Approach to Childhood Anemia
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Transcript of Approach to Childhood Anemia
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Approach to Childhood Anemia
H. TamaryHematology, Schneider Children’s
Medical Center of Israel
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Normal Hemoglobin and MCV Values in Term Infant
Hb MCV(g/dL) (fl)
Day 1 19.0±2.2 119 ±9.412 weeks 11.3 ±0.9 88 ±7.9
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Regulation of Erythropoiesis
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Hemoglobin Concentration- Different Gestational Age
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Globin Synthesis in Embryo, Fetus and Adult
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Decline in Fetal Hemoglobin
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Criteria for Identifying Children with Low Hemoglobin Values
Age Hemoglobin(g/dL)
6ms –11 years <11>11 male <13>11 female <12
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Etilogical Classification of Anemia (I)
A. Blood lossB. Excessive blood destruction
1. Intrinsic factorsa. Defects of membrane: spherocytosis, elliptocytosisb. Defects of hemoglobin
– Structural anomaly: HbS– Synthesis anomaly: thalassemia
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Etilogical Classification of Anemia (II)
c. Enzymatic defect: G6PD deficiency, pyruvate kinase
2. Extrinsic factorsa. Immune mechanisms: Rh, ABO incompatibility, autoimmune hemolytic anemiab. non-immune mechanisms: infections
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Etilogical Classification of Anemia (III)
C. Decreased production1. Deficiency of substance: iron, Vit B12,
folic acid2. Mechanical interference: malignant
replacement3. BM failure
a. Primary: aplastic anemiab. Secondary: renal, liver disease
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Etiological Classification of Neonatal Anemia
• A. Blood loss-fetal to fetal, feto-maternal, traumatic delivery
• B. Increased blood destruction-Rh, ABO or minor blood group incompatibility, enzymopathy, hemoglobinopathy thalassemia
• C. Decreased production-pure red cell aplasia
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Anemia Historical Factors
• Age-Neonatal period initial manifestation of hemolytic disease, 6 m-iron deficiency, thalassemia
• Ethnic group-Thalassemia syndromes, G6PD def• Diet- documented sources of iron• Drugs- oxidant-induced hemolytic anemia, drug
induced aplastic anemia• Inheritance-family history of anemia, jaundice, gall
stones
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Anemia Physical FindingsSkin Hyperpigmentation Fanconi Anemia (FA)Facies Frontal bossing Thalassemia Prominence malarMajor
&maxillary boneEyes Microphthalmia FAHands Abnormal thumb FASpleen Enlargement Hemolytic anemia,
infection, leukemia
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Features of Ineffective Erythropoiesis
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FA Congenital Anomalies
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Complete Blood Count
• Hemoglobin • MCV• WBC and differential count• PLT• RDW- red cell distribution width• CHr - hemoglobin concentration in
reticulocytes
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Microcytic AnemiasMCV<80fl
• Iron deficiency anemia• Thalassemia syndromes• Chronic inflammation • Siderblastic anemias• Lead poisoning
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Normocytic AnemiasMCV 80-90fl
• Congenital hemolytic anemia• Acquired hemolytic anemia• Acute blood loss• Splenic pooling• Chronic disease
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Macrocytic AnemiasMCV>90fl
With megaloblastic bone marrow• Vitamin B12 deficiency• Folic acid deficiency • Hereditary orotic aciduriaWithout meglaoblastic bone marrow• Aplastic anemia • Pure red cell aplasia• Liver disease• Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia
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Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs’)
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Bone Marrow Aspiration
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Bone Marrow BiopsyNormal Aplastic anemia
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Erythroid BM Colonies
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Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children
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Human Hemoglobin
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Distribution of Iron in Man
Hemoglobin 65%
Cytochromes 3%Myoglobin
10%
Ferritin & Hemosiderin
22%
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Nutritional Iron Deficiency
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Increment of RBC Mass as Function of Age
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Stages of Iron Depletion
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Absorption of Food Iron
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Iron Absorption in Infants
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Mental &Psychomotor Development According to Hb Concentration
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Prevention of Nutritional Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Encourage breast feeding for the first 6 months
• Avoid cow’s milk at least for the first year of life
• Iron fortified formula (12mg/l)• Solid food: cereals, meat• Oral iron 2mg/kg 4-12months• CBC: 9-12 months and 15-18 months
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Iron Doses for Low Birth Weight Infants Starting at 1 Month of Age
Iron Birth weightmg/kg/day (g)
4 10003 1000-15002 1500-2500
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“The tragedy of iron deficiency during infancy and early childhood”
• Brain injury as a result of iron deficiency caused by improper nutrition
• Iron deficiency affects mental development and motor functioning
• Reduced activity of iron-containing enzymes in CNS, appear to be irreversible
Buchanan G, J of Ped 135:413, 1999
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Nutritional Iron Deficiency
• No iron prophylaxis• No introduction of meat products• Increased tea consumption
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Stages of Iron Depletion
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Iron Depletion
• Hb, MCV, RDW, CHr-Normal• SI, TIBC-Normal• Serum Ferritin- Low
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Iron Deficiency – No Anemia
• Hb, MCV- Normal• RDW- High• CHr- Low• Serum Ferritin- Low• Serum Iron – Low• TIBC- High
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Hb-Low• MCV- Low• RDW- High• CHr –Low• Serum Iron –Low• TIBC – High• Serum Ferritin - Low
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Iron Deficiency-Biochemical Markers
• Serum iron concentration- Influenced by iron absorption from meals, infection, inflammation and diurnal variation
• Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)-Increases in iron deficiency. Decrease in malnutrition, chromic infection and cancer.
