForbade American traders from any economic

involvement in European affairs.With this law, Jefferson was reluctantly

shifting toward Washington’s foreign-relations position as stated in his Farewell Address.

Very unpopular in New EnglandIndirectly stimulates manufacturing in New

England.Reduces European imports; boats do not

want to leave empty.

Non-Intercourse Act 1809Replaced EmbargoFormally reopened trade with all nations except

France and BritainRemained until the War of 1812Why did the Embargo fail?

Jefferson’s LegacyExpansion

Native AmericansFor whites only

Ended European expansionDemocratic non-diplomatic government

The Birth of TexasStephen AustinSanta AnnaSam Houston Jackson’s dilemma

Election of 1836Birth of the Whigs

“King Andrew I”William Henry HarrisonMartin Van Buren

Jackson’s LegacyVan Buren’s Presidency

Caroline Incident“Aroostook War”Creole Incident

Panic of 1837CausesResultsWhigs Proposals shot down by Van BurenTreasury Bill of 1840 (Divorce Bill)

Independent Treasury System

Election of 1840Van Buren Re-nominated by Democrats “Log Cabin and Hard Cider”

William Henry HarrisonWhigVP – John TylerSecretary of State: Daniel WebsterElection of 1840

Anti-Jackson DemocratSecretary of State: Daniel WebsterTyler vs. CongressWebster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)Clay’s Bill for 3rd BUSCanadian Border 45th Parallell

The Rise of "King Cotton" Prior to 1793, the Southern economy was weakEli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) Trade

Cotton exported to England; $ from sale of cotton used to buy northern goods

For a time, prosperity of both North and South rested on slave labor

Cotton accounted for 50% of all American exports after 1840.

The Three South's: Border South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, &

Missouri Plantations scarcer; cotton cultivation almost

nonexistent; Tobacco main slave crop (as in Middle South); More grain production (as in Middle South)

1850, Slaves = 17% of population.; Avg. 5 slaves per slaveholder

1850, over 21% of Border South’s blacks free; 46% of South’s free blacks

22% of white families owned slavesOf all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:

6%; Ultra-wealthy = 1% Produced over 50% of South’s industrial products

The Three South's:Middle South: Virginia, North Carolina,

Tennessee, and Arkansas. Each state had one section resembling more the

Border South and another resembling the Lower South.

Unionists would prevail after Lincoln elected; Disunionists would prevail after war began

Many plantations in eastern Virginia and western Tennessee

1850, slaves = 30% of population; Avg. 8 slaves per slaveholder

36% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South:

32%; Ultra-wealthy = 14%

The Three South’s: Lower South: South Carolina, Florida, Georgia,

Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas

Plantations prevalent; cotton was king; grew 95% of Dixie’s cotton & almost all of its sugar, rice, and indigo

Disunionists (secessionists) would prevail after Lincoln was elected

1850, slaves = 47% of population; Avg. 12 slaves per slaveholder

Less than 2% of blacks free; only 15% of South’s free blacks

43% of white families owned slaves Of all who owned more than 20 slaves in South: 62%;

Ultra-wealthy = 85% Produced less than 20% of South’s industrial products

Slaves and the slave system (the "Peculiar Institution")

Economic structure of South was monopolistic, dominated by wealthy plantation owners

Plantation system Risky : Slaves might die of disease, injure

themselves, or run away. One-crop economy Repelled large-scale European immigration


Plantation slavery Nearly 4 million slaves by 1860; quadrupled in

number since 1800 Slaves seen as valuable assets and primary source

of wealth Punishment often brutal to send a message to other

slaves not to defy master’s authority Life in the newly emerging western areas

particularly harsh (LA, TX, MS, AL) Afro-American slave culture developed


Burdens of slavery Slaves deprived of dignity and sense of

responsibility that free people have, suffered cruel physical and psychological treatment, and were ultimately convinced that they were inferior and deserved their lot in life.

