Approach to Patient with Upper Respiratory Tract …...Common cold is a self-limiting, viral...
Transcript of Approach to Patient with Upper Respiratory Tract …...Common cold is a self-limiting, viral...
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Approach to Patient with
Upper Respiratory Tract
Infection(URTI) Dr Duaa Hiasat
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URTIs : inflammation of the respiratory
mucosa from the nasal cavity down to the bronchus. (above the level of the carina).
Includes : common colds , influenza ,
sinusitis , rhinitis , tonsillitis , otitis media ,
pharyngitis ,
laryngitis,epiglottitis,Tracheitis and croup.
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Epidemiology:
In average , children will have 5 URTIs/
year and adults 2-3/year.
70-80 % of these infections are caused
by viruses ; rhinoviruses and
adenoviruses are the most common.
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Management principles:
*Viral infections need ONLY symptomatic
treatment , NO need for antibiotics(Abs).
Viral URTIs :
1. Influenza
2. Common cold
3. Mild acute sinusitis
4. Mild acute otitis media
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*Bacterial infections need ABs for
treatment in addition to the
symptomatic treatment.
Bacterial URTIs :
1. GABHS pharyngitis
2. Moderately to severe acute sinusitis
3. Moderately to severe acute otitis media
4. Special cases ( pertussis , epiglottitis )
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*Why not to use Abs for viral infections ?
1. Promotes Abs resistance.
2. Adverse reactions such as allergy and
anaphylaxis
3. Patients do not need Abs to feel
satisfied
4. costly
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Why to use Abs for bacterial infections?
1. To prevent suppurative complications
2. To prevent rheumatic fever
3. To speed up recovery
4. To reduce spread to others
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Common cold
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Common cold is a self-limiting , viral
infectious disease of the upper respiratory
system.
Incidence : most frequent infectious
disease in humans ; 2-4 infections / year
in adults and 6-12 in children.
Transmitted by droplets and close
personal contact / airborne.
usually occurs in the fall and winter
months. 9
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Causative agents :
Rhinovirus (50%) , coronavirus (10-20%),
adenovirus (5%) , others :RSV , parainfluenza virus.
Bacterial infections are unlikely:
Mycobacterium leprae, Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, Pseudomonas mallei (glanders), Rhinosporidium seeberi (rhinosporidiosis), Leishmania mexicana (leishmaniasis)
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Symptoms:
The first symptom is usually a sore or “scratchy
throat” , followed soon after by nasal stuffiness
and discharge ( rhinorrhea ) , sneezing and
coughing. The throat is usually sore for a brief time. The cough symptoms
are usually worse on the 4th or 5th day of illness , while the
nasal symptoms improve.
Symptoms generally last for 7 to 10 days.
Cough may continue up to 4 weeks.
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If the nasal discharge becomes viscous
and green with time ; it doesn’t mean
superimposed bacterial infection . It’s a
normal course of common cold.
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Complications:
1. Acute otitis media (most common in children)
2. Pharyngitis
3. Sinusitis
4. Bronchitis and pneumonia
5. Conjunctivitis
6. Adenitis
7. Aggravation of asthma
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Management:
Symptomatic Treatment : comfort is the goal of treatment which may include: *nasal suction for infants
*steam/mist inhalation
*nasal irrigation
*humidified air
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*consume extra fluids (warm fluids may be soothing for irritated throats
*consume nutritious diet as tolerated
*elevate head of bed
*salt water gargle for sore throat .
*get adequate rest
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*Vitamin C may reduce duration of common cold in children.
*Zinc syrup associated with reduced duration of cold symptoms in children
*Honey may reduce nocturnal cough and sleep disruption in children
with acute cough, and might be more effective than
dextromethorphan or diphenhydramine
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Medication :
1. Antipyretics: no evidence that fever or antipyretic treatment affects illness course or neurologic complications:
2. Ibuprofen appears more effective than acetaminophen for reducing fever in single-dose comparisons and ibuprofen and acetaminophen appear to have similar analgesic effects .
