APR 8715.1 CH13 - NASA · 2019. 3. 8. · 13.1 Overview This chapter of APR 8715.1 establishes...

Ames Procedural Requirements

APR 8715.1 Effective Date: November 14, 2017

Expiration Date: November 14, 2022

COMPLIANCE IS MANDATORY

Subject: Chapter 13 – Chemical Hygiene Program

Responsible Office: QH/Occupational Safety, Health and Medical Services Division

DOCUMENT CHANGE LOG

Status [Baseline /Revision

/Cancelled]

Document Revision

Date of Change

Description

Revision 1 11/14/2017 Moved responsibility of appointing the Ames Chemical Hygiene Officer from the Center Director to the Safety, Health and Medical Service Division. See paragraph 13.2.1 a Principal investigators need to review and update the laboratory safety plans at least annual or whenever process changes. The plan does not need to be submitted to the Safety Office for approval (up to three years) if the lab does not have any changes, all laboratory workers are current with all the required trainings listed in the laboratory safety plan and the chemical inventory are up to date. See paragraphs 13.3.5 and 13.3.6 Require hazardous chemical inventory of a laboratory be part of a Laboratory Safety Plan. See paragraph 13.3.8 Updated training requirements in paragraph 13.8 Updated all references in Appendix C Updated Appendix E, General Procedures for Working with Hazardous Chemicals, with information from the 2011 updated version of Prudent Practices in the Laboratories Revised Appendix G, Example of Standard Operating Procedure for Particularly Hazardous Substance Replaced the Suggested Lab Safety Outline with a Suggested Laboratory Safety Plan Template in Appendix H Added Appendix I, Laboratory Safety Plan Review Checklist

APR 8715.1 This document is uncontrolled when printed. Page 1 of 84 Verify current version before use at:

https://cdms.nasa.gov/directive/library/ARC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE P.1 Purpose P.2 Applicability P.3 Authority P.4 Applicable Documents and Forms P.5 Measurement/Verification P.6 Cancellation

CHAPTER 13 Chemical Hygiene Program 13.1 Overview 13.2 Responsibilities 13.3 Laboratory Safety Plans 13.4 Hazard Control Measures 13.5 Exposure Assessment and Monitoring 13.6 Spills and Accidents 13.7 Medical Consultation and Examination 13.8 Worker Notification and Training 13.9 Chemical Procurement, Distribution, Storage and Waste Disposal 13.10 Reports of Unsafe or Unhealthy Working Conditions 13.11 Recordkeeping 13.12 Related Programs at ARC 13.13 Review and Update

APPENDIX A. DEFINITIONS

APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS

APPENDIX C. REFERENCES

APPENDIX D. HAZARD SCREENING TOOL FOR LABORATORY OPERATIONS

APPENDIX E. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR WORKING WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS APPENDIX F: SPECIAL RULES FOR WORKING WITH CARCINOGENS, GENOTOXINS, REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS, AND COMPOUNDS WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF ACUTE TOXICITY



APPENDIX G: EXAMPLE OF STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR CARCINOGENS, GENOTOXINS, REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS, AND COMPOUNDS WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF ACUTE TOXICITY APPENDIX H: SUGGESTED LABORATORY SAFETY PLAN TEMPLATE APPENDIX I: LABORATORY SAFETY PLAN REVIEW CHECKLIST APPENDIX J: LABORATORY RISK ASSESSMENT APPENDIX K: CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY/INCOMPATIBILITY APPENDIX L: PICRIC ACID (2,3,6- TRINITROPHENOL), AND OTHERMULTI NITRO AROMATIC COMPOUNDS APPENDIX M: PEROXIDE-FORMING CHEMICALS APPENDIX N: CHEMICAL HYGIENE PROGRAM SELF-ASSESSMENT GUIDE



PREFACE

P.1 PURPOSE This chapter of APR 8715.1 establishes minimum requirements to protect laboratory workers from chemical hazards through hazard assessment, hazard communication, training, safe work practices, and special controls for some specific hazardous chemicals. This chapter together with laboratory safety plans (see paragraph 13.3 for details on laboratory safety plan) specific to each laboratory comprise the Center’s written Chemical Hygiene Plan required by 29 CFR 1910.1450, Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. P.2 APPLICABILITY This directive applies to all Ames workers, Ames contractors and grantees as specified in their contracts or grants; and to other organizations (i.e., commercial partners, other Federal agencies, international parties, and Ames tenants) as specified and described in written operating agreements In this directive, all document citations are assumed to be the latest version unless otherwise noted. P.3 AUTHORITY 29 CFR 1910.1450, Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. P.4 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS AND FORMS None. P.5 MEASUREMENT/VERIFICATION Verification and measurement for compliance to this directive will be tracked through Agency triennial audit and Ames Safety Accountability Program (formerly Ames Annual Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) self-inspections). P.6 CANCELLATION None.

/S/ Eugene Tu Director



CHAPTER 13. CHEMICAL HYGIENE PROGRAM

13.1 Overview

This chapter of APR 8715.1 establishes minimum requirements to protect laboratory workers from chemical hazards through hazard assessment, hazard communication, training, safe work practices, and special controls for some specific hazardous chemicals. This chapter together with laboratory safety plans specific to each laboratory comprise the Center’s written Chemical Hygiene Plan required by 29 CFR 1910.1450, Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories.

13.2 Responsibilities

13.2.1 Safety, Health and Medical Services Division shall:

a. Designate an employee who is qualified by training or experience to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan as the installation Chemical Hygiene Officer. b. Review and evaluate Laboratory Safety Plans and associated documentation and approve Laboratory Safety Plans that conform to the requirements of this chapter. c. Perform medical consultation and examinations for laboratory workers as specified in applicable NASA directives. d. Provide medical consultations and provide written medical opinions as specified in 29 CFR 1910.1450, or other OSHA/NASA regulations, as appropriate.

13.2.2 Ames Chemical Hygiene Officer shall:

a. Oversee development and implementation of the Ames Chemical Hygiene Program and applicable procedures. b. Provide advice, oversight, and consultation to Directorate/Division/Branch Chemical Hygiene Officers, Safety Representatives, and laboratory supervisors to ensure compliance with the Ames Chemical Hygiene Plan. c. Provide direction and oversight of exposure assessment and chemical monitoring programs. d. Ensure that chemical exposure assessments are conducted for proposed laboratory use of carcinogens, genotoxins, reproductive toxins, and highly toxic compounds. e. Ensure that technical advice is available on exposure assessments, chemical hazards, less hazardous substitutes, containment, decontamination, neutralization, personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls and emergency procedures.



f. Ensure that exposure-monitoring records are maintained, and workers are notified of the results. g. Review this chapter of Ames Health and Safety Manual annually and update it as necessary.

13.2.3 Supervisors (all levels) shall:

a. Maintain a safe work environment as prescribed in APR 8715.1 Chapter 2, and as modified or augmented in this section. b. Assign a Principal Investigator or Laboratory Chemical Hygiene Officer qualified to meet the responsibilities listed in 13.2.4. c. Approve Laboratory Safety Plans when the submitted plan addresses adequately and appropriately the planned laboratory operations and risks associated with those operations. Seek consultation with the Ames Chemical Hygiene Officer, as needed. d. Require review and update of Laboratory Safety Plans for new or significantly modified operations. e. Ensure that sufficient coordination is employed so that regulatory requirements relating to procurement, storage, use, collection, transportation, and disposal of chemicals used in laboratories are followed.