Denied an education since; seen as dangerous to give slaves ideas of freedom

Slaves often insidiously sabotaged their master’s system

Many attempted to escape


Slave Revolts - Stono Rebellion, 1739 - Gabriel Prosser, 1800 - Denmark Vesey, a mulatto in Charleston,

devised the largest revolt ever in 1822. - Nat Turner’s revolt -- 1831

Southern white paranoia

The White Majority By 1860, only 1/4 of white southerners owned

slaves or belonged to slave-owning families 75% of white southerners owned no slaves at

all. Mountain whites

Free Blacks Numbered about 250,000 in the South by 1860 Discrimination in the South Discrimination in the North

Early Abolitionism Definition: Abolitionism: Movement in the North

that demanded the immediate end of slavery First abolitionist movements began around the

time of the Revolution esp. Quakers American colonization Society

Early AbolitionismAbolitionists in the 1830s Second Great Awakening convinced abolitionists of

the sin of slavery. Abolitionists inspired that Britain emancipated their

slaves in the West Indies in 1833

Radical Abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison American Anti-Slavery Society

Theodore Dwight Weld Wendell PhillipsWendell Phillips Angelina and Sarah Grimke Arthur and Lewis Tappan - wealthy New York silk

merchants. *** Organization would eventually split along

gender lines; women’s rights issues***

Radical Abolitionism David Walker Sojourner TruthElijah LovejoyMartin Delaney Frederick Douglass

Pro-slavery whites responded by launching a massive defense of slavery as

a positive good.

• Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and Aristotle (slavery existed in ancient Greece).

• It was good for barbarous Africans who were civilized and Christianized

• Master-slave relationships resembled those of a "family."

• George Fitzhugh -- most famous of pro-slavery apologists’

• “Gag resolution"

Abolitionist impact in the North Abolitionists, esp. Garrison, were unpopular

in many parts of the North.

Many mob outbursts in response to extreme abolitionists

Ambitious politicians avoided abolitionists (e.g., Lincoln) – abolitionism was political suicide

By 1850, abolitionism had had a deep effect on the Northern psyche.

Popular Sovereignty and the Mexican Cession Intense debate over what to do with the Mexican

Cession. Wilmot Proviso: New territory should be free of slavery Issue threatened to split both Whigs and Democrats along

sectional lines

"Popular Sovereignty" Lewis Cass, 1812 War vet, became Democratic candidate for

president in 1848 Definition: Sovereign people of a territory, under general

principles of the Constitution, should determine themselves the status of slavery.

Supported by many because it kept in line with democratic tradition of self-determination.

Fatal flaw: It could spread the "peculiar institution" to new territories.

Election of 1848Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, "Hero of

Buena Vista" Free-Soil party

Coalition of northern antislavery Whig, Democrat, and Liberty Party men in the North distrusting Cass & Taylor

Result: Taylor 163, Cass 127, Van Buren 0 Free-Soilers won no states and did not actually affect

the outcome of the election.

California Statehood Gold discovered in 1848 at Sutter’s Mill;

prospectors in 1848 known as "forty-eighters“1849 -- Masses of adventurers flocked to northern

California. Gold essentially paved the way for rapid economic

growth in California CA drafted a Constitution in 1849 that excluded

slavery and asked Congress for admission

Sectional Balance in 1850 South

Had presidency, majority in the cabinet, and a majority in the Supreme Court

Equal number of states in Senate thus strong veto powerYet, South deeply worried

In 1850, 15 free and 15 slave states CA would tip the balance in the Senate and set a free-state

precedent in the southwest New Mexico and Utah territories seemed leaning toward free

state status. Texas claimed vast area east of Rio Grande (part of NM CO, KA

& OK) and threatened to seize Santa Fe. Southerners angered by Northern demands for abolition of

slavery in Wash. DC. Extremely angered over loss of runaway slaves, many assisted

by North. When CA applied, southern "fire-eaters" threatened

secession

Underground Railroad and the Fugitive Slave issue

Consisted of informal chain of antislavery homes which hundreds of slaves were aided by black & white abolitionists in their escape to free soil Canada.