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*Combined or alternating acetaminophen and ibuprofen regimens may be more effective than either monotherapy for reducing fever in children.
*Ibuprofen approved for use( by FDA)
after 6 months of age.
*Paracetamol: may be used after 2-3
months of age. 18
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Nasal Decongestants and
Antihistamines:
*Nonprescription medicines (antihistamines and antitussives) do not appear effective for acute cough in children ) *FDA recommends against use of nonprescription cough and cold products in children < 2 years old and supports not using them in children < 4 years old.
*nonprescription cough and cold preparations may not be safe in children
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*Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infections due to association with increased risk for
Antibiotics :
*Abs do not appear to reduce symptoms of common cold or acute purulent rhinitis.
* No role of antibiotics in common cold ( viral infection ).
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Prevention:
*Wash hands after contact with common
cold patients.
*Do not touch any surfaces or objects that
may have been contaminated.
*Keep fingers out of eyes and nose.
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Influenza:
*Influenza is a viral infection that affects
mainly the nose , throat , bronchi , and
occasionally lungs.
*Influenza causes annual epidemics that
peak during winter.
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Seasonal influenza
*Acute viral infection caused by influenza type A , B and
C.
*Type A and B are constantly changing due to
mutations ( antigenic drift and shift ) , more serious
than type C.
*Type C is stable , it’s cases occur much less
frequently than type A and B.
*Currently influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) subtypes
are circulating among humans.
*Transmitted by droplets and close person contact /
airborne.
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*Following an incubation period of 1-2 days, flu
presents with abrupt onset of fever (39 – 40 c)
,muscle aches , headache and fatigue. The
individual may have respiratory symptoms such as
a dry cough , sore throat , and occasionally a
runny nose.
*Other symptoms related to systemic illness
include chills and sweats , loss of appetite ,
diarrhea and vomiting.
Signs and symptoms
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Prognosis: These symptoms generally improve over two to
five days, though may last one or more weeks.
*Some patients experience postinfluenzal
asthenia (persistent weakness or becoming tired
easily) which may be present for several weeks
following the illness.
* A dry cough (post viral cough syndrome) may
also persists for several weeks. 25
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Common cold Vs Influenza:
*Influenza is different from the common cold in that
it causes a more severe illness , with fever ,
headache , significant fatigue and muscle aches
and systematic manifestations.
*It’s less likely to cause sneezing or a blocked
nose with thick nasal discharge.
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Complications
1. Bronchitis
2. Sinus infections
3. Ear infections
4. Pneumonia
5. Encephalitis
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Highest risk of complications occurs
among :
1. Children < 2 years
2. Adults 65 years or older
3. Medical chronic illnesses
4. Immunocompromised patients
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Treatment:
1. Bed rest
2. Antipyretic/Analgesics
3. Fluid intake
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4-Antiviral treatment:
antiviral treatment recommended as soon as possible (and not delayed while awaiting diagnostic confirmation) for patients with confirmed or suspected influenza who:
*have severe, complicated, or progressive illness
*require hospitalization
*are at higher risk for influenza complications
1. - children < 2 years,
2. -adults ≥ 65 years ,
3. -pregnant women ,
4. -chronic medical illnesses ,
5. -immunocompromised patients
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1-oseltamivir adult dosing 75 mg orally twice daily for 5 days weight-based dosing used for oseltamivir in
children up to age 12 2-zanamivir
10 mg (2 inhalations) twice daily for 5 days in patients aged ≥ 7 years
not recommended in patients with airways disease not approved for children aged < 7 years
3-peramivir dosing 600 mg IV single dose in patients aged ≥
18 years not approved for children or adolescents.
amantadine and rimantadine not recommended due to widespread resistance.
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Prevention:
1. Frequent hand washing.
2. Wear masks and gloves.
3. Isolation of patient until 24 hours of
afebrile period.