13.2.4 Principal Investigators/Laboratory Chemical Hygiene Officers shall:

a. Acquire and maintain the knowledge and information of technical and legal requirements needed to control chemical hazards in the laboratory. b. Ensure that an accurate inventory is maintained for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory. Update the inventory whenever hazardous substances are added or removed. c. Prepare the Laboratory Safety Plan and review it at least annually. Update it whenever procedures change. d. Identify and assess the hazards present in the laboratory (see Appendix D). e. Request, when needed, technical advice on exposure assessments, chemical hazards, less hazardous substitutes, containment, decontamination, neutralization, personal protective equipment, engineering controls, emergency procedures, and special precautions for carcinogens, reproductive toxins or high degree of acute toxic substances. f. Ensure (in coordination with the Ames Chemical Hygiene Officer) that hazard/exposure assessments are conducted for all operations where hazardous chemicals are handled, and that exposure monitoring is conducted if there is reason to believe (based upon the exposure assessment) that exposure levels of a chemical substance could exceed the action level (or Permissible Exposure Limit/Recommended Exposure Limits/Threshold Limit Values in the absence of an action level). g. Develop written procedures for carcinogens, reproductive toxins or highly toxic substances that restrict use to authorized individuals and limit activities to designated and appropriately restricted work areas (see Appendix F for requirements and Appendix G for a sample procedure). h. Identify required control measures for each hazardous laboratory operation. APR 8715.1 This document is uncontrolled when printed. Page 6 of 84

Verify current version before use at: https://cdms.nasa.gov/directive/library/ARC

i. Maintain copies of exposure monitoring records. j. Ensure that medical attention is provided to any worker whenever signs and symptoms develop that may be associated with exposure to a hazardous chemical or whenever monitoring reveals exposure levels in excess of the action level. Provide relevant information (identity of the materials and amounts, if known, and circumstances of the exposure and worker symptoms) to the attending medical professional. k. Ensure that the composition of laboratory-generated mixtures is described in the Laboratory Safety Plan (section 8 of Laboratory Safety Plan, Appendix H) l. Provide information and training to all laboratory workers about potential health hazards, safe handling procedures, chemical storage, physical safety hazards, the Laboratory Safety Plan, task-specific hazard control methods, and emergency response. m. Ensure the toxicity/hazard information is available for all laboratory chemicals used. List the location of this information in the Laboratory Safety Plan. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) are a primary source of this information. Any SDSs received from the chemical supplier shall be readily available to all laboratory workers. n. Provide all workers access to the Chemical Hygiene Plan, the Laboratory Safety Plan, and other appropriate documents and references applicable to health and safety programs. o. Ensure that labels on incoming containers are not removed or defaced. p. Assure that when chemicals transferred to another container, the new container is labelled properly. q. Ensure that each laboratory is posted with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes for chemical hazards within the laboratory. Standard labels are available for this purpose. r. Ensure that each laboratory is posted with a list of responsible persons (emergency contacts) and their Ames phone numbers. s. Prepare a PPE assessment (see Chapter 33 of Health and Safety Manual for more information) for laboratory operations. Include it in the Laboratory Safety Plan. t. Ensure that facilities, storage areas, and equipment are adequate for laboratory procedures being conducted. u. Ensure (in coordination with the Safety, Health and Medical Services Division) that monitoring is conducted to evaluate the proper functioning of fume hoods and other engineering controls, and that any fume hood that does not meet performance standards is not used until it is repaired. v. Comply with all applicable Federal, State, and local regulations, and facility procedures for chemical disposal. w. Maintain records required by this and other applicable chapters in the Ames Health and Safety Manual (APR 8715.1) and the Ames Environmental Procedural Requirements (APR 8500.1).

13.2.5. Laboratory Workers shall:

a. Be responsible for personal safety as prescribed in APR 8715.1 Chapter 2, and as modified or augmented in this section.



b. Follow safe, established work practices found in the Chemical Hygiene Program and laboratory safety plans. c. Review the SDSs and/or other available literature for information on the chemicals being used, including: hazards, exposure limits, symptoms of exposure, PPE, and engineering controls. d. Treat a chemical of unknown composition as a hazardous substance. e. Keep the quantity of chemicals stored in a laboratory to the minimum needed. f. Develop good personal chemical hygiene habits. g. Implement appropriate protective measures prior to undertaking any hazardous operation

13.3 Laboratory Safety Plan

13.3.1 Each laboratory shall maintain a Laboratory Safety Plan as a site-specific supplement to this chapter.

13.3.2 The Laboratory Safety Plan shall contain laboratory-specific information that will be used to protect workers from health and safety hazards.

13.3.3 It shall include standard operating procedures relevant to health and safety, criteria for determining control measures to reduce worker exposure to hazardous chemicals, instructions for use of PPE and hygiene practices, measures to ensure proper functioning of fume hoods and other engineering controls, provisions for worker training, designation of circumstances that require prior approval, provisions for medical consultation and examinations, as needed, and designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the Laboratory Safety Plan.

13.3.4. Particular attention shall be given to control measures for operations that involve the use of carcinogens, reproductive hazards, or highly toxic chemicals.

13.3.5 Laboratory Safety Plans including the associated document such as chemical inventory and standard operating procedures shall be reviewed/updated at least annually, or whenever a new hazard is introduced into the workplace.

13.3.6 Safety Division approval of lab safety plans may be granted for a period of three years subject to annual review and affirmation by the principal investigator or laboratory management that significant new hazards have not been introduced into the laboratory, the chemical inventory are current and all personnel working in the laboratories are current with the required trainings listed in the laboratory safety plans. Emergency contact information shall be updated and posted on the laboratory door within 3 days of effective date of any change in name or contact number.

13.3.7 A hazardous chemical inventory of each laboratory should be kept with the Laboratory Safety Plan.



13.3.8 Detailed information on the preparation of Laboratory Safety Plans, including a suggested template is provided in Appendix H.

13.4 Hazard Control Measures

13.4.1 Criteria for Selection of Hazard Control Measures

13.4.1.1 Control measures are required when potential health effects or other operational hazards exist. Control measures, in order of preference, include:

a. Elimination: Remove the source of the hazard entirely. b. Substitution: use a less hazardous chemical or perform a less hazardous operation. c. Engineering controls: use equipment that reduces the hazard; e.g. fume hoods, local exhaust ventilation, ground fault circuit interrupter, needle with build in safety mechanism, securing compressed gas bottles with chains. d. Administrative controls and work practices: establish laboratory rules and standard operating procedures to reduce risk; worker training must be provided as part of the administrative controls. e. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): provide protective equipment to be worn by workers to prevent exposure to hazards present; e.g. safety glasses, chemically resistant gloves.

13.4.1.2 OSHA requires a written hazard assessment whenever PPE is used.

13.4.1.2.1 The required PPE hazard assessment process is described in APR 8715.1 Chapter 33 of the Ames Health and Safety Manual.

13.4.1.2.2 The PPE hazard/exposure assessment may be part of the Laboratory Safety Plan.

13.4.1.2.3 Control and protective measures, including provision of PPE and training in both the hazards and appropriate use of PPE, shall be provided before laboratory work begins.

13.4.1.2.4 Factors that shall be considered when determining which control and protective measures to apply include:

a. Degree of toxicity. A highly toxic chemical is likely require effective ventilation control at lower concentrations than a less toxic chemical b. Exposure potential: Frequency, duration, and potential concentration of hazardous chemical exposure c. Route of exposure: Inhalation and skin absorption are the primary routes of occupational exposure. Injection can occur when needles or other sharp implements are present.



d. Feasibility and effectiveness of engineering controls, such as glove boxes and means for remote handling of highly toxic materials. e. The effectiveness of PPE to reduce potential exposure, including the permeability of glove materials to the chemicals in the laboratory. f. The potential for PPE to introduce a different hazard, such as gloves reducing dexterity and adding risk of spills. g. Chemical procedures (quantities and techniques). Example: micro-volume procedures require fewer controls and present less risk to workers than high volume procedures. h. Effectiveness of other aspects of the Laboratory Safety Plan, such as General Laboratory Safety Rules to minimize exposures.

13.4.2 Administrative Controls and Prior Approval

13.4.2.1 Laboratory management is encouraged to contact the Safety Division for industrial hygiene and occupational safety review prior to the initiation of new hazardous operations. Safety Division personnel may assist in identifying circumstances when there shall be prior approval before implementation of a particular laboratory operation.

13.4.2.2 Projects with radioisotopes, lasers, controlled substances, explosives and propellants, bio-hazardous materials, nanomaterials, toxic gases, controlled substances, and human subjects have special requirements for review and prior approval.

13.4.2.2.1 Projects that require use of radioactive materials or equipment that produces ionizing radiation shall be approved in accordance with APR 8715.1 Chapter 7 prior to acquisition of radioactive materials or radiation producing equipment.

13.4.2.2.2 Projects that require use of lasers or equipment that produces non-ionizing radiation shall be approved in accordance with APR 8715.1 Chapter 8 prior to operation of the laser, UV source, or radiofrequency transmitter.

13.4.2.2.3 Projects that require use of explosives or propellants shall be approved in accordance with APR 8715.1 Chapter 12 prior to acquisition of explosive materials.

13.4.2.2.4 Projects that require use of biohazard materials shall be approved by the Biohazard Safety Committee prior to acquisition or use of biohazard Level 2 or biohazard Level 3 materials. Refer to Chapter 52 of Ames Health and Safety Manual, APR 8715.1.