Harriet Tubman ("Moses") (ex-slave from Maryland who escaped to Canada)

Jerry Loguen: Led hundreds of slaves to their freedom

Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842 Political. significance: by 1850 southerners demanded a new more stringent fugitive-slave law

Compromise of 1850 Sunset of the "Great Triumvirate"

Clay initiated his 3rd great compromise Calhoun (dying of TB) rejected Clay’s position as not

being adequate safeguards. Webster supported Clay’s compromise (famous "7th of

March speech" of 1850) Meanwhile, William H. Seward (nicknamed "Higher

Law" Seward by his adversaries)

"Compromise of 1850"

California admitted as a free state ‘Abolition of the slave trade in District of

ColumbiaPopular sovereignty in remainder of Mexican

Cession: New Mexico and Utah territories. More stringent Fugitive Slave Law (than 1793) Texas to receive $10 million from federal gov’t

as compensation for its surrendering of disputed territory to New Mexico.

Result North got better deal.Fugitive Slave Law became the single most

important frictional issue between north and south in the 1850s.

Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North

Election of 1852 Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce (from NH) Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott ("Old

Fuss & Feathers") but party fatally split Result: Pierce d. Scott 254 - 42 Significance: Marked effective end of Whig party;

complete death 2 years later Significance of Whig party: Webster & Clay had

kept idea of Union alive (both died in 1852)

Expansionism under President Pierce War in Nicaragua seemed inevitable; Britain

challenged Monroe Doctrine Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850): Neither U.S. or

Britain would fortify or secure exclusive control over any future isthmian waterway.

America looks toward Asia

Expansionism under President Pierce Cuba

Polk had offered Spain $100 million for Cuba; Spain categorically refused.

1850-51 -- two expeditions by private southern adventurers into Cuba failed.

1854, Spain seized U.S. steamer Black Warrior on a technicality.

Ostend Manifesto Secret document whereby U.S. would offer $120 million for

Cuba and if Spain U.S. would take it by force. News leaked out and angry northern free-soilers forced

Pierce to abandon it.

Gadsden Purchase (1853) U.S. concerned that CA & Oregon inaccessible

by land & sea routes too tough Debate: Should transcontinental railroad route

run through the North or South?Result

South boosted its claim to railroad North now tried to quickly organize Nebraska territory

but the South opposed it.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Stephen Douglas proposed carving Nebraska Territory into 2: Nebraska, Kansas Slavery issue would be based on popular sovereignty His main motive was to give Illinois the eastern terminus for the

proposed Pacific railroad. Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska free 36-30 line prohibited slavery north of it; Kansas above it. Southerners fully supported it and pushed Pierce to support KS-

NB Act Douglas successfully rammed the bill through

Congress; great orator of his generation

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854

Northern reaction Southern reaction Effectively wrecked the Compromises of 1820 &

1850 Birth of the Republican party

Republican party formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Antislavery literature Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Hinton R. Helper: The Impending Crisis of the

South (1857)

"Bleeding Kansas" New England Emigrant Aid Company: Sent

2,000 into Kansas to prevent slavery from taking hold and to make a profit.

Southerners infuriated by apparent northern betrayal -- attempts to abolitionize Kansas.

1855 election in Kansas for first territorial legislature 1856, a gang of proslavery raiders shot up and burned part of free-soil Lawrence, Kansas.

The Caning of Charles Sumner Sumner a leading abolitionist Senator from

Massachusetts, gave speech "Crime Against Kansas" where he lashed out at southern pro-slaveryites and insulted a S.C. Senator

S.C. Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by hitting Sumner over the head 30 times or more with an 11-oz gold-headed cane.

The House of Reps could not find enough votes (122 to 95-- 2/3 needed) to expel Brooks but he resigned nonetheless, and was unanimously reelected by S.C.