4. Vaccination ; most effective measure of
prevention .
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Influenza vaccine
Annual vaccine
Two types :
1. Injectable : killed vaccine
2. Nasal spray : live but weakened virus
70% protection in 1 year.
Reduces severe complications by 60% , and
death by 80%.
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Recommended for : 1. *all persons ≥ 50 years old
2. *Infants and children aged from 6 months to 4 years.
3. *women who are or will be pregnant during
the influenza season.
adults who have chronic pulmonary (including asthma)
or cardiovascular (except isolated hypertension), renal, hepatic, neurological, hematologic, or metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus)
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*household contacts and caregivers of children < 5 years old.
*Immunocompromised patients and immunosuppressive treatment.
*Health care professionals. *residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. *persons who are morbidly obese (body mass index ≥ 40
kg/m2
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Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis
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Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis:
It is an inflammation of the pharynx, w/o tonsilles.most
commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection.
Causative agents :
1. Viral : adenovirus (80% most common ) , enterovirus , EBV ,
herpes simplex virus.
2. Bacterial : GABHS (5-15%), mycoplasma.
GAS uncommon in children younger than 2-3 years, and the peak is between 5-11 years.
Peak Winter to early Spring.
Spread by direct contact. 37
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Clinical presentation: *The main symptom is a sore throat.
*Other symptoms may include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Joint pain and muscle aches
- Skin rashes
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
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Bacterial Vs. Viral *Viral Infection:
-Clinically: Gradual, more likely to have rhinorrhea, cough, diarrhea,
hoarseness of voice.
Adenovirus: conjunctivitis, most common cause in children < 3 years of age.
- Coxsackieviruses: ulcer on posterior pharynx, herpangina (mouth blisters).
- EBV: prominent tonsils with white exudates, posterior cervical LN enlargement, Palatal rash, Hepatosplenomegaly, high fever and fatigue.
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Bacterial Infection:
*Clinically: Rapid onset fever, prominent throat pain, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, dysphagia and malaise.
*On exam: Pharynx are erythematous, tonsils enlarged with yellow-blood tinged exudate, petichia may be present on soft palate, anterior cervical lymph nodes enlarged and tender.
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Age-modified Centor score (McIsaac
score):
1 point for each of
tonsillar exudate
swollen tender anterior cervical nodes
absence of cough
history of fever or measured temperature > 38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F)
age modification
1 point if age < 15 years
-1 point if age > 45 years
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Why we treat GAS pharyngitis
*decrease risk of Rheumatic fever, but not of PSGN.
*shorten duration of illness.
*decrease risk of complication (mainly abscess).
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Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) Sensitivity of RAT against culture varies between 61-95%.
Specificity of RAT 88-100%
Takes 10 min to be performed
-ve results should be confirmed by culture.
Throat Culture 20-40% of those with negative throat culture will be labeled as having GABHS.
+ve culture makes the Dx of GABHS,
but –ve culture does not rule out.
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1. Differential diagnosis - 2. Infectious mononucleosis, when a membranous exudate is
present. 1. - Diphtheria, especially in the underimmunized. 1. - Herpangina, with many vesiculoulcerative lesions in the
anterior pillars & soft palate. 1. - Agranulocytosis, yellowish dirty white exudates covering the
tonsils & post pharyngeal wall. 1. - Kawasaki disease.
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Complication of GAS pharyngitis: 1- otitis media
2- Glomerulonephritis and Rheumatic Fever may follow streptococcal infection.
3- Monoarthritis.
4- Mesenteric adenitis (viral or bacterial) abdominal pain with or without vomiting.
5- In debilitated children, large chronic ulcers in the pharynx (viral or bacterial).