13.4.2.2.5 Projects that require use of nanomaterials shall be approved in accordance with APR 8715.1 Chapter 50 prior to acquisition or production of nanomaterials.



13.4.2.2.6 Principal Investigators who plan to use toxic gases regulated by Santa Clara County shall notify the Occupational Safety, Health and Medical Services Division and the Environmental Management Division prior to acquiring quantities of toxic gases that exceed regulatory thresholds. Refer to Chapter 58 of APR 8715.1 for more information.

13.4.2.2.7 Principal Investigators who plan to use narcotics or other controlled substances including alcohol in their laboratory research shall follow procedures specified in APR 8715.1 Chapter 23.

13.4.2.2.8 Projects that involve the use of human subjects shall be approved by the Human Subjects Research Institutional Review Board (HRIRB) prior to commencement of the research activity that involves human subjects.

13.4.2.3 No person shall perform hazardous operations without a responsible supervisor's authorization.

13.4.2.4 All purchase requests for chemicals proceed through line management approval. Purchases shall be subject to the purchaser's written agreement to maintain Hazard Communication and Chemical Hygiene Plan compliance as specified in APR 8715.1 Chapter 24.

13.4.3 General Laboratory Safety Rules

13.4.3.1 General Laboratory Practices: The exposure to hazardous chemicals in the laboratory shall be controlled through the use of good General Laboratory Practices, including, standard operating procedures specific to an individual laboratory, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment.

13.4.3.2 The updated National Research Council text, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, published by the National Academy Press, is adopted as the Ames General procedures for Working with Hazardous Chemicals (See Appendix E).

13.4.3.3 General Laboratory Safety Rules based on recommended Prudent Practices are the primary guidelines for ensuring that laboratory exposure to chemicals is maintained below the permissible exposure limits (see Appendix E for additional information).

13.4.3.4 Four fundamental principles apply to all laboratory operations:

a. Plan ahead: Substitute a chemical of lower toxicity and reduce quantities, when possible. b. Minimize exposure to chemicals: Use fume hoods to prevent exposure to airborne chemicals and avoid skin contact by using the correct personal protective equipment. All volatile, hazardous compounds shall be handled in an approved chemical hood. Always wear appropriate gloves when any skin contact is possible. Check the glove manufacturer's recommendations to determine the



correct glove composition type. No one type of glove is capable of protecting against all chemicals. c. Do not underestimate risks: Treat substances of unknown toxicity as toxic substances and mixtures as more toxic than the most toxic component. d. Be prepared for accidents: Keep co-workers informed of hazardous activities and know what to do in the event of a hazardous material release. Maintain spill control supplies to contain any reasonably anticipated release.

13.4.3.5 Guidelines for working with substances of highly toxic, flammable substances, highly reactive or explosive chemicals, bio-hazardous materials, and compressed gases are published in references such as the National Research Council publication Prudent Practices in the Laboratory.

13.4.3.6 Specific laboratory practices: Any deviations from General Laboratory Rules that are necessitated by experiment requirements shall be documented in the Laboratory Safety Plan with an explanation of the circumstances.

13.4.4 Special Hazard Controls

The OSHA Laboratory Standard requires special care for work with known human carcinogens and other substances that are defined as particularly hazardous substances (see Appendix F for additional information).

13.4.4.1 Carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or highly toxic chemicals shall be stored and handled only in a designated area to be specified in the Laboratory Safety Plan. The area can be a single hood, a portion of a room, or the entire laboratory.

13.4.4.2 Planned use of carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or highly toxic chemicals shall be evaluated by an industrial hygienist to determine the potential for exposure and the need for containment devices such as fume hoods or gloves boxes.

13.4.4.3 Procedures for safe decontamination of work surfaces and removal of contaminated waste containing carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or highly toxic chemicals shall be documented in the Laboratory Safety Plan.

13.4.4.4 Procedures for working with gases regulated under the Santa Clara County Toxic Gas Ordinance (TGO) shall be based on requirements for regulated gases that are discussed in the Ames Environmental Procedural Requirements, APR 8500.1, EWI-5.3-Toxic Gas Management.

13.4.4.5 All additional provisions for work with particularly hazardous substances shall be incorporated into the Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) for those materials. Appendix G contains an example SOP.

13.4.5 Chemical Fume Hood Inspection and Maintenance



13.4.5.1 The Safety Division measures ventilation rates and verifies effectiveness of chemical fume hoods annually. Sash location markers and dated calibration stickers are affixed to each fume hood when these checks are performed.

13.4.5.2 Any hood for which air velocity is unacceptable shall be tagged out-of-service until repaired.

13.4.5.3 Fume hoods for radioisotope use meet special requirements described in the Ames Radiation Safety Guide (APR 8715.1, Chapter 7).

Note: A current calibration sticker is not a guarantee that the hood is operating properly. For example, if personnel block the exhaust slot openings with equipment, the air velocity may be affected. If the airflow appears to decrease, the Safety Division may be contacted for assistance.

13.4.6 Personal Protective Equipment

13.4.6.1 Personal protective equipment shall be readily available to laboratory workers for use to reduce exposures to hazardous chemicals in the laboratory.

13.4.6.2 Safety Glasses, chemical splash goggles, gloves, face shields, and aprons are recommended for general laboratory use.

13.4.6.3 Gloves and laboratory aprons shall be worn when any skin contact with carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or highly toxic chemicals is possible.

13.4.6.4 Personal Protective Equipment shall be provided at no cost to the workers.

13.4.6.5 Specifications for PPE and criteria for selection of appropriate PPE are specified in APR 8715.1 Chapter 33, Personal Protective Equipment.

13.5 Exposure Assessment and Monitoring

13.5.1 Requirements for Chemical Exposure Assessment

13.5.1.1 Exposure assessment to determine priority for monitoring shall occur when carcinogens, genotoxins, reproductive toxins, and highly toxic compounds are used regularly (more than 3 separate handling sessions per week), used for an extended period of time (greater than 2 to 4 hours at a time), or used in especially large quantities (more than 20 ml).

13.5.1.2 Any chemical exposures that is suspected or reported by laboratory workers to be excessive or produce symptoms of over-exposure should be assessed.



13.5.1.3 The assessment shall follow the chemical exposure assessment standard operation procedure and the guidelines provided by the Ames Chemical Hygiene Officer.

13.5.1.4 A memorandum, or report, documenting the assessment shall be sent to the workers involved and their supervisors within fifteen days of receipt of the results.

13.5.1.5 Individual concerns about excessive exposures occurring in the laboratory shall be brought to the attention of the worker’s supervisor or the Laboratory Chemical Hygiene Officer immediately.

13.5.2 Requirements for Exposure Monitoring

13.5.2.1 Exposure in the laboratory to any substance regulated by an OSHA standard that requires monitoring shall be assessed to determine if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for that substance are likely to exceed the OSHA action level (AL) or permissible exposure limit (PEL). Substances regulated by an OSHA standard that requires monitoring include:

a. Asbestos (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 30 for monitoring plan) b. Lead (see APR 8715.1, Chapter 35 for monitoring plan) c. Formaldehyde (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 38 for monitoring plan) d. Ethylene Oxide (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 38 for monitoring plan) e. Benzene (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 38 for monitoring plan) f. Methylene Chloride (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 38 for monitoring plan) g. Hexavalent Chromium (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 38 for monitoring plan) h. Cadmium (see APR 8715.1 Chapter 38 for monitoring plan) i. 13.5.2.2 Routine exposure monitoring of airborne concentrations is not usually warranted in laboratories because: j. Chemicals are typically used for relatively short time periods and in small quantities k. Volatile hazardous compounds are handled in an approved chemical hood.

13.5.3 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

13.5.3.1 ARC shall use OSHA PEL's, Threshold Limit Values (TLV) issued by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) or specific NASA Health Standards issued by the Office of the Chief Health Medical Officer, whichever is more stringent, when establishing exposure controls.

13.5.3.2 In the absence of a specific PEL, TLV, or NASA Standard, other sources of occupational exposure limits (such as REL) shall be utilized as specified in NPR 1800.1D, paragraph 4.2.3.1.

13.5.3.3 In the absence of a specific PEL, TLV, NASA Standard and other sources of occupational exposure limits, the risk assessment process described in Appendix J shall be used. APR 8715.1 This document is uncontrolled when printed. Page 14 of 84


13.6 Spills and Accidents

13.6.1 Each person who handles hazardous materials in the laboratory shall receive task-specific training on spill and accident response.