Sumner came to symbolize for the North the evils of the slavery system (along with bleeding Kansas issue)

Pottawatomie Massacre -- John Brown & followers, in May 1856, hacked 5 men to pieces with broadswords in response to attack on Lawrence (and the caning of Sumner)

Civil war in Kansas ensued from 1856 and merged with Civil War of 1861-1865

Lecompton Constitution (1857) Kansas had enough people to apply for

statehood on popular sovereignty basis.Southerners, still in power since 1855, devised

a tricky document People were not allowed to vote for or against

constitution as a whole but voted for the constitution. with or w/o slavery.

If people voted no on slavery, rights of slaveholders already in KS protected

Infuriated free-soilers boycotted the pollsSlaveryites approved constitution with slavery

late in 1857.

Election of 1856 James Buchanan chosen as Democratic

nominee over Pierce (seen as too weak) and Douglas (who alienated the southern wing of the party after denouncing Lecompton constitution.)

Republicans nominated Captain John C. Ferment "Pathfinder of the West"

American Party ("know-nothing") Nativist in orientation

Buchanan d. Fremont 174 to 114; Fillmore 8.

The Dred Scott Decision (March 6, 1857) Dried Scott had lived with his master for 5

years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. 80-year-old Marylander Chief Justice Roger B.

Taney wrote the 55 page opinion. DecisionImpact

Financial Crash of 1857 Not as bad as Panic of 1837 but probably the worst

psychologically in 19th c.Causes

Influx of California gold into economy inflated currency.Crimean War over stimulated growing of grain Speculation in land and railroads backfired.

Results Over 5,000 businesses failed within a year. Unemployment widespread Renewed demand for free farms of 160 acres from public

domain land. Demand for higher tariff rates Republicans had two major issues for 1860: higher tariffs &

Homestead Act

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) – Senate seat in Illinois Lincoln’s nomination speech: "A house divided

cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure; permanently half slave and half free.

Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven joint debates

Freeport debate most famous -- Freeport Doctrine

John Brown attacks Harper’s Ferry Brown’s scheme: invade the South secretly

with a few followers and lead slaves to rise, give them arms, and establish a kind of black free state.

October, 1859 -- Seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry

Brown and his followers were hanged after a brief but legal trial.

Brown became a martyr in the North Effects of Harper’s Ferry were ominous in

southern eyes.

Nominating Conventions of 1860 Democratic party split in two

Met first in South Carolina with Douglas as leading candidate of northern wing

Next convention in Baltimore nominated Douglas while the Democratic party split in two

Southern Democratic Party nominated John C. Breckinridge: Constitutional Union Party nominated John Bell of

TennesseeRepublicans nominate Abraham Lincoln

Seward the front-runner but perceived as too radical for victory in general election.

Republican platform (broadly based) Southern secessionists warned that the election of Lincoln

would split the Union.

Presidential election of 1860 Lincoln elected president with only 40% of

the vote; most sectional election in history. Lincoln won all Northern states except NJ and MO

(180 electoral votes to 123) Breckinridge won all the Deep South states plus AK,

MD, and DE Bell won Border States of VA KY and mid-slave state

of TN Douglas won only MO and NJ but finished 2nd in

popular votes South still had control of both Houses of

Congress and a 5-4 majority on Supreme Court

Southern states secede from the Union Four days after the election of Lincoln, the "Black

Republican", South Carolina legislature unanimously called for a special convention in Charleston. December, 1860, 170 South Carolina unanimously voted to

secede from the other states. Within six weeks, six other states seceded (MS, FL, AL,

GA, LA, TX) all during Buchanan’s "lame-duck" period. Four others seceded in April, 1861, after beginning of Civil War

(VA, AK, NC, TN) as they refused to fight their fellow southerners and agree to Lincoln’s call for volunteers.

Confederate States of America formed in Montgomery Alabama meeting. Jefferson Davis chosen as president of provisional government

to be located at Richmond, VA (after Fort Sumter)

Southern states secede from the Union

President Buchanan did little to prevent southern secession. Claimed the Constitution did not give him authority to

stop secession with force. More significantly, northern army was small and weak

and scattered on the frontier. Many of his advisors pro-southern Northern sentiment predominantly for peaceful

reconciliation rather than warIronically, Lincoln continued Buchanan’s vacillating

policy when he became president. Buchanan’s serendipitous wait-and-see policy

probably helped save the Union.

