UNFCCC Secretariat

Victoria Novikova, SDM Programme

Approaches to baseline setting and MRV under the CDM

Urban Methodologies for the Built Environment Workshop

Bonn, Germany

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Outline

• Overview of methodologies in buildings

• Methodological approaches

• Suppressed demand

• Concluding remarks

CDM methodologies in building energy efficiency

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Methodological approaches: baseline setting & MRV

Scale

• Large scale

• Small scale

Scope

• Individual end-uses

• Whole building

Methodological approaches

• Survey

• Benchmarking

• Modeling

• Standardized default parameters

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Methodological approaches: baseline setting and MRV

• Survey

• Benchmarking

• Modeling

• Standardized default parameters

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Survey and benchmarking

Similar buildings:

•Located in the same municipality, state, province, county

•Built & occupied within 5 years

•Located in region with annual HDD/CDD in range 80% -120%

•Similar socio-economic conditions

• Income level, property prices/m2 (min. 3 socio-economic classes)

•Comparable size (GFA +/- 50%)

•Occupancy

• Year-round residence – residential buildings

• Operated on annual average min. 30hrs/week – commercial &

public buildings

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Survey and benchmarking

Survey:

•Sample size: statistically representative

•Baseline: average performance

Benchmarking:

•Sample size: 20 buildings

•Baseline: top 20% best performing buildings

Emission reductions:

•monitored difference between baseline & project buildings

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Modeling

Modeling requirements:

•Validation:

• IEA’s BESTEST protocol (Building Energy Simulation Test)

•Calibration:

• actual energy consumption of project buildings

• first full year of project building operation

•Documentation: software, input files (building & system

characteristics, loads & operating schedules, weather data, etc.)

•Simulation and calibration:

• Skilled operator: min. 3 years of relevant experience, professional

education and/or training

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Modeling

Baseline model: baseline energy consumption of buildings

•Characteristics of baseline buildings

• New: (1) sample 20 bldngs, top 20% best performing bldngs

(2) interview with 5 construction companies/experts =>

building characteristics

• Retrofit: pre-retrofit characteristics

•Occupancy, control strategies, weather data - project buildings

Project model: project building characteristics, actual consumption,

occupancy, control strategies, weather data

Emission reductions: modeled electrical & thermal energy savings

multiplied by appropriate EFs

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Standardized default parameters

CFL lighting:

•3.5 hours - default operating hours

Battery charged LED/ LED lighting:

•2 years – default lamp effective use life

•7 years - default lamp effective use life with quality proof

•0.092/tCO2 – default lamp emission factor for baseline

Super efficient refrigerators

•Deemed savings:

•Baseline benchmark: energy consumption of A class refrigerator

in the EU market

•Project annual electricity consumption: manufacturer

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Suppressed demand - min energy service to meet basic human needs

Deemed to exist:

•Rural areas in country with electrification rate below 20%

•Animal dung – the most common fuel used in project area

•LDCs & SIDs

•Special Underdeveloped Zone* in a developing country

• Zone, municipality, other administrative unit

• More than 50% of population with income less than 2 USD/day (PPP)

• GNI/capita in country is less than 3,000 USD & the population in the

zone is among the 20% poorest in the poverty ranking in the country

* “Guidelines for demonstrating additionality of microscale project

activities”

Energy poverty in low-income residential buildings

Source: OECD/IEA (2011) 12

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Suppressed demand: standardized default parameters

Rural electrification using renewable energy:

•> 55k Wh of RES: 6.8tCO2/MWh

•55-250 kWh of RES: 1.3 tCO2/MWh

•<250 kWh of RES: 1.0 tCO2/MWh

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Suppressed demand: whole building based on survey

Suppressed demand factor 1.20 => multiply baseline energy of

targeted end-use (heating, cooking and/or electricity)

•Sample size: 20 buildings

•Located in the same municipality, built & occupied within 5 year

•Located in region with annual HDD/CDD in range 80% -120%

•Similar socio-economic conditions (Income level, property prices/m2)

•Comparable size (GFA range from 50% to 150%)

•Occupancy

• Year-round residence – residential buildings

• Operated on annual average min. 30hrs/week – commercial &

public buildings

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Suppressed demand: whole building using modeling

Run model: 2 times generate baseline energy in each year of crediting

period

•Baseline building characteristics

•T-settings & weather experienced by project buildings

Run 1: Temperature settings

Specified in relevant building code

Healthy indoor temperatures recommended by WHO

Run 2: Temperature settings

Project model observed in project building

Baseline energy = MIN [Run 1; Run 2]

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Concluding remarks

CDM- well-tested tool box for MRV-ing emissions from buildings

Methodological approaches tailored to user needs

• Individual end-uses

• Whole building

Tested via application in a variety of context in developing countries

Reduced transaction costs for MRV

• Targeting individual end uses

• Using models and benchmarks

• Providing utilization defaults

Provide methods to address specific needs of LDCs, SIDs, African

countries and Underdeveloped Zones in developing countries

Continuously evolves and becomes more usable taking into account

experience gained from application and international knowledge

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Thank you for your attention!

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Building codes 17Côte d’Ivoire Guam Hong Kong India

12 Indonesia Mexico Malaysia Singapore Philippines Vietnam South Africa 9Chile Sri Lanka ArgentinaChina Thailand BangladeshJamaica Taiwan 6 BotswanaJordan Egypt Syria Costa Rica Kazakhstan Israel Brazil DjiboutiKorea, South Lebanon Morocco IranKuwait Pakistan Paraguay NicaraguaTunisia Palestine Algeria UruguayTurkey Saudi Arabia Colombia Venezuela

MandatoryMixed and/or voluntary Proposed No standards

Residential onlyNon-residential onlyBoth/all buildingsNo standards

K .Janda 2009