13.6.2 Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure requirements are specified in the Ames Environmental Working Instruction. Refer to EWI 10 for Hazardous Materials and EWI 8 for spill prevention, control, and countermeasure. Procedural Requirements, APR 8500.1, EWI-5.1 Hazardous Materials Management.

13.6.3 Any laboratory worker who may have experienced a hazardous exposure due to a spill, accident, or any other circumstance shall report to the Ames Health Unit for medical consultation.

13.6.4 Information concerning the nature, amount, and circumstances of the exposure shall be provided to the medical professional along with a copy of the Safety Data Sheet of the chemicals involved.

13.7 Medical Consultation and Examination

13.7.1 The Ames Health Unit will provide a medical consultation and examination to any laboratory worker with concern about health effects from occupational exposure to chemicals while working at Ames.

13.7.2 Medical surveillance may be required when physician opinion, regulatory requirements, industrial hygiene survey, or exposure monitoring indicate a need.

13.7.3 Individuals have a right to receive a copy of their occupational health records and exposure monitoring results upon request.

13.7.4 In an emergency or for an initial consultation regarding chemical exposures or accidents while working at Ames, contractors may report to the Ames Health Unit. For routine medical services, contractors must report to their own medical clinic.

13.8 Worker Notification and Training

13.8.1 Training on hazards and controls shall be provided:

a. To all new workers b. To all workers given new job assignments for which training has not previously been received c. To supervisors (of workers handling hazardous materials)

13.8.2 At the time of initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemical are present, each worker shall be provided the following information:



a. A copy of the applicable laboratory safety plan b. A means to read this Chemical Hygiene Plan by website access or hard copy document c. A means to read the OSHA Chemical Hygiene Standard 29 CFR 1910.1450 (available on the OSHA website)

13.8.3 Before working in the laboratory, full time and part time laboratory workers shall have completed the following training classes:

a. New Hire Safety & Environmental Orientation (SATERN Course ARC-000-Orientation or HR New Hire Orientation)

b. HAZCOM 2012 for Chemical Users (ARC-003-03) c. Chemical Hygiene for Laboratories (ARC-008-05) d. Hazardous Waste/Environmental and Spill Response Essentials (ARC-002-

03) e. Personal Protective Equipment (ARC-009-05) f. Building Emergency Action Plan (ARC-004-06) g. Basic Electrical Safety for General Staff, (ARC-009-06) h. Additional classes specified by the laboratory supervisor

13.8.4 Before working in the laboratory, student interns shall have completed all the trainings listed in 13.8.3 and the following additional training classes:

a. Laboratory safety boot camp for Interns b. Hearing Conservation Training (ARC-002-08)

13.8.5 Before working in the laboratory, visiting scientists shall have completed the following training classes:

a. Safety Health & Environmental Protection-Orientation for Fellows and Student Interns (ARC-000-Orientation) b. Building Emergency Action Plan (ARC-004-06) c. Basic Electrical Safety for General Staff (ARC-009-06) d. Laboratory Safety for Visiting Scientist

13.8.6 Principal Investigator/Laboratory Chemical Hygiene Officers shall provide on-the-job training to workers on:

a. All hazards to which they may be exposed in the operations that they may perform, in both routine and emergency situation; b. Details of the Laboratory Safety Plan including applicable General Laboratory Safety Rules (See Appendix E); c. The signs and symptoms associated with exposures to the hazardous chemicals that they are using; d. The methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (i.e. visual appearance or odor); e. Physical hazards of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory;



f. The location and availability of reference material on hazards; (Note: this can include, but is not limited to, SDSs); g. Specific laboratory provisions for storage and handling of materials and disposal of hazardous waste; h. Standard Operating Procedures for all laboratory operations; i. Safe work practices and techniques; j. The selection and use of designated PPE; k. Manufacturer's instructions for safely using tools and equipment; l. Foreseeable emergencies and response plan in the event of an emergency; m. The procedures to use with picric acid and peroxide forming chemicals; n. Decontamination procedures; and o. Inspection requirements.

13.8.7 Supervisors shall verify that laboratory workers have sufficient training to work safely before allowing them to work in a laboratory.

13.8.8 Workers may be required to complete additional safety and environmental compliance classes related to specific hazards in their work area, such as blood borne pathogens, cryogens, compressed gases, lasers, or radioisotopes, prior to working with those hazards.

13.8.9 Initial and follow-up training for laboratory workers shall be documented on training records maintained with the Laboratory Safety Plan.

13.8.10 Contractors shall provide/arrange for equivalent training for their workers; they may attend Ames Safety Training classes on a space available basis.

13.9 Chemical Procurement, Distribution, Storage, and Waste Disposal

13.9.1 The acquisition of chemicals shall follow the policies and procedures described in the Chemical Hazard Communication Plan, Ames Health and Safety Manual, APR 8715, Chapter 24).

13.9.2 Chemical Storage in Laboratories

13.9.2.1 Chemical storage regulations are discussed in detail in the Ames Environmental Procedural Requirements, APR 8500.1.

13.9.2.2 Amounts of chemicals stored in laboratories shall be as small as possible.

13.9.2.3 Storage on bench tops and in hoods is inadvisable.

13.9.2.4 Chemicals shall be segregated by hazard class. Non-compatible chemicals shall be separated by location (e.g. separate cabinets) and kept in secondary containment. Chemical compatibility guidelines are referenced in Appendix K.



13.9.3 Picric Acid and Peroxide-forming Chemicals

13.9.3.1 Picric Acid and Peroxide-forming chemicals shall be acquired, labeled, stored, and disposed following guidelines in Appendices K and L.

13.9.3.2 Before acquiring Picric acid, the Lab Safety Plan shall include labeling, testing, and inspection procedures similar to those in Appendix L.

13.9.3.3 Workers shall be trained about the hazards of Picric acid and procedures to use to control these hazards.

13.9.3.4 Before acquiring peroxide-forming chemicals, the Lab Safety Plan shall include labeling, testing, and inspection procedures similar to those in Appendix M.

13.9.3.5 Workers shall be trained about the hazards of peroxides and methods used to control these hazards.

13.9.3.6 Properly dispose of Picric and/or peroxide-forming chemicals according to schedules outlined in Appendices K and L.

13.9.3.7 For ARC policies and procedures on waste accumulation and disposal, refer to Ames Environmental Working Instruction, EWI 10 for Hazardous Materials and EWI 11 for Hazardous Waste Management.

13.10 Reports of Unsafe or Unhealthy Working Conditions

13.10.1 Any condition that appears to be an immediate health risk shall be reported to the supervisor, the Safety Division, and 911 immediately.

13.10.2 Hazards shall be reported by any of the methods described in APR 8715.1 Chapter 4.

13.11 Recordkeeping

13.11.1 The Laboratory Safety Plan and its attachments shall be available in each laboratory.

13.11.2 The Ames Health Unit maintains medical records, including results of medical surveillance and examinations.

13.11.3 The Safety, Health and Medical Services Division shall provide exposure monitoring results to involved personnel, their supervisors and the Ames Health Unit.

13.11.4 The Safety Division maintains exposure-monitoring records and records that document reports of unsafe or unhealthy working conditions.



13.12 Related Programs at ARC

Operations in laboratories are subject to the procedures and policies listed below when the hazards they address are present in the laboratory:

a. Radioactive materials, see APR 8715.1, Chapter 7 Radiation Safety Guide b. Lasers, see APR 8715.1, Chapter 8, Non-ionizing Radiation Safety Guide c. Equipment operating above atmospheric pressure, see APR 8715.1, Chapter 10, Pressure Systems d. Electrically powered equipment built or modified in the laboratory, see APR

8715.1, Chapter 11, Electrical Safety e. Cryogens, see APR 8715.1 Chapter 15, Cryogenic Safety f. Controlled Substances, see APR 8715.1 Chapter 23, Control of Narcotics and other Controlled Drugs including Alcohol g. Pathogenic organisms, cell cultures, human blood products, see APR 8715.1 Chapter 32, Bloodborne Pathogens Protection Plan and Chapter 52, Biosafety. h. Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, methylene chloride, hexavalent chromium, cadmium, see APR 8715.1, Chapter 38, OSHA Regulated Carcinogen Control Program i. Compressed gases, see APR 8715.1 Chapter 44, Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety j. Nanomaterials, see APR 8715.1 Chapter 50, Nanomaterials Safety and Health

13.13 Review and Update

13.13.1 This Chemical Hygiene Program Plan shall be reviewed annually by the Safety Division.

13.13.2 This document shall be updated by attachments issued as Interim Policy Statements.

13.13.2 Revisions shall incorporate new regulatory requirements and substantially modified procedures initiated since the previous update.