Reasons for southern secession1.Alarmed at the political balance tipping in favor

of the North2.Horrified at victory of the sectional Republican

party which appeared to threaten their rights as a slaveholding minority.

3.Angry over free-soil criticism and abolitionism, and northern interference such as the Underground Railroad and John Brown’s raid.

4.Many southerners felt secession would be unopposed

5.Opportunity to end generations of dependence to the North.

6.Morally they were in the right

Crittenden amendments -- final attempt at compromise

Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky (heir to political throne of Clay)

Designed to appease the South Provisions Rejected by Lincoln; all hope of compromise was

gone.

Union War Strategy Initial attempts to strike decisive blows in Virginia

failed miserably (Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Vicksburg, Chancellorsville)

Later, developed into four phases: strategy geared more toward attrition.

WAR IN THE EAST: 1861 Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) -- July 21, 1861 (30

southwest of Washington)

WAR IN THE EAST: 1861 General George B. McClellan and the Army of the

PotomacLincoln gave McClellan command of the Army of

the Potomac in late 1861.Fatal flaw: Overcautious; frequently believed he

was outnumbered when in fact he always possessed numerical advantages; Lincoln accused him of having "the slows"

The Union blockade -- "Anaconda Plan" Initially ineffective; 3,500 miles of coastline too

daunting for undeveloped Union navy and undeveloped Union navy.

Concentrated on principal ports and inlets where bulk materials were loaded Eventually pinched blockade-runners

Respected by England; Britain did not want a future war with North

The Union blockade -- "Anaconda Plan" Battle of the Ironclads

Merrimack (C.S.S. Virginia) -- former U.S. warship plated on sides with old railroad rails; (not really seaworthy); first of the ironclads

Monitor -- Union counterpart to Merrimack built in 100 days

THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862 The Peninsula Campaign (April 5-June 16, 1862)

McClellan persuaded Lincoln to abandon a direct frontal assault by land and to try a flanking approach to Richmond by moving up the peninsula between James & York Riv’s.

Seven Day’s Battles (June 25-July 1, 1862)Peninsula campaign abandoned by Lincoln Losses: Confederates 20,141; Union 15,849

THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run (14 July to 30

August)General Pope put in charge of Union army near

Washington. Combined forces of Lee, Jackson, & Longstreet

forced Federals to escape once again to Washington. Some blamed McClellan for not coming fast enough to

support Pope. Casualties: Union 16,054; Confederates 9,197Lincoln once again gave McClellan command of the

Army of the Potomac.

THE WAR IN THE EASTERN THEATER: 1862 Antietam (September 17, 1862)

Lee sought to invade Maryland hoping to wrestle it from the Union and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South.

Sept. 17 -- Battle of Antietam Considered one of most decisive battles in world history.

The Emancipation Proclamation Became effective Jan. 1, 1863

1. Civil War now became more of a moral crusade: a "higher purpose" 2. Lincoln’s immediate goal not so much to free slaves as to strengthen the moral cause of the Union at home and abroad

3. Didn’t go as far as Congress’ existing legislation for freeing enemy-owned slaves 4. Constitutionality of proclamation questionable at the time

THE WAR IN THE WEST Battle for control of the Mississippi Gen. Ulysses S. Grant became Lincoln’s most able

generalFort Donelson and Fort HenryShilohNew Orleans

THE WAR IN THE EASTLee defeated Bunside at FredericksburgChancellorsvilleBattle of Gettysburg

THE END OF THE WAR IN THE WESTVicksburg CampaignSherman marches through Georgia

ELECTION OF 64 AND COPPERHEADSCopperheads

Celement VallandighamElection of 64

END OF THE WARGrant promoted head of the UnionGrant pushes for RichmondCold HarborSiege of PetersburgSeige of RichmondLee’s SurrenderLincoln’s Assassination