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Rheumatic Fever
Major Criteria:
- Polyarithritis
- Carditis
- Sydenham Chorea
- Subcutaneous nodules
- Erythema Marginatum
Minor Criteria:
Fever of 38.2–38.9 °C (101–102 °F)
Arthralgia: Joint pain without swelling (Cannot be included if polyarthritis is present as a major symptom)
Raised ESR or CRP
Leukocytosis
ECG showing features of heart block, such as a prolonged PR
interval (Cannot be included if carditis is present as a major
symptom)
Previous episode of rheumatic fever or inactive heart disease 48
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According to revised Jones criteria, the diagnosis of rheumatic fever can be made when: 2 major criteria, or 1 major criterion plus 2 minor criteria, are present along with evidence of streptococcal infection: (elevated or rising ASO titre or DNAase). Exceptions are chorea and indolent carditis, each of which by itself can indicate rheumatic fever.
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*Encourage fluid intake *Acetaminophen or NSAID may reduce pain. *Benzydamine oral rinse or mouth spray may reduce pain and improve symptoms. *Other supportive measures without direct evidence include
topical analgesics (such as nonprescription throat sprays) and anesthetics (such as viscous lidocaine 2%)
warm salt water gargles throat lozenges, hard candy, or frozen desserts soft foods or cold thick liquids such as ice cream Humidifier.
Supportive Measures
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Bacterial Pharyngitis: Antibiotics:
Penicillin V 500mg twice daily for 10 days oral or once IM benzathine penicillin 1.2 million unit.
safe , cheap , narrow spectrum , no resistance.
or amoxicillin 500mg twice daily for 10 days.
If penicillin allergic:
Cephalexin or azithromycin or clarithromycin or clindamycin.
Corticosteroids such as dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg orally may hasten pain relief in acute pharyngitis.
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Carriers: Small RCTs suggest that intramuscular benzathine penicillin combined with four days of oral rifampin (Rifadin) or a 10-day course of oral clindamycin effectively eradicates the carrier state
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Tonsillectomy
Recommended for recurrent severe sore throat if
more than 6 episodes in past year,more than 4
episodes per year in 2 years or more than 2 per
year in 3 years.
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Sinusitis
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Sinusitis:
Inflammation of mucosa of paranasal sinuses.
Most commonly it is viral, especially post common cold,: Rihnovirus, Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus.
Could be bacterial: Strep. Pneumoniae, H. Influenzae, M. Catarrhalis, Staph. Aureus.
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Sinusitis: Risk Factors:
Allergic rhinitis or hay fever
Cystic fibrosis.
Day care, Weakened immune system from HIV or chemotherapy
Changes in altitude (flying or scuba diving)
Large adenoids, Nasal polyps
Smoking
Nasogastric and nasotracheal intubation
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*Clinical presentation *The symptoms of acute sinusitis in adults usually
follow a cold that does not improve, or one that gets worse after 5 - 7 days of symptoms.
*Symptoms: Mucopurulent Rhinorrea
Nasal congestion
Facial pain, pressure and fullness
Decrease sense of smell
Exam: Looking in the nose for signs of polyps
Shining a light against the sinus (transillumination) for signs of inflammation
Tapping over a sinus area to find infection (tenderness), very painful
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Diagnosis of Sinusitis: Clinically
We use radiological evaluation if there is warning signs:
-Severe swelling and redness of the tissues around the eye
-Limitations of eye movement
-Swelling of the forehead
-High fever
-Altered consciousness
Radiological evaluation: Regular x-rays of the sinuses are not recommended.
CT scan of the sinuses for suspected complications.
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Complications of Sinusitis: Periorbital cellulites
Meningitis
Brain abscesses
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Osteomylitis of frontal bane.
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Treatment of Sinusitis:
*Analgesics and antipyretics as needed
*Intranasal corticosteroids.
*Consider intranasal saline with either physiologic or hypertonic saline.
*Decongestants and antihistamines: lack evidence for effectiveness unless evidence of allergic component.
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*antibiotics for acute bacterial sinusitis: -most cases resolve without antibiotic treatment.
