Apush ch. 31 reagan 2
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Chapter 31: From the "Age of Limits" to the Age
of ReaganBy: Justinne Bentain and Ynnah Lagunda :)
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After Watergate• Ford granted Nixon
a "full, free, and absolute pardon" to spare the country years of litigation
• Caused a decline in Ford's popularity
• Recession in 1974 and 1975
- Energy crisis- Arab Oil Embargo of 1973
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1976 Presidential Elections
Gerald FordPopular vote: 47.9%Electoral Vote: 240
Jimmy CarterPopular vote: 50%Electoral vote: 297
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The Trials of Jimmy Carter
• Campaigned for the presidency as an "outsider"
• Entered office during a recession
• Mainly focused on energy and economy problems
• High interest rates and energy prices
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Continuing Energy Crisis
• 1979: Second major fuel shortage in the Middle East - OPEC announced another price increase
• Carter retreated to Camp David for 10 days
• Delivered a television address - "Malaise Speech"
• Complained of a "crisis of confidence"
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Camp David Accords
• Arranged a peace treaty between Egypt & Israel
• Invited Sadat and Begin to Camp David in September 1978 (2 weeks)
• Camp David Accords was signed on March 26, 1979
Egyptian President Anwar Sadatand Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
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Carter's Achievements
• Turned over control of the Panama Canal to the government of Panama
• Also tried to improve relations with China and the Soviet Union
• SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)- arms control- set limits on the number of long-range missiles, bombers, and nuclear warheads for the U.S. and Soviet Union
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Iran Hostage Crisis
• The U.S. provided support to the Shah of Iran
• Caused a powerful revolutionary movement and the Shah fled country in January 1979
• The Shah had cancer and was treated in New York
• Days later, American Embassy in Teheran was invaded:- seized diplomats and military personnel
• 53 american hostages for over a year
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American Hostages
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The Sun Belt
• Mainly California, Texas, & Florida
• Strong opposition to the growth of government
• Believed government was imposing standards of behavior
• Sagebrush Rebellion: centered on the use of federal lands in the western portions of the United States
• Westerners felt that they were just caretakers for the federal government
• Ranchers want grazing, miners want access, conservation people want wilderness, campers want roads, etc.
• Tension died down when Reagan took office (Sagebrush supporter)
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Religious Politics
• 1970s - America experienced a major religious revival (since the Second Great Awakening)
• Pseudo faiths: Church of Scientology, Unification Church of Reverend Sun Myung Moon, and People's Temple
• 70+ million "born-again" Christians
• Moral Majority Movement & the Christian Coalition
• Roe v. Wade legalized abortion
• 1982 - defeat of Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution- Would have Guaranteed women the same rights as men
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Jim Jones
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The New Right
• A combination of Christian religious leaders and conservative business bigwigs
• Started in 164 when Senator Barry Goldwater claimed that the New Deal should be reversed
• Highly organized and better funded than opponents
• Leadership under Ronald Reagan- Film actor turned political activist- Spokesman for General Electric- Governor of California (2 terms)
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The Tax Revolt
• Started with California Proposition 13- drastically limited property tax
• Focused on the issue of what taxes supported
• Since the New Deal, Republicans struggled with the growth of federal government
Howard Jarvis
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The Campaign of 1980
• Jimmy Carter's popularity was lowest in history
• Republican Party rallied behind Reagan- represented American "strength" & "pride"
• Republicans also won control of the Senate and House since 1952
Ronald ReaganPopular vote: 51%Electoral votes: 489
Jimmy CarterPopular Vote: 41%Electoral Votes: 49
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The "Reagan Revolution"
• Ronald Reagan - January 1981
• moderate success in redefining public policy
• great success in American politics
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The Reagan Coalition
• disillusionment
• small group of wealthy Americans and "neo-conservatives"
• redistributive and antibusiness
• reaffirm democratic and anticommunist values
• joined the New Right
• distrust in eastern establishment
• appeal to both sides
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Reagan in the White House
• past occupations
• energetic
• attempted
assassination
• ignorance of own
policies
• fusing proposalshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3kpYiWdVWYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mN3z3eSVG7Ahttp://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001654/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqNDWEwP92o
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Reaganomics
• high taxes --> inadequate capital --> no growth
• lowering taxes --> lower government revenue --> less government expenses
• proposals: $40 billion budget and 30% tax reductions (decreased to 25%)
• Republican dominance
• deregulation leading up to economic revival
• 1982 recession, 11% unemployment
• Federal Reserve Board
• Dow Jones Industrial Average
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Views on Reaganomics
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The Fiscal Crisis
• federal budget deficits and national debt
• entitlement programs
• policies of Reagan administration
• cuts in "discretionary" domestic spending aimed at the poorest
• balanced budget
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Reagan and the World
• friendly governments
• relations with Soviet Union and Russians were deterioratingo "evil empire"o Solidarity- independent labor organization
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
• nuclear freeze
• Reagan Doctrine
• 1983 terrorist bombing
• terrorism
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Beruit, Lebanon
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The Election of 1984
• Democrat: Walter Mondale
• Reagan's campaign phrases: "It's Morning in America" and "America is Back"
• Reagan's decisive victory: 59% of vote
• Democratic advancement
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Mondale vs. Reagan
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The Fall of the Soviet Union
• Gorbachevo glasnost: opennesso perestroika: reform
• Tiananmen Square: June 3, 1989 in Beijing, China
• South Africa --> apartheid
• fall of communism (1991)
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Reagan and Gorbachev
• reform
• nuclear power
• intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF)
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The Fading of the Reagan Revolution
• personal popularity hid political scandals
• savings and loan crisis
• weapons to Iran
• Iran-Contra Scandal
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The Election of 1988
Michael DukakisDemocrat
George BushRepublican
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Michael Dukakis vs. George Bush
The Election of 1988
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The Bush Presidency
• developments in international affairs
• working with Gorbachev = positive
• domestic issues = negative
• 1990 budget package
• 1990 recession
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The First Gulf War
• 1989-1991
• U.S. had 2 options:o reduce military strength and concentrate on
domestic problemso continue to use its power actively to defend its
regional and economic interests
• invasion of Panama (1989)
• invasion of Kuwait
• United Nations-sanctioned trade embargo
• February 28, cease-fire
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The Election of 1992
Bill ClintonDemocrat
George BushRepublican
Ross PerotIndependent
43%38%
19%
370 1680
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The Election of 1992
Clinton vs. Bush