Reconstruction1964-65: Lincoln’s 10% plan1865: 13th Amendment1865-66: Johnson’s Version of Lincoln’s proposal1866-67: Congressional Plan: 10% plan with the 14th

Amendment1867-77: Military Reconstruction: 14th Amendment plus

black suffrage later, established by the 15th AmendmentCompromise of 1876: Ends Reconstruction

RED, KKK AND IMMIGRANTSA. Mitchell Palmer- Fighting Quaker

Godsend to conservatives and businessmenKill Labor

Sacco and VanzettiKKK

Anti: foreign, Catholic, black, Jewish, pacifists, communist, revolutionary, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, birth control.

ForeignEmergency

Quota Act 1921Immigration Act 1924

AmericanismSeattle General StrikeBoston Police StrikeSteel StrikeUnited Mine Workers of America

John L LewisPalmer Raids

PROHIBITION, GANGS, SCOPES

ProhibitionVolstead ActDry vs. wet

GangsChicagoAl CaponeCharles LindberghSt. Valentines day massacre

ScopesDayton TennesseeClarence DarrowWJB

The Mass-Consumption Economy

AutomobileThe Man Nobody KnowsBabe RuthJack DempseyFrederick W. TaylorModel T. FordFlying

Charles LindberghSpirit of St. Louis

Radio, Hollywood, and God Marconi Amos n Andy The Birth of a Nation The Jazz Singer Margaret Sanger Come to Church v. Devil Flappers Racial Pride

Marcus Garvey- UNIAPost WWI writing

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923“Dark Horse Candidate”RepublicanVP-Calvin CoolidgeSecretary of State-Charles E. HughesMajor Items:

Teapot Dome ScandalOhio Gang

Washington Conference 1921-225 Power Treaty

Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922From 27% Underwood to 38.5%

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923

Esc-Cumming TransportationRailroads go to private ownership

Return to NormalcyChicago Race RiotsClark MemorandumDawes Plan

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929RepublicanVP-DawesSecretary of State-

Frank KelloggMajor Items:

Muscle ShoalsKellogg-Briand

Pact 1928McNary-Haugen

Bill

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

Republican VP-CurtisSecretary of State-Henry L. StimsonMajor Items:

National Origins Immigration Act 1929Panic and DepressionStock Market Crash 1929

Great DepressionHawley-Smoot Tariff 1930Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Army

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945Democrat Eleanor RooseveltVP-Garner, Wallace, TrumanMajor Items:

New Deal and alphabet government(AAA, CCC, NIRA, SEC, TVA, etc)

Second New Deal (WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security, etc)

Huey LongCourt Packing Scheme

First Hundred Days: Glass-Steagall, SEC, HOLC, FHA, FERA, CCC, PWA, AAA, NIRA, TVA

Relief, Recovery and ReformThe Banking CrisisEmergency Banking Relief Act 1933HOLAGlass-Stegall Banking ReformSecurities and Exchange Commission

CCCFERAPWAWPANYAAAADust Bowl

NIRASection 7a

NRABlue Eagle

Wagner ActCIOFair Labor StandardsTVAFHASocial Security ActIndian Reorganization Act

Critics of the New DealThe American Liberty LeagueFather Charles CoughlinSenator Huey Long

Share our WealthDr. Francis TownsendSchechter vs. USButler vs. USJudiciary Reorganization Bill

Road to WWII Treaty of Versailles League of Nations Washington Conference Locarno Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan Great Depression Good Neighbor Clark Memorandum Montevideo Conference Declaration of Lima Declaration of Panama London Economic

Conference

FDR Recognizes USSR Tyding-McDuffie Act Jones Act Mussolini Hitler Communism Japan Hoover-Stimson

Doctrine Triparte Pact Neutrality Act

1935,1936, 1937 Spanish Civil War Rome Berlin Axis

WWIIFDR Quarantine

SpeechChamberlain-

AppeasementSudetenlandMunich ConferenceNazi-Soviet Non-

Aggression Pact

BlitzkriegCash and CarryFall of FranceBattle of BritainTripartite PactLebensraumSelective Service