• Ferritin-Correlates with total iron stores. Acute phase reactant
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Iron Deficiency- Serum Transferrin Receptor
• Serum transferrin receptor- in iron deficiency there is increased number of receptorsUnlike ferritin, increases in iron deficiency but not in chronic infection
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Iron Deficiency-Treatment
• Elemental iron 5-6mg/Kg/d• Reticulocytosis in one week• After 1 month the Hb should increase by
at least 1gr%• Iron therapy continued 2-3 months after
Hb returned to normal• No improvement after a month other
cause for iron deficiency
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Etiologic Factors in Iron Deficiency (1)
Increased physiologic requirements• Rapid growth• MenstruationDecreased iron assimilation• Iron-poor diet• Iron malabsorption: Celiac disease
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Etiologic Factors in Iron Deficiency (2)
Blood loss• Gastrointestinal bleeding• Milk induced enteropathy• Peptic disease• Inflammatory bowel disease• Parasite bowel infectionHemoglobinuria due to prosthetic valveIdiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosisIntense exercise
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Thalassemia Syndromes & Hemoglobinopathies
-thalassemia-thalassemia
• Sickle cell anemia
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-thalassemia
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Geographical Distribution of Thalassemia and Hemoglobin Disorders
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Globin Synthesis in Embryo, Fetus and Adult
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-thalassemia -Location and Type of Mutations
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Clinical Classification of-thalassemia
-thalassemia trait
• Homozygous -thalassemia Thalassemia Major Thalassemia Intermedia
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-thalassemia minor
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Differential Diagnosis of Microcytosis
Iron deficiency Carriers of Anemia Thalassemia
Serum Iron Low NormalTransferrin High NormalFerritin Low NormalHemoglobin Normal High A2electrophoresis
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-thalassemia Minor –HPLC Hb Electrophoresis
Hb A
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-thalassemia Carrier Detection
• Microcytic anemia• MVC <78fl, MCH<27pg• HbA2>3.5%
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-thalassemia Major
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Thalassemia Major at Diagnosis
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Peripheral Blood SmearNormal
Beta-thalassemia Homozygote
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Homozygous -thalassemia Hb Electrophoresis
Hb F
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Decline in Fetal Hemoglobin
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Pathogenesis of thalassemia Major
Free excess of globin chains
Hemolysis Ineffective erythropoiesis
Severe anemiaSkeletal deformities
Increased iron absorption
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Transfusion Program-Suppression of Ineffective Erythropoiesis
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Clinical Manifestations of Iron Overload
• Cardiac: arrhythmias, CHF• Endocrine: growth failure, delayed
sexual maturation, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, DM
• Skin: bronze discoloration • Liver: cirrhosis
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Important studies of Deferoxamine Therapy in Thalassemia
Year Finding 1974 IM therapy stabilize hepatic iron 1978 12h portable infusion for iron balance 1981 Therapy reduces hepatic iron 1985 Reduction of cardiac disease in
compliant patients 1989 Extended survival in young patients
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Compliance with DFO Treatment and Survival
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Combination of L1and DFO
• L1 not as powerful as DFO• Two chelators given on the same day
have additive affect on urine iron loss
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BMT in Thalassemia
Prognostic Criteria• Hepatomegaly• Liver fibrosis• Quality of iron chelationPrognostic Categories• Class I-none of the above• Class II One of the above• Class III two or three of the above
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BTM Class I
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Prevention of -thalassemia
• Carrier screening
• Prenatal diagnosis
CVS and DNA analysis
Pre-implantation diagnosis (PGD)
DNA extracted form fetal erythroblasts in maternal
circulation
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thalassemia
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globin Cluster
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thalassemia-Abnormal Hbs
22
Hb Bart’s
22
Hb H
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Gene Deletion in -thalassemia
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Hydrops Fetalis Syndrome
• Most Hb- Hb Barts, unable to deliver O2 to tissues
• Tissue hypoxia & anemiaMassively enlarged palcentaHeart failure, edema anasarcaInterferes with organogenesis, -congenital malformationsExtramedullay erythropoiesis
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Hydrops Fetalis Syndrome
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Hemoglobin H Disease
• Genotype --/-• On cord blood: 10-20% Bart’s
hemoglobin• Moderate microcytic anemia• Hb electrophoresis 5-30% Hb H
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thalassemina Trait
• Genotype: • Hb electrophoresis on cord blood:
2-10% Hb Bart’s• On adult blood: microcytic, with or
without anemia• Diagnosis by exclusion of thalassemia
minor & iron deficiency
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-thalassemia Silent Carrier
• Hb electrophoresis on cord blood: traces to 2% Hb Bart’s
• No anemia or microcytosis on adult blood
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Deletions in the -globin Gene Cluster
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Categories of -thalassemia Mutations
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Non-deletion thalassemia Mutations
Nco Hph TSaudi
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-thalassemia Genotype-Spectrum
thal Trait• --/• ---
Hb H Disease• --/-/--
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Strategy for thalassemia Multiplex PCR Analysis
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Anemia of Chronic Infection
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Anemia of Chronic Infection
• Serum Iron- Low• TIBC- Low• Serum ferritin- High• Reduced release of iron form
macrophages and reduced intestinal iron absorption
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Anemia of Chronic Disease