-only consider treatment with antibiotics if patient meets criteria for acute bacterial sinusitis.
consider watchful waiting without antibiotics in patients with uncomplicated mild illness (mild pain and temperature < 101 degrees F [38.3 degrees C]) with assurance of follow-up .
*if decision made to treat with antibiotics, amoxicillin is first-line therapy for most patients
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Criteria for acute bacterial sinusitis:
*persistent symptoms or signs lasting ≥ 10 days without evidence of clinical improvement .
*severe symptoms or signs of high fever (≥ 39 degrees C and purulent nasal discharge or facial pain lasting for ≥ 3-4 consecutive days at beginning of illness.
*worsening symptoms or signs characterized by new onset of fever, headache, or increase in nasal discharge following typical viral upper respiratory infection that lasted 5-6 days and were initially improving ("double-sickening") .
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Antibiotic choice
Amoxicillin or amoxicillin clavulanate is preferred first-line treatment (500 mg/125 mg orally 3 times daily or 875 mg/125 mg orally twice daily). Alternative choices: levofloxacin,doxycyclin.
For chronic or recurrent sinusitis addition of intranasal steroid accelerates recovery.
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Otitis Media
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*Suppuratice or acute otitis media (AOM):
usually a complication of eustachian tube
dysfunction that occurs during a viral URTI.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the
most common organisms isolated from middle
ear fluid.
*Non-suppurative or secretory otitis media or otitis media with effusion (OME)
Usually non infective
Cultures are sterile, but in 30% same organisms
Recurrent otitis media
3 times in 6 months or more than 4 times in a year
Chronic otitis media
Foul-smelling otorrhea.
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Risk factors:
Age: 6-20 months- decrease with age
Male gender
Low socioeconomic status
Exposure to smoking and day care attendance
More in cold weather
Bottle feeding while sleeping, breast feeding (protective)
Congenital anomalies: Down syndrom, cleft palate.
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Clinical Presentation:
In infants, are nonspecific and include fever,
irritability, excessive crying and poor feeding.
In older children and adolescents, fever, otalgia
(acute ear pain), otorrhea (ear drainage); after
spontaneous rupture of the tympanic membrane.
Signs of a common cold are often present.
Nausea, Vomiting, dizziness, fever.
TM exam: red, bulge, loss of land marks, decrease
mobility (by pneumatic otoscopy), apparent light
reflex, perforation.
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•Normal tympanic membrane: 1. Shiny 2. Translucent. 3. +ve light reflux 4. No air fluid border 5. No bulge.
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Red bulging TM
Red, bulge, distortion of normal landmarks, loss of the cone of light.
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Acute otitis media
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Complication of Otitis Media : Chronic suppurative otitis media
Acute mastoiditis
Facial paralysis
Cholesteatoma (cyst like lesion in middle ear, tend to expand and cause bone resorption)
Intracranial complications: meningitis, abscess, lateral sinus thrombosis
Conductive hearing loss and possible developmental sequelae
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How to manage it?
Natural history of OME is spontaneous resolution … days-months.
• Prompt surgical referral for structural damage to TM or ME (e.g. cholesteatoma).
• Surgical referral for children with OME with hearing loss independent on OME, speech or language disorder, developmental delay and uncorrectable visual impairment.
• Antihistamines, decongestants, or steroids should not be used in the management of OME in children.
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Treatment of Otitis Media: Give drugs to decrease pain (oral-topical analgesics)
Antibiotics :Indications:
moderate or severe otalgia
otalgia for ≥ 48 hours
temperature ≥ 39 degrees C (102.2 degrees F)
age < 24 months and bilateral AOM
Antibiotic therapy can be deferred in children two years or older with mild symptoms.
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Antibiotic Choice:
*Amoxicillin 90mg/kg/days…first choice.
*Amoxicillin 90 mg/kg/day plus clavulanate 6.4 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses…second choice if not improving on amoxicillin after 2-3 days.
Other choices: if allergy to amoxicillin or not improving.