WWIIAmerica First

CommitteeDestroyer-Bases

DealElection of 1940Four Freedoms

SpeechLend LeaseShoot-on-sightAtlantic Charter

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese EmbargoTojoPearl Harbor

US in WWIISun BeltRosie the Riveter

WAC’s, WAVES, WAF’sWar Production BoardOffice of Economic StabilizationSmith Connoly Antistrike actManhattan ProjectA. Philip Randolph

March on WashingtonBracero ProgramZoot Suit RiotsExecutive Order 9066

BattlesBataan Death

MarchStalingradD-DayEl AlameinInvasion of

GermanyBattle of the BulgeBattle of Coral SeaBattle of Midway

HolocaustRussiaJapan

ConferencesPotsdamCasablancaCairoTehranYaltaPotsdam

Harry S. Truman 1945-1953DemocratVP-BarkleyMajor Item:

WW II ends- atomic bombTaft-Hartley Act 1947 Truman Doctrine 1947Marshall Plan 1947Berlin AirliftNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Fall of China to communism 1949Korea 1950-1953“Fair Deal”

Index to this page Bill of Rights Amendment 1 Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly

Amendment 2 Right to bear armsAmendment 3 Quartering of soldiersAmendment 4 Search and arrestAmendment 5 Rights in criminal casesAmendment 6 Right to a fair trialAmendment 7 Rights in civil casesAmendment 8 Bail, fines, punishmentAmendment 9 Rights retained by the PeopleAmendment 10 States' rights Later Amendments

Amendment 11 Lawsuits against statesAmendment 12 Presidential electionsAmendment 13 Abolition of slaveryAmendment 14 Civil rightsAmendment 15 Black suffrageAmendment 16 Income taxesAmendment 17 Senatorial electionsAmendment 18 Prohibition of liquorAmendment 19 Women's suffrageAmendment 20 Terms of officeAmendment 21 Repeal of ProhibitionAmendment 22 Term Limits for the PresidencyAmendment 23 Washington, D.C., suffrageAmendment 24 Abolition of poll taxesAmendment 25 Presidential successionAmendment 26 18-year-old suffrageAmendment 27 Congressional pay raises

UrbanizationSkyscrapersBrooklyn BridgeNouveau RicheNew Immigration

27 million came 11 million went back

Ellis IslandAngle IslandDarwinEducationRealism

Chinese immigrationWorking Men’s Party of

CaliforniaChinese Exclusion Act

1862Tammany HallSocial GospelNativismNew MoralityWomen Suffrage

IndustrialismTech innovationsRailroadVanderbiltRobber BaronsBell/EdisonVertical vs. Horizontal

Integration

Interlocking directorates JP MorganBessemer ProcessGospel of Wealth“New South”Raise of Labor

Overview of Reconstruction1864-65: Lincoln’s 10% plan 1865: 13th Amendment1865-66: Johnson’s version of Lincoln’s proposal1866-67: Congressional plan: 10% plan with 14th

Amendment1867-77: Military Reconstruction (Congress): 14th

Amendment plus black suffrage later established nationwide by 15th Amendment.

ULYSSES S. GRANT (1869-1877)RepublicanHis VP- Calfax WilsonSecretary of State –

Hamilton FishMAJOR ITEMS:

15th Amendment -1870First Transcontinental

Railroad – 1869Tweed Ring

Panic of 1873

Credit Moblier

Whiskey Ring

Minor V. Happersett -1873

Slaughter House Cases 1874

Civil Rights Act 1875

Hayes-Tilden Standoff

White SupremacyKKKBlack CodesScalawagsCarpetbaggersShare Cropping

Rutherford B. Hayes =1877-1881

Republican VP-WheelerMajor Items:

Bland-Allison Act – 1878Free coinage of silver

Troops withdrawn from South -1877

James A. Garfield 1881

Republican VP-Chester A. ArthurSecretary of State – James A. BlaineMajor Items:

Garfield’s AssassinationC. Julius Guiteau

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)

