Approach to Bleeding Disorders. Evaluation of the patient History Physical Examination Laboratory...
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![Page 1: Approach to Bleeding Disorders. Evaluation of the patient History Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e235503460f94b10d40/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Approach to Bleeding Disorders
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Evaluation of the patient
• History
• Physical Examination
• Laboratory Evaluation
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History
• Are you a bleeder?
– surgical challenges
– accidents & injuries
– dental extractions
– menstrual history
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Type of Bleeding
• ecchymoses
• petechiae
• epistaxis
• deep soft tissue bleed
• hemarthroses
• GI bleeding
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Does it sound genetic?
• duration of bleeding history
• congenital v. acquired
• family history
– examine pedigree
– determine inheritance
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Medical History
• liver disease
• renal disease
• malignancies
• antibiotic therapy
• poor nutrition (Vit. K or C)
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Physical Examination
• current hemorrhage
– nature and extent
• intercurrent illnesses
– liver disease
• petechiae/ecchymoses
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Laboratory Assessment
• Guided by history
• Screening tests– PT– aPTT– platelet count– fibrinogen– thrombin time
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Specific Laboratory Tests
• Mixing studies– patient and PNP mixed 1:1– incubated 2 hours at 37o C– perform clotting assay as usual
• Uncorrected - circulating anticoagulant
• Corrected - factor deficiency
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Circulating Anticoagulant
• Lupus anticoagulant/APA syndrome– rarely have associated bleeding– tend to thrombose
• Acquired factor inhibitors– Factor VIII most common– tertiary care referral
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Factor deficiencies• Hemophilia A or B
– Factor VIII or IX assays– Probably mild unless bleeding patient is an
infant male– Send to Hemophilia Treatment Center
• von Willebrand’s disease– most common genetic bleeding disorder– many different types
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von Willebrand’s Disease
• autosomal dominant except Type III
• patients range from asymptomatic to spontaneous bleeding similar to a severe hemophiliac
• characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding
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von Willebrand’s Testing
• aPTT
• Factor VIII activity
• von Willebrand’s Factor
• Ristocetin Cofactor
• von Willebrand’s Factor multimers
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von Willebrand’s Disease
• Type I
– normal molecule in abnormally low quantities
– normal distribution of multimers
• Type II
– abnormal molecule
– abnormal distribution of multimers with decrease in the largest molecular weight forms
• Type III
– severe
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von Willebrand’s Disease - Treatment
• DDAVP (Stimate)– 0.3 micrograms/kg IV in 50cc NS over 30 minutes– intranasally 2 puffs for adults, 1 puff for children
• Factor VIII product containing Vwf– Humate P– Koate HP– Alphanate
• Cryoprecipitate ONLY IF VWF/VIII PRODUCT NOT AVAILABLE!– 1 bag/10 kg q 12 to 24 hours depending upon the bleeding
• epsilon amino caproic acid (Amicar)
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Other Congenital Defects
• Other Factor deficiencies
• Platelet defects– very rare– platelet aggregation studies– electron microscopy– bleeding time
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What else could it be?
• Vitamin K deficiency– drug-induced/malabsorption– rarely nutritional in an outpatient
• Liver Disease– long PT +/- aPTT– poor clearance of coagulation products
• DIC
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Liver Disease
• Decreased synthesis of factors
• Synthesis of abnormal factors
• Increased fibrinolysis
• Thrombocytopenia
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Liver Disease
• Fresh frozen plasma– replete factors– WILL NOT CORRECT THE PTWILL NOT CORRECT THE PT
• Cryoprecipitate– fibrinogen
• Platelets
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Treat the underlying cause
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Replete deficient factors– FFP– cryoprecipitate– platelets
• Role of heparin?
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Don’t Forget!
Factor XIV deficiency
(insufficient suture)
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Drug Treatments
• Stop causative/contributory medications
• Vitamin K or C
• DDAVP
• epsilon amino caproic acid (Amicar)
• Topical procoagulants
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Bone Marrow Diseases
• Acute leukemias
• Myelodysplasia
• Myeloproliferative disorders– P. vera– dysfunctional platelets
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Tests are normal-Now what?
• simple purpura
• senile purpura
• Factor XIII deficiency
• alpha-2-antiplasmin deficiency
• mild factor deficiency
• amyloidosis
• vascular disorders
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Still more?
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
• scurvy
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
• Henoch-Schonlein purpura
• the un-diagnosable fibrinolytic defect
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Summary
• History & Physical Examination
• Laboratory tests– screening tests– specific diagnostic tests
• Diagnosis-specific therapy– Factor replacement– Drugs
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Question #1
The patient with normal laboratories, dry IV sites, and blood gushing out a surgical drain probably has:
a. von Willebrand’s disease
b. undiagnosed hemophilia
c. mechanical bleeding
d. a bad attitude
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Question #2
Four units of FFP will completely correct the PT in a patient on warfarin in all but the largest of patients.
True
False