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Lab 7. TO WHAT EXTENT DO ATTITUDE AND CULTURAL NORMS EXPLAIN PARNER VIOLENCE, AND IS THE RELATIONSHIP DIFFERENT FOR MEN

AND WOMEN?The Research Questions1. Are male students more approving then women students?

2. Is there more approval of a wife slapping a husband than of a husband slapping a wife?

3. How prevalent are attitudes approving partner violence?

4. Is there a link between attitudes approving slapping a partner and actually hitting a partner? Does this apply to approval of a wife slpapping her husband as well as to approval of a husband slappijng his wife?

5. Does the link beteween attitudes and behavior apply to women as well as men?

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INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND CULTURAL NORMS* ATTITUDES A psychological or social psychological construct of * CULTURAL NORMS A sociological/anthropological concept

Two sides of a coinThe average or typical attitude is one way of determining what the norms are

If most people in a society or sector of society believe that: 1. Spanking children is sometimes necessary2. Marrying someone of a different race or religion should be avoided3. Believe there are circumstances when they would approve a husband slapping a wife

We can interpret this as evidence that the cultural norms

1. Approve of corporal punishment 2. Disapprove of interracial marriage3. Approve or permit hitting a partner

This lab uses individual students, not sites in different countries, as the units of study. So the research is on how much individual attitudes are related to the behavior of individual students. But if a majority of students approve, we can take that as evidence of cultural norms approving partner violence

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MEASURING APPROVAL OF PARTNER VIOLENCE VA10. I can think of a situation when I would approve of a husband slapping a

wife’s face

VA09. I can think of a situation when I would approve of a wife slapping a husband’s face

1 = Strongly Disagree2 = Disagree3 = Agree4 = Strongly Agree

We will use the answers in two ways:

* To compare men and women students, and to compare approval of violence by men (question VA10) and violence by women (question VA09: We will use the percent who did not "Strongly Disagree"

* To see if more approval is related to more actual hitting: We will compare students in the 4 answer categories with each other.

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MEASURE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST A DATING PARTNER: THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES TOTAL VIOLENCE SCALE

= BOTH MINOR AND SEVERE ASSAULTS.

Lab 3 CP & IPV 3

This lab uses as the measures of partner violence whether the student did any one or more of the following to a dating partner in the past 12 months

SPSS IDVNAME Q # ASSAULT – MINORCCAMS1 208 THREW SOMETHING AT PARTNER THAT COULD HURTCCAMS2 210 TWISTED MY PARTNER'S ARM OR HAIRCCAMS3 218 PUSHED OR SHOVED MY PARTNERCCAMS4 246 GRABBED MY PARTNERCCAMS5 254 SLAPPED MY PARTNER

ASSAULT - SEVERECCASS1 222 USED A KNIFE OR GUN ON MY PARTNERCCASS2 228 PUNCHED PARTNER OR HIT PARTNER WITHCCASS3 234 CHOKED MY PARTNERCCASS4 238 SLAMMED PARTNER AGAINST A WALLCCASS5 244 BEAT UP MY PARTNERCCASS6 262 BURNED OR SCALDED MY PARTNER PURPOSECCASS7 274 I KICKED MY PARTNER

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SAMPLE:About 7,500 students at 26 Universities in 14 countries

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLESEnter what the variables are on the lab reportExplain how each was measured, and give an example of one of the questions

"MODERATOR VARIABLE"We will use the gender of the student to find out if the relation of pro-violence attitudes to violent behavior applies to women as well as men

HYPOTHESES Write a hypothesis about questions 2, 3, 4, and 5 Number them. Because there are 4, be brief

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COMPUTER ANALYSIS TO TEST THE HYPOTHESES

With a sample of 7,500 students, it is not possible for us to cross-tabulate the data by hand (as we did using the data for just this class in Lab 2)

I will use the SPSS statistical program to run the analysis.

The program will show the relationship between the attitudes and behavior and also provide a test of significance.

LOCATION OF THE RESULTSQuestionsd 1, 2, 3: Table 2

Question 4 : Charts 1 and 3

Question 5: Charts 2 and 4

Tests of significance: Tables 3 and 4

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SECTIONS OF LAB REPORT

RESULTSNumber them, as in slide 1 Location Of The Results

Questions 1, 2, 3: Table 2 Question 4 : Charts 1 and 3Question 5: Charts 2 and 4Tests of significance: Tables 3 and 4

DISCUSSION Answer one of the following (the “why” part is the important part of what should be in this section)

* Were any of the results surprising? Why or why not?* Which of the results did you find the most interesting and

why was it interesting to you?

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Crosstab

531 582 811 237 216124.6% 26.9% 37.5% 11.0% 100.0%

1181 1199 1801 503 468425.2% 25.6% 38.5% 10.7% 100.0%

1712 1781 2612 740 684525.0% 26.0% 38.2% 10.8% 100.0%

1 Male

2 female

A01 1 RESPONDENT'SSEX

Total

1 StronglyDisagree 2 Disagree 3 Agree

4 StronglyAgree

VA09 79 SOMETIMES OK FOR WIFE-SLAPHUSBAND'S

Total

Crosstab

1094 536 425 76 213151.3% 25.2% 19.9% 3.6% 100.0%

2831 1005 712 119 466760.7% 21.5% 15.3% 2.5% 100.0%

3925 1541 1137 195 679857.7% 22.7% 16.7% 2.9% 100.0%

1 Male

2 female

A01 1 RESPONDENT'SSEX

Total

1 StronglyDisagree 2 Disagree 3 Agree

4 StronglyAgree

VA10 98 SOMETIMES OK FOR HUSBAND-SLAPWIFE'S

Total

Table 1. CROSS-TAB TO

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.

