APPSYCH Chapter 6 Notes Classical Conditioning

8/3/2019 APPSYCH Chapter 6 Notes Classical Conditioning

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Chapter 6: LEARNINGClassical Conditioning


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How do we learn?Most learning is associative

learning(realization thatcertain events occur together).

Learningrefers to arelatively durable

change in behavior orknowledge that is due toexperience.

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning3. Observational Learning

(Latent, Abstract, Insight)


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Classical ConditioningDeveloped the framework for CC.

Ivan Pavlov

Next time there is a revolution, get up earlier!


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UnconditionedStimulus (UCS):a stimulus thatnaturally andautomatically triggers aresponse.

UnconditionalResponse (UCR):the unlearned, naturallyoccurring response tothe UCS.


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ConditionedResponse (CR):the learned responseto a previously neutralstimulus.

ConditionedStimulus (CS):an originally irrelevant

stimulus that, afterassociation with theUCS, comes to trigger aresponse.


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Pair up with a partner.Come up with your own examples

of Classical Conditioning


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Pavlov spent the rest of his lifeoutlining his ideas.

He came up with 5 critical terms that

together make up classical conditioning.

1. Acquisition

2. Extinction

3. Spontaneous Recovery

4. Generalization5. Discrimination


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AcquisitionThe initial stage of learning.

The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated withthe UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR(thus becoming the CS).

Doestimingmatter?The CS should comebefore the UCS

They should be veryclose together intiming.


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ExtinctionThe diminishing of a

conditioned response.

Will eventually happenwhen the UCS does notfollow the CS.

Is extinction

permanent?


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Spontaneous RecoveryThe reappearance.

After a rest period,of an extinguished

conditionedresponse.


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GeneralizationThe tendency, once a response

has been conditioned, for

stimuli similar to the CS toelicit similar responses.

Stimulus generalization from a circle to an ellipse:

Dogs also would salivate to the sight ofan ellipse.Thus, for these dogs, the CR of salivationto the sight of a circleshowed stimulusgeneralization to the ellipse

S i l di i i i b i l d lli


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Discrimination

The learned ability todistinguish between aCS and other stimulithat does not signalUCS.

Stimulus discrimination between a circle and an ellipse


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Difference between StimulusGeneralization & Discrimination

How would you definestimulus generalizationin your own words?

How would you definestimulus discriminationin your own words?


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John B. WatsonFounder of Behaviorism.

Took Pavlovs ideas andput them to new & morerigorous tests.

Little Albert

And Generalization


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Watson Demonstrated that he could create fear ina child in response to a neutral stimulus (a rat).

By pairing the rat with a fear-inducing stimulus(a loud noise),

the child eventually became fearful of relatedstimuli =Generalization

L t th i t t th i ht l it


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Let the picture to the right play, itwill show you the study in ananimated gif file.John B. Watson in his experimentwith Little Albert, an 11 month oldbaby, studied how emotions are

learned.He presented (A) a white rat (CS)and (B) a loud noise (US) to LittleAlbert.After several pairings, Albert showedfear (CR) of the white rat.Later, Albert generalized the fear tostimuli that were similar to CS, suchas (C) a beard.

f


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After conditioning

Is this study ethical?


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APPSYCH Chapter 6 Notes Classical Conditioning

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