April 18, 2013

STANDARD: SAP3a Interpret interactions among hormones, senses, and nerves which make possible the coordination of functions of the body.

EQ: What are the affects of hormone action on the human body?

WARM-UP: (Use your own paper, because I have your comp. books)Using pages 314, 319 & 320, briefly describe the following diseases, Goiter, Gigantism and Graves Disease.

THE ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE GLAND STIMULI

1. Hormonal Stimuli-most common; endocrine organs put into action by hormones (ex.hypothalamus anterior pituitary other endocrine glands)

2. Humoral Stimuli-changes in blood levels of certain nutrients and ions stimulate hormone release

3. Neural Stimuli-nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (ex. Adrenal medulla-norepinephrine/epinephrine)

Pituitary

*Small as a pea and contains two lobes:

1. Anterior-glandular tissue

2. Posterior-nervous tissue

PituitaryAnterior Hormones:1. Growth Hormone (GH)-growth of skeletal muscles & long bones2. Prolactin (PRL)-stimulates milk production in breasts3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)-stimulates egg & sperm production4. Lutenizing Hormone (LH)-stimulates ovaries (ovulation) & testes5. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)-growth of thyroid gland6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)- Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

Posterior Hormones:1. Oxytocin-causes contraction of the uterus during labor & “let down” reflex for breastfeeding2. Antidiuretic (ADH)-helps kidneys retain water, prevents urination

Thyroid

*large gland, made of two lobes, located at base of throat; inferior to the Adam’s apple

*Secretes 2 hormones:1. Thyroid-controls how fast

glucose is burned and converted to body heat (metabolic hormone)

2. Calcitonin-decreases blood calcium; deposits calcium in bones

*hypocalcemic

Goiter

Parathyroid*found on the posterior of the thyroid gland; 2 on each lobe

*secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

*Is hypercalcemic-when blood calcium levels drop, osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium into the blood

Adrenal*sits on top of each kidney

*Two main parts:

1. Cortex (glandular tissue)2. Medulla (nervous tissue)

Cortex Hormones:Corticosteroids3. Mineralocorticoids-regulates mineral

content in blood4. Glucocorticoids-cortisone; helps body

resist normal stress (long term)5. Sex hormones-androgens, &

estrogens

Adrenal (cont.)Medulla Hormones:

1. Epinephrine-(short term stress)2. Norepinephrine-can be secreted as a

neurotransmitter

*When secreted into blood stream, heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels increase. Passages of lungs increase to bring in more oxygen and breathing increases.

Pancreas*close to the stomach

*contains pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) that produce insulin (beta cells) & glucagon-hyperglycemic (alpha cells)

*insulin is the antagonist of glucagon, its is hypoglycemic

*normal blood sugar:80-120mg/100ml

*high blood sugar:600mg/100ml (glucose will start to spill into urine)

Diabetes:Type 2:

Type 1:

*Adult onset*Produces insulin, but receptors can’t respond to it*Treated through special diets and/or hypoglycemic medications

*Juvenile diabetes*more severe*Treated through insulin pumps or injections

Pineal Gland*small cone-shaped gland that hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in the brain

*Hormone: melatoninmakes us drowsy; highest at night, lowest at noon; “sleep trigger”-drowsy

*Also associated with mating behavior in animals & believed to keep the reproductive system in check

Thymus*located in upper thorax, posterior to sternum

*Large in infants and gets smaller as you get older

*Hormone: thymosinFosters normal development of white blood cells (T-Cells aka Killer T-Cells)

GONADS:Ovaries

*Produces estrogen & progesterone

Responsible for development of the females secondary sex-characteristics; ex. Breast development and menstrual cycle regulation

Testes

*Produces androgens, such as testosterone

* Responsible for male secondary sex characteristics; ex. Facial hair, heavy bones and muscles, deeper voice, and sperm production

4 CORNERS

A. Growth HormoneB. ProlactinC. FSHD. LH

1

A. OxytocinB. Growth HormoneC. ADHD. Melatonin

2

A. OxytocinB. Growth HormoneC. ADHD. Melatonin

3

A. CalcitoninB. InsulinC. ParathyroidD. Glucagon

4

A. CalcitoninB. glucagonC. insulinD. parathyroid

5

A. ThymosinB. LSHC. OxytocinD. GH

6

A. Beta cellsB. Glucagon C. Alpha cellsD. Pancreatic islets

7

A. Hormonal stimulusB. Neural stimulusC. Humoral stimulusD. Feedback stimulus

8

A. Neural StimulusB. Negative FeedbackC. Humoral StimulusD. Positive Feedback

9

A. Adrenal CortexB. ThyroidC. Adrenal MedullaD. Parathyroid

10

A. LHB. ThyroidC. FSHD. Parathyroid

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