13.13.3 The checklist in Appendix N shall be used to assess implementation of this program.

13.13.4. Appendix I, Laboratory Safety Plan Review checklist can be used to check and make sure plans are filled out properly.



Appendix A: Definitions

Action level--an exposure level, calculated as an eight-hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain required activities, such as exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, training and record keeping.

Carcinogen-- A substance that is strongly implicated as a potential cause of cancer in humans and identified by one of the following authorities:

• OSHA regulates it as a carcinogen or “reasonably anticipated to be carcinogen” by the National Toxicology Program (NTP)

• It is listed under Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") Group 2A (“probably carcinogenic to humans”) or 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans”) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO)--An worker designated to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan(s). Qualifications include training in industrial hygiene, chemistry, or other pertinent related field.

Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)--A written plan that sets forth procedures, laboratory and control equipment, personal protective equipment, and work practices that are capable of protecting workers from the hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in a particular laboratory workplace.

Chemical Inventory--a written or electronic record of chemicals used in a laboratory, by container, which includes the chemical name of all ingredients, CAS number(s), manufacturer, size of container, owner, and location.

Corrosive Material--Any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance that attacks building materials or metals, or burns, irritates, or destructively attacks organic tissues (mostly notably the skin, lungs, or stomach when taken internally).

Cryogenic Fluids (cryogens)--Elements and compounds that vaporize at temperatures well below room temperature. Most common cryogens have a normal boiling point below approximately 120K. Helium (4.2K), hydrogen (20K), nitrogen (77K), oxygen (90K), and methane (112K) [normal boiling point temperatures in parentheses] are examples of cryogens. Note that the cold vapor of solid carbon dioxide (sublimation temperature of 195 K at one atmosphere) can be considered a cryogenic fluid.

Designated Area--A laboratory, laboratory area, or device such as a fume hood where carcinogens, known human reproductive toxins, or highly toxic substances



are used. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area within the laboratory, or a device such as a chemical fume hood.

Genotoxin--A toxin that can interact with and alter genetic material. Hazardous

Chemical--Any material that, because of its quantity, concentration, or physical or chemical characteristics, poses a significant present or potential hazard to human health and safety or environment if released into the workplace or the environment. If hazardous chemical comprises 1% (0.1% for carcinogens) or greater of a compound or mixture, the compound or mixture must be treated as a hazardous chemical.

Health Hazard--A chemical that is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: Acute/high toxicity (any route of exposure); skin corrosion or irritation; serious eye damage or eye irritation; respiratory or skin sensitization; germ cell mutagenicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive toxicity; specific target organ toxicity (single or repeated exposure); aspiration hazard. The criteria for determining whether a chemical is classified as a health hazard are detailed in appendix A of the Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 and 29 CFR1910.1200(c) (definition of "simple asphyxiant").

Laboratory--A facility in which research or analytical chemical procedures are performed, where hazardous materials are stored and used in quantities that may easily be handled by one person (container sizes do not exceed five gallons); a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis.

Laboratory use--means chemical manipulations are carried out on a laboratory scale (containers for reactions, transfers, and other handling can be easily and safely manipulated by one person); multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used; and procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor do they in any way simulate a production process.

Laboratory Safety Plan (LSP)--contains information about each laboratory operation, including the hazards present, hazards/exposure assessment, hazard control measures, PPE required, identification of carcinogens, genotoxins, reproductive toxins, and compounds with a high toxicity used and the location of the designated area for their use, operation-specific training. A Laboratory Safety Plan together with this Chapter makes a Chemical Hygiene Plan.

Organic Peroxides and Peroxide Formers--Organic peroxides are a special class of compounds with unusual stability problems (stability can be significantly affected by age and contamination). They may be (or become) sensitive to



shock, heat, sparks, or other forms of accidental ignition. Some compounds such as ethers auto-oxidize in the presence of oxygen and light to form peroxides.

Particularly Hazardous Substances--These include "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given to the following provisions which shall be included where appropriate: Establishment of a designated area; use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes; Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste; and Decontamination procedures.

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)--Limit established by OSHA usually expressed as an 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA), meaning an airborne contaminant concentration that shall not be exceeded for an 8-hour work shift of a 40 hour work-week. Exposure limits for many hazardous materials are listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)--Includes chemical and thermal resistant gloves, safety glasses, goggles and face shields, aprons, respirators, earplugs and muffs.

Physical Hazard--a chemical that is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: Explosive; flammable (gases, aerosols, liquids, or solids); oxidizer (liquid, solid, or gas); self-reactive; pyrophoric (gas, liquid or solid); self-heating; organic peroxide; corrosive to metal; gas under pressure; in contact with water emits flammable gas; or combustible dust. The criteria for determining whether a chemical is classified as a physical hazard are in appendix B of the Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR1910.1200) and 29 CFR 1910.1200(c) (definitions of "combustible dust" and "pyrophoric gas").

Prudent Practices--Recommended guidelines for storage and use of hazardous materials, cited in 29 CFR 1910.1450, based on the National Research Council text Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, 1981, and the updated text, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, 1995, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Pyrophoric--A substance that is so rapidly oxidized by oxygen or the moisture in air that it ignites (spontaneous combustion).

Recommended Exposure Limit- an occupational exposure limit that has been recommended by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for adoption as a permissible exposure limit.

Reproductive toxin--chemicals that affect the reproductive capabilities including adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as APR 8715.1 This document is uncontrolled when printed. Page 22 of 84


well as adverse effects on the development of the offspring. Chemicals classified as reproductive toxins in accordance with the Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)--Written, printed or electronically transmitted information on the hazards and properties of a particular material, including instructions for its safe use.

Safety Hazard--Any condition, action, or situation that may result in bodily injury.

Secondary Container--Any chemical container other than an original container that will be used by more than one person or will be used beyond a single workday. This definition should not be confused with secondary containment for chemical release prevention or control.

Short-term exposure limit--a limit usually defined as a 15-minute time-weighted average.

Threshold Limit Value (TLV-TWA)--the exposure limit (established by American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists), expressed as a time-weighted average airborne "concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40hr work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect."

Toxic--Able to injure biological tissue.

Toxicity--The adverse effects resulting from a dose of, or exposure to, a material.

Training--A documented, organized presentation of information fulfilling educational objectives and regulatory requirements.



Appendix B: Acronyms

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

ARC Ames Research Center

CAS Chemical Abstract Number

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CHP Chemical Hygiene Plan

CHO Chemical Hygiene Officer

°C Degrees Centigrade

°F Degrees Fahrenheit

ft2 Square Feet

HAZCOM Hazard Communication

HRIRB Human Research Institutional Review Board

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

K Kelvin

SDS Safety Data Sheet

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NTP National Toxicology Program

OEL Occupational Exposure Limit

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PEL Permissible Exposure Limit

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

ppm Part(s) per million



REL Recommended Exposure Limit

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

STEL Short-Term Exposure Limit

TGO Santa Clara County Toxic Gas Ordinance

TLV Threshold Limit Value

TWA Time-Weighted Average



Appendix C: References

C.1 29 CFR 1910. 1200, Hazard CommunicationC.2 29 CFR 1910. 1450, Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in

laboratories. C.3 Kelly, R.J., Review of Safety Guidelines for Peroxidizable Organic Chemicals,

Chemical Health and Safety, September/October, 1996. pp. 28-36, http://www-ehs.ucsd.edu/lab/pdf/kelly_peroxides.pdf

C.4 Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, the National Academy of Sciences.Courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington,

C.5 Bailey, J., Blair, D., "Management of Time Sensitive Chemicals (I):Misconceptions Leading to Incidents."

