APUSH. Articles existed from 1781-1787 Federal government didn’t have the powers necessary to...
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Transcript of APUSH. Articles existed from 1781-1787 Federal government didn’t have the powers necessary to...
THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW
REPUBLICAPUSH
THE US UNDER THE ARTICLES Articles existed from 1781-1787 Federal government didn’t have the
powers necessary to deal with foreign nations
US could not regulate trade (hurt the economy) or maintain military outposts on the western frontier
Economic depression stemmed from inability to pay war debts
States competed with each other economically and placed tariffs on goods traded between states
ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 1785 Hosted by Washington at his home, Mt
Vernon Representatives from four states agreed
on a meeting in which all states needed to discuss the problems with the federal government
Only 5 states would attend the Annapolis meeting in 1786
James Madison and Alexander Hamilton convinced the others that another meeting should be held in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of the Confederation
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE DELEGATES 55 white men, well-educated, and relatively
wealthy Average age was early 40s George Washington was elected
chairperson of the convention Benjamin Franklin unified the group James Madison, Alexander Hamilton,
Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson oversaw the construction of the Constitution
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, and Patrick Henry did not participate in the convention
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE ISSUES Representation: large states wanted
greater representation than smaller states in Congress. The Great Compromise established the Senate and the House of Representatives which made both large and small states happy
Slavery: Three-fifths Compromise would solved the problem of how to count slaves in the states. Also promised to vote to abolish slavery in 20 years.
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE ISSUES Trade: Commercial Compromise gave
the central government power to regulate interstate and foreign trade, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but it prohibited the central government from taxing exports
Powers and Election of the President: set presidents term to 4 years, gave the power of veto, and established the Electoral College because they feared too much democracy would create mob rule
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE ISSUES Sept 17, 1787 after 17 weeks of debate,
the Philadelphia convention approved a draft of the Constitution
9 out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution in order for it to become law
Each state would hold popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the Constitution
FEDERALISTS VS. ANTIFEDERALISTS Federalists: supported the Constitution
and a strong federal government Anti-federalists: opposed the
Constitution because they feared a strong, central government
Federalist tended to be from New England and the Atlantic coast, were wealthy and well educated
Anti-federalists tended to be from rural areas and most were small farmers
FEDERALISTS Leaders: Washington, Franklin, Madison,
and Hamilton Arguments: Strong central government
was needed to maintain order Strategy: emphasized weaknesses of
the Articles, said opponents had no solutions
Advantages: strong leaders, well organized
Disadvantages: Constitution was new and untried, lacked a bill of rights
ANTI-FEDERALISTS Leaders: Patrick Henry and John Hancock Arguments: Strong central government
would destroy the work of the Revolution, limit democracy, and restrict states’ rights
Strategy: Argued the Constitution contained no protection for individual rights, gave the central government more power than the British ever had
Advantages: appealed to popular distrust of the government due to the colonial experience
Disadvantages: poorly organized, slow to respond
FEDERALISTS PAPERS Series of 85 essays written by James
Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
Published by a New York newspaper Gave valid reasons for each major
provision of the Constitution Key to the Federalist campaign and won
many to their side
RATIFICATION Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
were the first 3 states to ratify the Constitution
After Federalists promised to add a “bill of rights” more populous states, such as Virginia, followed
By May 1790 all 13 states ratified the Constitution
BILL OF RIGHTS Most believed a Bill of Rights was the
only way to protect citizens from the government
Others argued that citizens did not need to be protected in a democracy
In 1789, Congress adopted 10 amendments to the Constitution to protect personal liberties
These 10 amendments have become known as the Bill of Rights
BILL OF RIGHTS 1st: Freedom of religion, press, assembly,
petition, and speech 2nd: Right to keep and bear arms 3rd: Cannot be required to house troops
in private homes during peace time 4th: No unreasonable searches or
seizures 5th: Due process, testify against oneself,
double jeopardy 6th: Right to a speedy and public trial 7th: Right to a trial by jury
BILL OF RIGHTS 8th: No excessive bail or cruel and
unusual punishment 9th: Any rights not specifically mentioned
are also protected 10th: Powers not delegated to the federal
government belong to the states or the people
YOU MUST KNOW THESE AMENDMENTS!!!