PERCENT WHO DID NOT STRONGLY DISAGREE THAT THEY COULD… GENDER OF STUDENT

MALES FEMALES p <….think of a situation when I would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face 48.7% 39.3% .005 ….think of a situation when I would approve 75.4% 74.8% .64 of a wife slapping husband’s face

Table 2. APPROVAL OF PARTNER VIOLENCE BY GENDER OF PERPETRATOR AND GENDER OF STUDENT

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CHART 1. PERECENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A HUSAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE

98 SOMETIMES OK FOR HUSBAND-SLAP WIFE'S

Strongly AgreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly Disagree

PER

CE

NT

VIO

LENT

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

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CHART 2. PERCENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A HUSAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE AND GENDER OF THE STUDENT

98 SOMETIMES OK FOR HUSBAND-SLAP WIFE'S

Strongly AgreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly Disagree

PE

RC

EN

T VI

OLE

NT

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

1 RESPONDENT'S SEX

Male

female

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Table 3. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE TO TEST THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENCES IN CHARTS 1 AND 2

Dependent Variable: CTATSP ASSAULT TOT by self - prev

393037.385a 8 49129.673 25.093 .000690301.773 1 690301.773352.578 .000304009.836 1 304009.836155.276 .00015786.575 1 15786.575 8.063 .00515571.678 3 5190.559 2.651 .0473481.974 3 1160.658 .593 .620

10400196.9705312 1957.86815050000.000532110793234.3545320

SourceCorrected ModelInterceptSDT1

(sex) approve

A01

(approveVA10A01 * VA10ErrorTotalCorrected Total

Type III Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.

R Squared = .036 (Adjusted R Squared = .035)a.

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CHART 3. RELATION OF APPROVAL OF A WIFE SLAPPING A HUSBAND TO THE PROBABILITY OF A STUDENT BEING VIOLENT TO A DATING PARTNER IN THE PAST YEAR

79 SOMETIMES OK FOR WIFE-SLAP HUSBAND'S

Strongly AgreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly Disagree

PER

CEN

T V

IOLE

NT

34

32

30

28

26

24

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CHART 4. PERCENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A WIFE SLAPPING HER HUSBAND AND GENDER OF THE STUDENT

79 SOMETIMES OK FOR WIFE-SLAP HUSBAND'S

Strongly AgreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly Disagree

PER

CEN

T V

IOLE

NT

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

1 RESPONDENT'S SEX

Male

female

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Dependent Variable: CTATSP ASSAULT TOT by self - prev

413968.729a 8 51746.091 26.468 .000640983.294 1 640983.294 327.856 .000281094.449 1 281094.449 143.777 .00024432.134 1 24432.134 12.497 .00016635.061 3 5545.020 2.836 .03716570.716 3 5523.572 2.825 .037

10397091.9065318 1955.07615080000.000532710811060.6355326

SourceCorrected ModelInterceptSDT1A01VA09A01 * VA09ErrorTotalCorrected Total

Type III Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.

R Squared = .038 (Adjusted R Squared = .037)a.

Table 4. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE TO TEST THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DIFFERENCES

IN CHART S 3 AND 4

(sex) approve

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WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED FROM THIS LAB?

1. Are male students more approving then women students?

2. Is there more approval of a wife slapping a husband than of a husband slapping a wife?

3. How prevalent are attitudes approving partner violence?

4. Is there a link between attitudes approving slapping a partner and actually hitting a partner? Does this apply to approval of a wife slpapping her husband as well as to approval of a husband slappijng his wife?

5. Does the link beteween attitudes and behavior apply to women as well as men?

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International Dating Violence Study (paper ID13) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Belief it is Appropriate for Wife

to Slap Husband (VA09) Site % CHE-GERMAN 88.5 CHE-FRENCH 87.5 PRT-BRAGA 79.4 USA-TX-MEX 78.8 NZL-CHRISTCH 78.4 CAN-MONTREAL 78.4 USA-NH 1 77.5 USA-TX-N MEX 77.4 CAN-HAMILTON 76.4 CAN-WINNIPEG 75.9 KOR-PUSAN 75.6 HONGKONG 75.5 USA-CINCINN 74.3 USA-MISSISSP 73.9 USA-NH 2 73.6 USA-UTAH 71.2 ISR-EMEKZYRL 71.1 CAN-LONDON 71.0 BRA-SAOPAULO 69.3 NDL-AMSTRDAM 67.1 MEX-JUAREZ 66.7 USA-LOUISIAN 65.7

Belief it is Appropriate for Husband to Slap Wife (VA10)

Site % CHE-GERMAN 62.4 PRT-BRAGA 57.8 CHE-FRENCH 55.6 KOR-PUSAN 54.2 NZL-CHRISTCH 53.7 HONGKONG 53.6 USA-LOUISIAN 45.1 USA-CINCINN 44.8 BRA-SAOPAULO 42.8 CAN-HAMILTON 42.2 CAN-LONDON 42.1 USA-TX-MEX 41.5 CAN-MONTREAL 41.2 USA-NH 1 39.0 USA-NH 2 35.6 USA-MISSISSP 35.0 MEX-JUAREZ 34.8 USA-TX-N MEX 34.7 CAN-WINNIPEG 34.6 ISR-EMEKZYRL 34.0 NDL-AMSTRDAM 33.3 USA-UTAH 25.9