C.6 Patai, Saul, "The Chemistry of the Ether Linkage," Interscience Publisher,Inc., 1967.C.7 Clark, Donald, Ph.D., FAIC, BSP, Texas A&M University, "Peroxides and

Peroxide Forming Compounds," Chemical Health and Safety, American Chemical Society, Sept/Oct 2001

C.8 UC Berkeley, Office of Environmental Health and Safety, "Safe Storage ofHazardous Chemicals," http://ehs.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/lines-of-services/hazardous-materials/chemicalstoragebooklet.pdf

C.9 Cornell University, "Peroxide FormingChemicals," https://sp.ehs.cornell.edu/lab-research-safety/laboratory-safety-manual/Pages/Appendix-J.aspx

C.10 Kelly, Richard, Miler, Gordon, "Standard For Storing and Using PeroxidizableOrganic Chemicals," https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/235534.pdf

C.11 Work Process P. Specific Controls and Procedures — Organic Peroxide-Forming Compounds, http://www2.lbl.gov/ehs/pub3000/CH45/CH45_7.html#_Work_Process_P.



Appendix D: Hazard Screening Tool for Laboratory Operations (NotMandatory)

Directions: This screening tool can be used to document the hazard identification process. The questions are intended to help identify the hazards present or absent in the laboratory. The Laboratory Safety Plan must describe the hazards present and the means of controlling those hazards.

Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation

Y N Does this operation involve... Any radiation generating equipment? Radioactive materials (including sealed sources and wastes) being generated, processed, used, or stored? The use of lasers? Any non-ionizing radiation sources NIR?

Example of this would be: • Permanently installed Radio Frequency Microwave (RFMW);• Induction heaters• Any equipment that would expose personnel to high levels of sub-

radio frequency electric or magnetic fields; or• Any equipment that would expose personnel to high levels of Visible

Light and Near Infrared, Infrared, and/or Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Chemicals

Y N Are there... Any hazardous chemicals or toxic materials (including wastes) handled, stored, or generated in this operation? Is the hazardous chemical inventory current and accurate? Is toxicity information (Safety Data Sheets can be used) available for all chemicals? Is this workplace a laboratory that uses chemicals in "laboratory-scale" operations as described in the Ames Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)?

Please check the Safety Data Sheet or other reference for information on each specific chemical and fill-out the next table.

Y N Are any chemicals handled or generated... "selection carcinogens"? "carcinogens, genotoxins, reproductive toxins, and compounds with a high degree of acute toxicity"? Pyrophoric? Peroxide forming chemicals, shock sensitive chemicals or picric acid?



Y N Are any chemicals handled or generated... Toxic or highly toxic gases? Flammable or combustible gases, liquids or solids? Oxidizer? Sensitizer? Water-reactive? A volatile organic compound? Caustic/corrosive? Reproductive hazards Cryogens?

Y N Does your operation involve... Any tasks where chemicals are mixed that will create an explosive mixture? A hazardous exothermic chemical reaction? (example: polymerization) A hazardous endothermic chemical reaction? (example: pyrolysis) Potential for skin absorption of toxic chemical/wastes? (PPE) The transportation of chemical over public road?

Biological

Y N Could a worker be exposed to any biological hazard including the handling of human body fluids or human tissues? Is recombinant DNA used? Are NIH?CDC regulated agents requiring Biosafety level of 2 or greater used? See www.edc.gov for more information Is any animal-handling required? See www.cdc.gov for more information

Physical

Y N Is there any... Electrical equipment used in the operation? Electrical equipment NOT listed on the Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories list? Electrical equipment built locally involved? Work done on or near exposed conductors? Potential mechanical energy or mechanical hazards such as motors, pulleys, machinery/shop equipment, forklifts, or hoists and cranes present in this operation? Handling, processing, use, or storage (including waste) of explosives? Any source of thermal hazards, other than commercially available units that are less than 1°C (30 °F) or greater than 54 °C (130 °F)? Pressure source (positive or negative) to be considered (i.e. compressed gas cylinders, pressure vessels, hydraulic systems, vacuum systems, etc.) in this operation?



Y N Is there any... Are there any sources of excessive noise (e.g., such that you have to shout at a distance of 3 feet to communicate to a coworker or louder than busy traffic) involved in this operation? Does this operation include any space that might meet the definition of a confined space? *if YES to the above question, will personnel be required to enter theconfined spaces?Are there any ergonomic issues (repetitive, motion, vibration, lifting, etc.)? Does any of the laboratory equipment create a hazard? Does this operation involve: the use of equipment, tools or materials outside of the design specifications or outside of the manufacturer's recommendations OR the use of equipment or apparatus built locally? Will this operation be left unattended? Will operation require work outside normal working hours? Will this operation require 2-person rule? Will this operation require special attention or contribute to a hazardous condition in the event it is left unexpectedly for long periods of time?

Environmental

Y N Are there any environmental concerns? If yes, please fill-out the table below. Will this operation generate or will personnel be required to handle? Hazardous waste? Acutely hazardous waste? Infectious, medical or biohazardous waste? Radioactive waste? Mixed waste? Air emissions? Toxic gas emissions? Wastewater discharge?

Hazard Control Measures

Y N Are measures taken to minimize the potential hazards and mitigate risks? Is any local ventilation used in this operation? (Example: chemical hood) Is an eyewash/shower available? Are interlocks or Lockout/tag out equipment use in the operation? Is any personal protective equipment used in this operation? Will respiratory protection be required for this operation? Have workers received all required training?



Appendix E: General Procedures for Working with Hazardous Chemicals

Reprinted with permission from PRUDENT PRACTICES IN THELABORATORY: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards, Chapter 6,Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. Courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington D.C. Qualifying notes for Ames Research Center are printed in italics.

E.1 Personal BehaviorDemonstrating prudent behavior within the laboratory is a critical part of a culture of safety. This includes following basic safety rules and policies, being cognizant of the hazards within the laboratory, and exhibiting professionalism with co-workers. Maintaining an awareness of the work being performed in nearby hoods and on neighboring benches and any risks posed by that work is also important.

E.2 Minimizing Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals

Take precautions to avoid exposure by the principal routes, that is, contact with skin and eyes, inhalation, and ingestion.

The preferred methods for reducing chemical exposure are, in order of preference,

1. Substitution of less hazardous materials or processes2. Engineering controls3. Administrative controls, and4. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

See also the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Safety and Health Management eTool, Hazard Prevention and Control module available at www.osha.gov. Before beginning work, review all proposed laboratory procedures thoroughly to determine potential health and safety hazards. Refer to the SDS for guidance on exposure limits, health hazards and routes of entry into the body, and chemical storage, handling, and disposal. Avoid underestimating risk when handling hazardous materials.

E2.1 Engineering Controls Engineering controls are measures that eliminate, isolate, or reduce exposure to chemical or physical hazards through the use of various devices. Examples include laboratory chemical hoods and other ventilation systems, shields, barricades, and interlocks. Engineering controls must always be considered as the first and primary line of defense to protect personnel and property. When possible, PPE is not to be used as a first line of protection. For instance, a personal respirator should not be used to prevent inhalation of vapors when a laboratory chemical hood (formerly called fume hoods) is available.

E2.2 Avoiding Eye Injury



Eye protection is required for all personnel and visitors in all locations where laboratory chemicals are stored or used, whether or not one is actually perform-ing a chemical operation. Visitor eye protection should be made available at the entrances to all laboratories. Researchers should assess the risks associated with an experiment and use the appropriate level of eye protection:

• Safety glasses with side shields provide the minimum protection acceptablefor regular use. They must meet the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) Z87.1-2003 Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye andFace Protection, which specifies minimum lens thickness and impactresistance requirements.• Chemical splash goggles are more appropriate than regular safety glassesto protect against hazards such as projectiles, as well as when working withglassware under reduced or elevated pressures (e.g., sealed tube reactions),when handling potentially explosive compounds (particularly duringdistillations), and when using glassware in high-temperature operations.• Chemical splash goggles or face shields should be worn when there is arisk of splashing hazardous materials or flying particles.• Because chemical splash goggles offer little protection to the face andneck, full-face shields should be worn in addition to safety glasses or goggleswhen conducting particularly hazardous laboratory operations (e.g., workingwith glassware under vacuum or handling potentially explosive compounds).In addition, glassblowing and the use of laser or ultraviolet light sourcesrequire special glasses or goggles.• Operations at risk of explosion or that present the possibility of projectilesmust have engineering controls as a first line of protection. For instance, inaddition to chemical splash goggles or full-face shields, these operationsmust be conducted behind blast shields, in rubber-coated or tapedglassware.