ORGANIZING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Washington’s first task as President was to organize the executive branch
Appointed Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, Henry Knox as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph as Attorney General
These men formed the Cabinet, or advisors to the president
ORGANIZING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: FEDERAL COURTS The Supreme Court is the only Federal court
mentioned in the Constitution Congress was given the power to create
other federal courts Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme
Court with one Chief Justice and five associate justices
Supreme Court would decide the Constitutionality of decisions made by state courts
The act also provided a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal
HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PROGRAM Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury, had a
plan to fix the financial problems of the new nation
Hamilton proposed:Pay off national debt at face value and have
the fed government assume the war debts of the states
Protect the young nations industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods
Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes to provide a stable basis for American currency
HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PROGRAM Plan was mostly supported by Northern
merchants who would gain directly from tariffs
Anti-federalists feared it gave the central government too much power
Thomas Jefferson opposed it because it did not favor small farmers who were in debt
Jefferson finally agreed to Hamilton’s plan after Hamilton promised to create the nation’s new capital in the South (Virginia,Maryland)
HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PROGRAM Congress finally adopted three of
Hamilton’s idea with a few changes Debt: US would pay off war debt and
assume the debts of the states Tariffs and excise taxes: Congress set
tariffs lower than Hamilton had hoped for, Hamilton convinced them to place excise taxes on items like whiskey
National Bank: chartered by the Federal government but privately owned
FOREIGN AFFAIRS: FRENCH REVOLUTION Americans supported the French
Revolution but were horrified by reports of mass hysteria and executions
US-French alliance was still in effect even though it had been signed with the French Monarchy
Jefferson sympathized with the French Britain was seizing American ships
bound for French ports Jefferson felt like the US should join
France in a war against Britain
PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY 1793 President Washington did not believe the US
was strong enough to fight a war in Europe In 1793, Washington issued a proclamation of
neutrality regarding the British and the French Revolution
Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in disagreement with Washington’s order
“Citizen” Genet, the French minister to the US, appealed to the American people for help, very outrageous at the time
Washington tried to get France to take Edmond Genet back, but Genet remained in the US and eventually became a citizen
JAY TREATY 1794 John Jay was now Chief Justice Washington sent him to Britain to talk
them out of seizing American ships and “impressing” those captured into the British navy
After a year, Jay brought back a treaty that said the British would evacuate its posts on the American frontier
It said nothing about seizing ships or “impressing”
Very unpopular but kept the US at peace
PINCKNEY TREATY 1795 Spain saw the Jay Treaty as a sign of
union between Britain and the US Spain was a long time enemy of Britain Thomas Pinckney, US minister to Spain,
negotiated a treaty with Spain which opened the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to American trade
Treaty also settled the argument of Florida’s northern border
DOMESTIC CONCERNS: NATIVE AMERICANS American settlers continued to push
westward, encroaching on native lands Americans believed the British were
supplying the Native Americans with weapons
In 1794 the US army led by Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Native American peoples at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in northwestern Ohio
Treaty of Greenville 1795: Native Americans surrender their land in the Ohio territory and promised to open it up to settlement
WHISKEY REBELLION 1794 In western PA, farmers refused to pay an
excise tax on whiskey Farmers attacked revenue collectors
instead of paying the tax Washington federalized 15,000
militiamen and placed them under Hamilton’s orders
This put down the Whiskey Rebellion without bloodshed on either side
Showed the new national government was strong enough to enforce it’s laws
WESTERN LANDS US gained vast amounts of land through
the Jay Treaty and the Treaty of Greenville
Public Land Act in 1796 established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal land at reasonable prices
New states began to be added and the process went smoothly1791 Vermont1792 Kentucky1796 Tennessee
