APUSH CHAPTER 4

American Life in the Seventeenth

Century1607-1692

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.

Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..

))))

Headright SystemHeadright System: Plantation owners were given 50 acres for every indentured servant they sponsored to come to America.

Indentured ContractIndentured Contract: Served plantation owner for 7 years as a laborer in return for passage to America.

Freedom DuesFreedom Dues: Once servant completed his contract, he/she was freed….They were given land, tools, seed and animals. However, they did not receive voting rights.

What factors led to the introduction of

African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured

servitudeservitude as the labor force in the

American Colonies?

What factors led to the introduction of

African slaveryAfrican slavery replacing indentured indentured

servitudeservitude as the labor force in the

American Colonies?

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion((1676 - 1677)1676 - 1677)

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents

former former indentured indentured servants.servants.

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon represents represents

former former indentured indentured servants.servants.

GovernorGovernorWilliam William

Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown

GovernorGovernorWilliam William

Berkeley of Berkeley of JamestownJamestown

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.

Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

•Involved former indentured servants•Not accepted in

Jamestown•Disenfranchised and unable to receive their

land•Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements

from Indian attacks

Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.

Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

•Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for

rebels•Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and

erupts into a civil war.•Bacon dies, Gov.

Berkeley puts down rebellion and several

rebels are hung

Consequence of Bacon’s RebellionConsequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants

with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.

It exposed resentments between It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.coastal plantations.

Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would and urban communities would continue throughout American continue throughout American history.history.

Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVES!!SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

•Slavery has been practiced since the beginning of documented history.

•Slavery introduced by the Spanish into the West Indies after Columbus’s

discovery of America.•Spanish and Portuguese expanded

African slavery into Central and South American after enslaved Indians

began dying off.•In 1619, the first recorded

introduction of African slaves into what would become the United States

was in the settlement of Jamestown……Only 20 slaves were

purchased….

Slaves captured in Africa

Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage

Indentured ServantsIndentured servants became the first means to meet this need for

labor. In return for free passage to Virginia, a laborer worked for four

to five years in the fields before being granted freedom. The Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of

land for every inhabitant they brought to the New World.

Naturally, the colony began to expand. That expansion was soon

challenged by the Native American confederacy formed and named

after Powhatan

As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial to put down perceived racial threat.threat.

Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.

Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants.servants.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

African Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in Yokes

Slave Trade in the CongoSlave Trade in the Congo

Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa

Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa

This is called the Middle Passage

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship

Slave Ship InteriorSlave Ship Interior

Onboard the Slave ShipOnboard the Slave Ship

Revolt Aboard a Slave ShipRevolt Aboard a Slave Ship

African Captives Thrown Overboard

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic!

Notice of a Slave AuctionNotice of a Slave Auction

First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York

City - 17c)

First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York

City - 17c)

Inspection and SaleInspection and Sale

Slave Master BrandsSlave Master Brands

Slave With Iron MuzzleSlave With Iron Muzzle

30 Lashes30 Lashes

Whipped Slave, early 19cWhipped Slave, early 19c

A Slave LynchingA Slave Lynching

Negro Hung Alive by WaistNegro Hung Alive by Waist

•Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S.

• 250 insurrections have been

documented; between 1780 and 1864.

•91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone.

•First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.

•September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and

killed the two storekeepers they found there.

•"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward

Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents.

•Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.

•Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed

before the rebellion was suppressed.before the rebellion was suppressed.

Stono County Rebellion

Slave Revolts would lead plantation Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of owners to develop a series of slave slave

laws/codeslaws/codes which restricted the which restricted the movement of the slaves.movement of the slaves.

•Slaves were not taught to read or writeSlaves were not taught to read or write•Restricted to the plantationRestricted to the plantation

•Slaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not congregate after dark•Slaves could not possess any type of firearmSlaves could not possess any type of firearm

•A larger slave population than white in some statesA larger slave population than white in some states

Slave owners wanted to keep their Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world slaves ignorant of the outside world

because learning about life beyond the because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave plantation could lead to more slave

revolts and wanting to escape.revolts and wanting to escape.

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

SLAVE CODES

Could not own property

Leave the premises without permission

Possess firearms

Testify against a white person

Not allowed to learn to read or write

PLANTERS

URBAN PROFESSIONALS

YEOMAN FARMERS

RURAL POOR

ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS

SOUTHERN SOCIETY

Contributions to American Contributions to American charactercharacter

Democracy (within church) via town meetings and voting rights to church members (starting in 1631)

Townhall meetings, democracy in its purest form.Villagers met to elect their officials and attend civic issues

PerfectionismPerfectionismPuritans sought to create a utopia based on God's lawsArgued against slavery on moral grounds Ideas lay foundation for later reform movements: abolition of slavery, women's rights, education, prohibition, prison reform, etc. Protestant work ethic: those who were faithful and worked hard and succeeded were seen favorably by God. Education and community.

The decline of Puritanism First generation Puritans began losing

their religious zeal as time went on. Puritan population moved out of town

away from control of church. Too much religious intoleration

Children of non-converted members could not be baptized. The jeremiad, was used by preachers to scold parishioners into

being more committed to their faith. "Half-Way Covenant",1662: sought to attract more members by

giving partial membership Puritan churches baptized anyone and distinction between the

"elect" and other members of society subsided. Salem Witch Trials, 1692 -- The decline of Puritan clergy

Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant• 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over

time

• Problem of declining church membership

• 1662: Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members)

• Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”

The Salem Witch Trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts from March to September 1693, was one of the most notorious episodes in

early American history. Based on the accusations of two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and

Abigail Williams. Under British law and Puritan society those who were accused of consorting with the devil were considered felons, having committed a crime against their government. The punishment was hanging.

19 hung, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches and 150 awaited trial. Shows the strictness of Puritan society

Shows how a rumor can cause hysteria even to illogical thinking.Later, many people involved admitted the trials & executions had

been mistake.

Causes disapproval of Reverend Parris

land disputes between families,

Indian taught witchcraft to girls.

Girls caught dancing, began to throw fits and accuse people of bewitching (To put under one's power by magic or cast a spell

over) them to not get in trouble.