Ordinary prescription glasses do not provide adequate protection against injury because they lack side shields and are not resistant to impact, but prescription safety glasses and chemical splash goggles are available. Similarly, contact lenses offer no protection against eye injury and do not substitute for safety glasses and chemical splash goggles. They should not be worn where chemical vapors are present or a chemical splash or chemical dust is possible because contact lenses can be damaged under these conditions. If, however, an individual chooses to wear contact lenses in the laboratory, chemical splash goggles must be worn. Note that there has been a change in recommended guidance regarding the wearing of contact lenses since the previous edition. Many organizations, including the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (HHS/CDC/NIOSH, 2005) and the American Chemical Society (Ramsey and Breazeale, 1998) have removed most restrictions on wearing contact lenses in the laboratory.

E2.3 Avoiding Ingestion of Hazardous Chemicals



Eating, drinking, smoking, gum chewing, applying cosmetics, and taking medicine in laboratories where hazardous chemicals are used or stored should be strictly prohibited. Food, beverages, cups, and other drinking and eating utensils should not be stored in areas where hazardous chemicals are handled or stored. Glassware used for laboratory operations should never be used to prepare or consume food or beverages. Laboratory refrigerators, ice chests, cold rooms, and ovens should not be used for food storage or preparation. Laboratory water sources and deionized laboratory water should not be used as drinking water. Never wear gloves or laboratory coats outside the laboratory or into areas where food is stored and consumed, and always wash laboratory apparel separately from personal clothing. Laboratory chemicals should never be tasted. A pipet bulb, aspirator, or mechanical device must be used to pipet chemicals or to start a siphon. To avoid accidental ingestion of hazardous chemicals, pipetting should never be done by mouth. Hands should be washed with soap and water immediately after working with any laboratory chemicals, even if gloves have been worn.

E2.4 Avoiding Inhalation of Hazardous Chemicals Only in certain controlled situations should any laboratory chemical be sniffed.1 In general, the practice is not encouraged. Toxic chemicals or compounds of unknown toxicity should never be deliberately sniffed. Conduct all procedures involving volatile toxic substances and operations involving solid or liquid toxic substances that may result in the generation of aerosols in a laboratory chemical hood. Air-purifying respirators are required for use with some chemicals if engineering controls cannot control exposure. Significant training, along with a medical evaluation and respirator fit, are necessary for the use of respirators. For further guidance on the use of respirators with specific chemicals refer to Chapter 7, section 7.F.2.4 of Prudent Practice in the Laboratory, the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR § 1910.134), and ANSI Standard Z88.2-1992. Laboratory chemical hoods should not be used for disposal of hazardous volatile materials by evaporation. Such materials should be treated as chemical waste and disposed of in appropriate containers according to institutional procedures and government regulations. (See Chapter 8 of Prudent Practice in the Laboratory for information on waste handling.)

E2.4.1 General Rules for Laboratory Chemical Hoods

1 In a controlled instructional setting, students may be told to sniff the contents of a container. In such cases, the chemical being sniffed should be screened ahead of time to ensure that it is safe to do so. If instructed to sniff a chemical, gently waft the vapors toward your nose using a folded sheet of paper. Do not directly inhale the vapors. APR 8715.1 This document is uncontrolled when printed. Page 32 of 84


Detailed information regarding laboratory ventilation can be found in Chapter 9. The information here is intended to provide a brief overview. These general rules should be followed when using laboratory chemical hoods:

a. Before using a laboratory chemical hood, learn how it operates. They varyin design and operation.

b. For work involving hazardous substances, use only hoods that have beenevaluated for adequate face velocity and proper operation. They should beinspected regularly and the inspection certification displayed in a visiblelocation.

c. Review the SDS and the manufacturer’s label before using a chemical inthe laboratory or hood. Observe the permissible exposure limit, thresholdlimit value, the primary routes of exposure, and any special handlingprocedures described within the document. Confirm that the experimentalmethods and available engineering controls are capable of controllingpersonnel exposure to the hazardous chemicals being used.

d. Keep reactions and hazardous chemicals at least 6 in. (15 cm) behind theplane of the sash, farther if possible.

e. Never put your head inside an operating hood to check an experiment.The plane of the sash is the barrier between contaminated and uncontami-nated air.

f. On hoods where sashes open vertically, work with the sash in the lowestpossible position. Where sashes open horizontally, position one of thedoors to act as a shield in the event of an accident. When the hood is notin use, the sash should be kept at the recommended position to maintainlaboratory airflow.

g. Keep laboratory chemical hoods clean and clear; do not clutter with bottlesor equipment. If there is a grill along the bottom slot or a baffle in the back,clean it regularly so it does not become clogged with papers and dirt.Allow only materials actively in use to remain in the hood. Following thisrule provides optimal containment and reduces the risk of extraneouschemicals being involved in any fire or explosion. Support any equipmentin hoods on racks or feet to provide airflow under the equipment.

h. Do not remove the airfoil, alter the position of inner baffles, block exteriorgrills, or make any other modifications without the approval of theappropriate staff.

i. Report suspected laboratory chemical hood malfunctions promptly to theappropriate office, and confirm that the problems are corrected.

j. If working in a glovebox, check the seals and pressures on the box beforeuse.

Post the name of the individual responsible for the hood in a visible location. Clean hoods before maintenance personnel work on them. (See Chapter 9, section 9.C, of Prudent Practices in the Laboratory for more information on laboratory chemical hoods.)

E2.5 Avoiding Injection of Hazardous Chemicals



Solutions of chemicals are often transferred in syringes, which for many uses are fitted with sharp needles. The risk of inadvertent injection is significant, and vigilance is required to avoid an injury. Use special care when handling solutions of chemicals in syringes with needles. When accompanied by a cap, syringe needles should be placed onto syringes with the cap in place and remain capped until use. Do not recap needles, especially when they have been in contact with chemicals. Remove the needle and discard it immediately after use in the appropriate sharps containers. Blunt-tip needles, including low-cost disposable types, are available from a number of commercial sources and should be used unless a sharp needle is specifically required to puncture rubber septa or for subcutaneous injection.

E2.6 Minimizing Skin Contact E2.6.1 Gloves The OSHA Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Standard (29 CFR §§ 1910.132–1910.138) requires completion of a hazards assessment for each work area, including an evaluation of the hazards involved and selection of appropriate hand protection. Wear gloves whenever handling hazardous chemicals, sharp-edged objects, very hot or very cold materials, toxic chemicals, and substances of unknown toxicity. No single glove material provides effective protection for all uses. Before starting, carefully evaluate the type of protection required in order to select the appropriate glove. The discussion presented here is geared toward gloves that protect against chemical exposure. (For information about gloves that protect against other types of hazards, see Chapter 7, section 7.F.1.4. of Prudent Practices in the Laboratory)

Select gloves carefully to ensure that they are impervious to the chemicals being used and are of correct thickness to allow reasonable dexterity while also ensuring adequate barrier protection. Choosing an improper glove can itself be a serious hazard in handling hazardous chemicals. If chemicals do penetrate glove material, they could be held in prolonged contact with the hand and cause more serious damage than in the absence of a proper glove. The degradation and per-meation characteristics of the selected glove material must be appropriate for protection from the hazardous chemicals that are handled. Double gloves provide a multiple line of defense and are appropriate for many situations. Find a glove or combination of gloves that addresses all the hazards present. For example, operations involving a chemical hazard and sharp objects may require the combined use of a chemical-resistant (butyl, viton, or neoprene) glove and a cut-resistant (e.g., leather, Kevlar®) glove. Reusable gloves should be washed and inspected before and after each use. Be sure to wash your hands after wearing gloves and handling laboratory chemicals, to remove any skin contamination that might have occurred.

Gloves that might be contaminated with toxic materials should not be removed from the immediate area (usually a laboratory chemical hood) in which the chemicals are located. To prevent contamination of common surfaces that others might touch bare-handed, never wear gloves when handling common items such APR 8715.1 This document is uncontrolled when printed. Page 34 of 84


as doorknobs, handles, or switches on shared equipment, or outside the laboratory. Along the same lines, consider, before touching a surface while wearing gloves, whether it would be common for people to touch the surface with or without gloves and use appropriate precautions. For example, controls for hood nitrogen or water may be located outside the hood itself but may well be contaminated.