POLITICAL PARTIES Political parties began to form around
two leading figures: Hamilton and Jefferson
Hamilton: Federalists, favored in northeast, wanted the federal government to grow
Jefferson: Democratic-Republicans, favored in south and west, wanted states’ rights to be more powerful than the federal government
By 1796, the parties were beginning to take shape and become more organized
POLITICAL PARTIES
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Leaders: Adams, Hamilton Constitution: strong
central government Foreign policy: Pro-British Military policy: large
peacetime army and navy Domestic policy: aid
business, national banks, tariffs
Chief supporters: northern businessmen, large landowners
Leaders: Jefferson, Madison
Constitution: weak central government
Foreign policy: Pro-French Military policy: small
peacetime army and navy Domestic policy:
agriculture, no national bank, no tariffs
Chief supporters: skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS Washington warned against
Not to get involved in European affairs
Against the United States making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs
Not to form political partiesTo avoid sectionalism
JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY This Democratic-Republican president
tried to win Federalist supporters by maintaining Hamilton’s financial program
Reduced the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed the excise tax, and lowered the national debt
He appointed only Democratic-Republicans to Cabinet positions to avoid disunion
LOUISIANA PURCHASE Most important event in Jefferson’s first term France had regained the Louisiana Territory
from Spain in 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte hoped to re-establish
the French empire in America By 1803, Bonaparte had become
disinterested in the territory due to problems with the British and in Santo Domingo (Haiti)
Jefferson felt uncomfortable as long as a European country controlled the port of New Orleans
LOUISIANA PURCHASE Jefferson sent ministers to France to
offer to purchase New Orleans and a small piece of land east of the city
If the French didn’t want to sell, the ministers were instructed to travel to Britain to forge an alliance with the British
Napoleon's ministers needed money to fund a war so they offered not only to sell New Orleans but the entire Louisiana Territory
The American ministers accepted the offer and paid $15 million for the land
LOUISIANA PURCHASE Jefferson wasn’t sure if the purchase
was constitutional The Constitution did not state anything
about purchasing land Jefferson said it was in his power to
make treaties and so made the purchase legal
The Senate quickly ratified the treaty The majority of Americans strongly
supported the Louisiana Purchase
LOUISIANA PURCHASE The purchase more than doubled the
size of the US Jefferson hoped the new land would turn
the US into an agricultural society instead of Hamilton’s vision of industry and commerce
Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new land in 1804. They achieved the following: Increased knowledge on the geography Improved relations with Native AmericansCreated maps and routes for future
settlement
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT Federal courts were still full of
Federalists due to earlier appointments by Washington and Adams
Marshall, Jefferson’s cousin, would cause Jefferson the most trouble during his presidency
Marshall would be Chief Justice for 34 years and would influence the court like Washington had influenced the presidency
MARBURY V. MADISON 1803 The case was over federal appointments
that Jefferson was trying to stop William Marbury sued to have his
appointment reinstated Marbury’s case went to the Supreme
Court for review in 1803 Marshall ruled that Marbury did have
the right to have his job reinstated but in the same ruling, he said the law that gave Marbury his job, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional
MARBURY V. MADISON 1803 Marshall said the Judiciary Act gave the
court more power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed
By ruling a law of Congress “unconstitutional” Marshall established the doctrine of “judicial review”
Judicial Review: power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was or was not allowed by the Constitution
The Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other branches
JUDICIAL IMPEACHMENTS Jefferson tried other methods to get rid
of Federalists in government positions Jefferson suspended the Alien and
Sedition Acts and released those jailed by the law
Jefferson also pushed for the impeachment of judges
The impeachment campaign didn’t result in many removals but it did make judges more cautious
JEFFERSON’S REELECTION Jefferson was re-elected by a landslide
in 1804 Aaron Burr, Jefferson first term VP, was
not re-elected Burr set out on several bizarre ventures Burr first wanted to become governor of
New York, unite New York with the New England states, and then secede from the Union