RepublicanSecretary of State – James A. BlaineMajor Items

Pendleton Act -1883Civil service commission set up

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)

DemocratVP-HendricksMajor Items:

Knights of Labor (1886)Haymarket Riot (1886)Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Wabash vs. Illinois (1886)

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)

Republican VP – MortonSecretary of State – James A. BlaineMajor Items

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)Populists Party Platform of 1892ND, SD, MT, WA – 1889 StatesIdaho, Wyoming -1890McKinley Tariff


Second AdministrationDemocratVP-StevensonMajor Items:

Panic of 1893Hawaiian Incident 1893Venezuelan Boundary Affair – 1895


Pullman Strike 1894American Federation of LaborWilson – Gorman

William McKinley (1897-1901)

RepublicanVP- Garet Hobart (1896-1900)VP-Theodore RooseveltSecretary of State John Hay

William McKinley (1897-1901)

New ImperialismSpanish American War (April 1898 to February

1899)Open Door Policy (1899)Boxer Rebellion (1900)McKinley’s Assassination

Leon Czogosz

Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909)

RepublicanVP-FairbanksSecretary of State-John Haw, Elihu RootMajor Items:

Panama CanalSquare DealCorollary to Monroe Doctrine – 1904Portsmouth Treaty 1905


Gentleman’s Agreement with JapanHague ConferenceHepburn ActPure Food and Drug ActMeat Inspection ActMuckrakers-1906


Political Reformers of the Roosevelt EraTrust-BustingCoal StrikeConservationVenezuelan Debt Controversy -1902Dominican Republic Crisis

William H. Taft (1909-1913)

Republican VP – ShermanMajor Items:

Paine-Aldrich Tariff -1909Pinchet-Balling conservation, polygamy problem

1909“Dollar Diplomacy”

Woodrow Wilson -1913-1921

DemocratVP-MarshallMajor Items:

Underwood Tariff -191316th, 17th, 18th, 19th AmendmentFederal Reserve System – 1913Clayton Anti-Trust Act -1914

Woodrow Wilson -1913-1921

Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico

The Lusitania – May 1915“Fourteen Points” January 1917Treaty of Versailles – 1919-1920“New Freedom”

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923“Dark Horse Candidate”RepublicanVP-Calvin CoolidgeSecretary of State-Charles E. HughesMajor Items:

Teapot Dome ScandalWashington Conference 1921-22Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922

1920’sThe Red Scare

Seattle General StrikeBoston Police StrikeSteel StrikeUnited Mine Workers of America

Palmer RaidsSacco and VanzettiKKK1921 Immigration Act1924 National Origins ActScopes TrialProhibitionEconomyInventionsHarlem Renaissance

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929

RepublicanVP-DawesSecretary of State-

Frank KelloggMajor Items:

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

Republican VP-CurtisSecretary of State-Henry L. StimsonMajor Items:

National Origins Immigration Act 1929Panic and DepressionStock Market Crash 1929Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Army

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945Democrat VP-Garner, Wallace, TrumanMajor Items:

New Deal and alphabet government(AAA, CCC, NIRA, SEC, TVA, etc)

Second New Deal (WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security, etc)

Huey LongCourt Packing Scheme

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945Democrat VP-Garner, Wallace,

TrumanMajor Items:

WW IIHitlerMussoliniFascismSpanish Civil WarAppeasementQuarantine speechneutrality actsLend-leaseDestroyer deal

Pearl HarborNorth AfricaBig ThreeNormandyYaltaHolocaustAtlantic CharterUnited NationsManhattan Project

Harry S. Truman 1945-1953DemocratVP-BarkleyMajor Item:

WW II ends- atomic bombTaft-Hartley Act 1947 Truman Doctrine 1947Marshall Plan 1947Berlin AirliftNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Fall of China to communism 1949Korea 1950-1953“Fair Deal”

APUSH REVIEW. Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization? Missionaries...

Documents

Transcript of APUSH REVIEW. Why go to America? What were the causes of European Colonization? Missionaries...