When working with chemicals in the laboratory, wear gloves of a material known to be resistant to permeation by the substances in use. Glove selection guides for a wide array of chemicals are available from most glove manufacturers and vendors. In general, nitrile gloves are suitable for incidental contact with chemi-cals. Both nitrile and latex gloves provide minimum protection from chlorinated solvents and should not be used with oxidizing or corrosive acids. Latex gloves protect against biological hazards but offer poor protection against acids, bases, and most organic solvents. In addition, latex is considered a sensitizer and triggers allergic reactions in some individuals. (For more information, see section 6.C.2.6.1.1.) Neoprene and rubber gloves with increased thickness aresuggested for use with most caustic and acidic materials. Barrier creams andlotions can provide some skin protection but are never a substitute for gloves,protective clothing, or other protective equipment. Use these creams only tosupplement the protection offered by PPE.

According to the National Ag Safety Database (www.nasdonline.org), a program supported by NIOSH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, materials that are used in the manufacture of gloves designed to provide chemical resistance include the following:

a. Butyl is a synthetic rubber with good resistance to weathering and a widevariety of chemicals.

b. Natural rubber latex is a highly flexible and conforming material made froma liquid tapped from rubber plants. It is a known allergen. (See section6.C.2.6.1.1 for more information.)

c. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber having chemical and wear-resistanceproperties superior to those of natural rubber.

d. Nitrile is a copolymer available in a wide range of acrylonitrile content;chemical resistance and stiffness increase with higher acrylonitrilecontent.

e. Polyethylene is a fairly chemical-resistant material used as a freestandingfilm or a fabric coating.

f. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a water-soluble polymer that exhibits exceptionalresistance to many organic solvents that rapidly permeate most rubbers.

g. Poly(vinyl chloride) is a stiff polymer that is made softer and more suitablefor protective clothing applications by the addition of plasticizers.

h. Polyurethane is an abrasion-resistant rubber that is either coated intofabrics or formed into gloves or boots.

i. 4H® or Silvershield® is a registered trademark of North Hand Protection; itis highly chemical-resistant to many different class of chemicals.



j. Viton®, a registered trademark of DuPont, is a highly chemical-resistantbut expensive synthetic elastomer.

When choosing an appropriate glove, consider the required thickness and length of the gloves as well as the material. Consult the glove manufacturer for chemical-specific glove recommendations and information about degradation and permeation times. Certain disposable gloves should not be reused. (For more information, see OSHA PPE Standard, 29 CFR § 1910.138, regarding hand protection.)

The following general guidelines apply to the selection and use of protective gloves:

• Do not use a glove beyond its expiration date. Gloves degrade over time,even in an unopened box.• When not in use, store gloves in the laboratory but not close to volatilematerials. To prevent chemical contamination of non-laboratory areas bypeople coming to retrieve them, gloves must not be stored in offices or inbreak rooms or lunchrooms.• Inspect gloves for small holes, tears, and signs of degradation before use.• Replace gloves periodically because they degrade with use, depending onthe frequency of use and their permeation and degradation characteristicsrelative to the substances handled.• Replace gloves immediately if they become contaminated or torn.• Replace gloves periodically, depending on the frequency of use. Regularinspection of their serviceability is important. If they cannot be cleaned,dispose of contaminated gloves according to institutional procedures.• Decontaminate or wash gloves appropriately before removing them. [Note:Some gloves, e.g., leather and poly(vinyl alcohol), are water permeable.Unless coated with a protective layer, poly(vinyl alcohol) gloves will degradein the presence of water.]• Do not wear gloves outside the laboratory, to avoid contamination ofsurfaces used by unprotected individuals.• Gloves on a glovebox should be inspected with the same care as any othergloves used in the laboratory. Disposable gloves appropriate for thematerials being handled within the glovebox should be used in addition to thegloves attached to the box. Protect glovebox gloves by removing all jewelryprior to use.

E2.6.1.1 Latex Gloves Although natural rubber latex gloves can be used as protective equipment to prevent transmission of infectious diseases and for skin protection against con-tact with some chemicals, they can also cause allergic reactions. In addition to causing skin contact allergic reactions to individuals wearing the gloves, they can also cause allergic reactions through inhalation of latex proteins that may be released into the air when the powders used to lubricate the interior of the glove are dispersed as gloves are removed. Thus the risk of exposure via inhalation



presents a risk both to the wearer of latex gloves and to sensitized individuals who may be working nearby.

Latex exposure symptoms include skin rash, respiratory irritation, asthma, and, in rare cases, anaphylactic shock. The amount of exposure needed to sensitize an individual to natural rubber latex is not known, but when exposures are reduced, sensitization decreases. Individuals with known latex allergies should never wear latex gloves and may not be able to work in areas where latex gloves are used. Persons with known latex allergies should follow their organization’s procedures to ensure that they are not exposed.

To help minimize the risk of exposure to latex allergens, NIOSH issued an alert, Preventing Allergic Reactions to Latex in the Workplace (HHS/CDC/NIOSH, 1997). NIOSH recommends the following to reduce exposure to latex:

a. Whenever possible, substitute another glove material.b. If latex gloves are the best choice, use reduced-protein, powder-free gloves.c. Wash hands with mild soap and water after removing latex gloves.

E2.6.2 Clothing and Protective Apparel

Protective clothing should be used when there is significant potential for skin-contact exposure to chemicals. Protective clothing does not offer complete protection to the wearer and should not be used as a substitute for engineering controls. The protective characteristics of any protective clothing must be matched to the hazard. As with gloves, no single material that provides protection to all hazards is available. When multiple hazards are present, multiple layers of protective clothing may be required. Some types of PPE, such as aprons of reduced permeability and disposable laboratory coats, offer additional safeguards when working with toxic materials. (See also Chapter 7, section 7.F.1.1. of Prudent Practices in Laboratory)

Commercial lab coats are fabricated from a variety of materials, such as cotton, polyester, cotton-polyester blends, polyolefin, and polyaramid. Selection of the proper material to deal with the particular hazards present is critical. For example, although cotton is a good material for laboratory coats, it reacts rapidly with acids. Plastic or rubber aprons can provide good protection from corrosive liquids but can be inappropriate in the event of a fire. Because plastic aprons can also accumulate static electricity, they should not be used around flammable solvents, explosives sensitive to electrostatic discharge, or materials that can be ignited by static discharge. Because many synthetic fabrics are flammable and can adhere to the skin, they increase the severity of a burn and should not be worn if working with flammable materials or an open flame. When working with flammable materials or pyrophorics, use laboratory coats made from flame-resistant, non-permeable materials (polyaramids). Disposable garments may be a good option if handling carcinogenic or other highly hazardous materials. However, these provide only limited protection from vapor or gas penetration.



Take care to remove disposable garments without exposing any individual to toxic materials and dispose of as hazardous waste.

To prevent chemical exposure from spilled materials in the laboratory, wear shoes that cover the entire foot. Perforated shoes, open-toe and open-heel shoes, sandals, or clogs should not be permitted. Shoes should have stable soles that provide traction in slippery or wet environments to reduce the chance of falling. Socks should cover the ankles so as to protect against chemical splashes. High heels should not be worn in the laboratory.

Once they have been used, laboratory coats and other protective apparel may become contaminated. Therefore, they must be stored in the laboratory and not in offices or common areas. Institutions should provide a commercial laundry service for laboratory coats and uniforms; they should not be laundered at home.

E.3 HousekeepingA definite correlation exists between orderliness and the level of safety in the laboratory. In addition, a disorderly laboratory can hinder or endanger emergency response personnel. The following housekeeping rules should be adhered to:

a. Never obstruct access to exits and emergency equipment such as fireextinguishers and safety showers. Comply with local fire codes for emer-gency exits, electrical panels, and minimum aisle width.

b. Store coats, bags, and other personal items in the proper area, not on thebenchtops or in the aisles.

c. Do not use floors, stairways, and hallways as storage areas. Items storedin these areas can become hazards in the event of an emergency.

d. Keep drawers and cabinets closed when not in use, to avoid accidents.e. Properly label (see Chapter 4, section 4.B.5) in permanent marker and

store (see Chapter 5, section 5.E) all chemicals appropriately bycompatibility.

f. Label transfer vessels2 with the full chemical name, manufacturer’s name,hazard class, and any other special warnings.

g. Store chemical containers in order and neatly. Face labels outward foreasy viewing. Containers themselves should be clean and free of dust.Containers and labels that have begun to degrade should be replaced,repackaged, or disposed of in the proper location. Do not store materialsor chemicals on the floor because these may present trip and spillhazards.

2 Transfer vessels may also be known as “secondary containers.” The term “transfer vessel” is used here to avoid confusion with secondary containm

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