Burr was defeated in the election and the conspiracy disintegrated
AARON BURR Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel
because of an insulting comment Hamilton reportedly made toward Burr
Burr fatally shot Hamilton in 1804 and became the enemy of many
Burr then plotted to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with the Louisiana Territory under his rule
Jefferson had him arrested for treason but he was found “not guilty” because Chief Justice Marshall said there was not enough evidence
DIFFICULTIES ABROAD: BARBARY PIRATES Pirates from the African coast were
attempting to seize American cargo Washington and Adams had been paying
the leaders of these pirates to protect American ships
One of these leaders, the Pasha of Tripoli, demanded more money from Jefferson
Instead of paying, Jefferson sent the US navy to the Mediterranean which resulted in sporadic fighting over several years
The US gained respect and protected it’s trading vessels
CHALLENGES TO US NEUTRALITY France and Britain were blockaded each
other due to the Napoleonic Wars Britain would seize American ships and
“impress” the sailors into the British navy
In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the American warship Chesapeake which killed 3 Americans. 4 others were captured and “impressed” by the British
Jefferson was able to respond to the crisis through diplomacy and economic pressure
EMBARGO ACT 1807 This measure prohibited American merchant
ships from sailing to any foreign port Jefferson hoped that the British would stop
violating the rights of neutral nations rather than lose the US trade
The embargo act backfired and hurt the US more than the British
Act caused an economic depression so bad that the New England states actually considered seceding from the Union
In 1809, Jefferson called for the repeal of the Embargo Act during the last days of his presidency
WAR OF 1812: CAUSES James Madison is elected to his 2nd term in
1812 Americans still upset with Britain’s policy of
seizing American ships and “impressing” American sailors
British had aided the Shawnee during the Battle of Tippecanoe. Battle led by Tecumseh and the Prophet
“War Hawk” congressmen pushed for war to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance
Madison finally asks Congress to declare war
WAR OF 1812: VICTORIES AND DEFEATS Madison’s strategy: 1) hope for
Napoleon's victory in Europe, 2) successful invasion of Canada
Invasion of Canada: Poorly equipped army tried to invade Canada several times but were easily defeated by British
Naval Battles: US warship Constitution defeated British warship, American privateers continued to attack British shipping, and British conducted a successful blockade of US coast
WAR OF 1812: VICTORIES AND DEFEATS Naval Battles: US victories on Lake Erie,
Thames River (Detroit), and Lake Champlain kept the British from invading New York
Napoleon was defeated in Europe British burn the White House, Capitol,
and other buildings in 1814 Southern campaign, led by Andrew
Jackson, was successful for the Americans
Treaty of Ghent: 1814 ended the war Neither side gained anything from the
war
HARTFORD CONVENTION New England states had come close to
seceding from the Union during the war Delegates voted against secession but
wanted to make it more difficult to go to war in the future
Adopted a proposal which called for a 2/3 vote of both houses to declare war
War ended shortly after the Convention, many who attended were considered unpatriotic
PANIC OF 1819 Caused by the Second Bank of the
United States which had tightened credit in order to control inflation
Major economic depression, most severe in western states
Banks closed, value of money deflated, many were unemployed, bankruptcies rose, and many were placed in debtors prisons.
Changed the political views of many living in western states
JOHN MARSHALL Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1800
by Federalist president John Adams Consistently favored the central
government Said federal government had strong and
flexible powers Need to know:
Marbury v. Madison 1803: judicial reviewMcCulloch v. Maryland 1819: set precedent
for implied powers and ruled federal laws supreme to state laws
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri wanted to become a state, first
from the territory purchased during the Louisiana Purchase
Missouri wanted to be a slave state, would have created unbalanced number of free/slave states
Clay’s Missouri Compromise: 1) MO slave state, 2) ME free state, 3) slavery prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana territory
Highlighted the problem of nationalism vs. sectionalism
MONROE DOCTRINE Powers like Russia, Spain, and Italy were
interested in strengthening or establishing colonies in the western hemisphere
Dec. 2, 1823 President James Monroe issued his “Monroe Doctrine”
Doctrine states European powers were not to interfere in the western hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine will become more significant in later years when the US uses it to justify foreign policy