Cefdinir(omnicef),cefuroxime(zinat),ceftriaxone(rocephen)and Cefpodoxime.
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If the patient fails to respond to the initial
management option within 48-72 hours, clinician must reassess to confirm AOM and exclude other causes of illness. If AOM is confirmed in:
Patient initially managed with observation, begin antibacterial therapy.
Patient initially managed with antibacterial agent, change the agent.
If treatment failed: tympanocentesis and culture may be needed
Clinician should encourage the prevention of otitis media through decrease the risk factors.
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Croup 76
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Croup: LaryngoTracheoBronchitis
Caused by ParaInfluenza virus
Age: 3 months – 5 years, peak 2 year
More in male
More in Winter
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Clinical presentation: Some Rhinorrhea, mild cough, low grade fever,
1-3 days then characteristic barking cough, hoarseness and inspiratory stridor (70% obstruction)
Worse at night, usually resolve in 1 week.
Exam: hoarseness of the voice, mild tachypnea, child prefer to sit upright, more symptoms with crying and agitation.
( seal-like )Barking cough is the hallmark of croup among infants and young children, whereas hoarseness predominates in older children and adults.
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Diagnosis is usually based on history, physical, and response to treatment.
sudden onset of barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor in a child (especially if aged 6-36 months)
absence of atypical findings (for example, wheezing, drooling, or toxic appearance)
improved respiratory symptoms after treatment with
corticosteroids, with or without nebulized epinephrine
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Diagnosis of Croup:
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Airway management is the priority:
*Use cool mist *corticosteroids usually indicated for children with croup. *corticosteroids improve croup symptoms and reduce return visits or readmissions. *Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg orally or intramuscularly given once. *Or prednison oral for 3 days. *Epinephrine(racemic)nebulizer- for children with severe croup
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Treatment of Croup:
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Epiglottitis
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Epiglottitis: *A life-threatening disease.
*Caused by H. Influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus
now uncommon, because the H. influenzae type B vaccine is a routine childhood immunization.
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Clinical Presentation: *high fever and sore throat.
Dyspnea, progressive upper airway obstruction in hours.
On Exam: Toxic, ill looking, difficulty swallowing, drooling, hyper extended neck (tripod sign)
Stridor is a late sign
• Complications: the airway may become totally obstructed , empyema or epiglottic abscess.
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Diagnosis: Clinical
Large cherry red swollen epiglottis by laryngoscope
Lateral neck x-ray: thumb sign
(swollen epiglottis)
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It is a Medical Emergency : establish airway by intubation, rarely tracheotomy regardless of the degree of obstruction.
Antibiotics: broad-spectrum second- or third-generation
cephalosporins recommended.
Corticosteroids :IV dexamethasone or budesonides aerosols.
Oxygen and IV fluid.
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Treatment of Epiglottitis:
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Laryngitis
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An inflammation of the larynx, manifests in both acute and chronic forms.
Acute : less than 3 weeks
Chronic : last more than 3 weeks Acute laryngitis has an abrupt onset and is
usually self-limited.
The etiology of acute laryngitis includes vocal misuse, exposure to noxious agents, or infectious agents.
The infectious agents are most often viral but sometimes bacterial
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Causes: Infection (usually viral upper respiratory tract
infection) Rhinoviruses
Parainfluenza viruses
Respiratory syncytial virus
Adenoviruses
Influenza viruses
Measles virus
Mumps virus
Bordetella pertussis
Varicella-zoster virus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Environmental insults (pollution)
Vocal trauma
Use of asthma inhalers
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Generally associated with hoarseness or loss of voice.
Symptoms: hoarseness of the voice,Fever Swollen lymph nodes, dysphagia,
odynophagia, dyspnea, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, sore throat, congestion, fatigue, and malaise.
Complications: rarely respiratory distress
Treatment:voice rest, analgesia,cool mist,hydration.
Nebulized epinephrine or oral steroid for sever cases. 89
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