Apprenticeship in Low- And Middle-Income Countries - Ways for Development Helmut Zelloth
Transcript of Apprenticeship in Low- And Middle-Income Countries - Ways for Development Helmut Zelloth
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Apprenticeship
in low- and middle-income countries:
Ways for development
CEDEFOP Workshop
Apprenticeship: Governance modes and financing approaches
Thessaloniki, 20-21 May 2013
Helmut Zelloth (ETF)
Senior Specialist in VET Policies and Systems
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EU Member States
EU neighbouring countries (31)ETF partner countries
Eastern Europe (7) : Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia,Moldova, Russian Federation,
Ukraine
South Eastern
Europe (3): Albania,
Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Kosovo
Candidate countries to EU (6):
Croatia, Turkey, former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro,
Iceland, Serbia
Mediterranean
region (10): Algeria, Egypt,
Israel, Jordan,
Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco,
Palestine, Syria,
Tunisia
Central Asia (5):
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan
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0 none
DOWNWARD trend
↓
WBL will become
less important in
next 5 years
19 (Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon,Israel, Morocco, Serbia,Montenegro, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Kosovo*, formerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia,Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Armenia,Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova,Tajikistan)
UWARD trend
↑
WBL will grow innext 5 years
WBL and AP on the riseRestults from a questionnaire-based survey
in EU neighbouring countries (ETF 2012)
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Did you know, that in LMICs …
• … Informal apprenticeships exist (i.e.widespread in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America)
as a traditional and important source of skills
development in the informal economy …
• while formal apprenticeships and other forms of work-based learning are still under-represented and
struggling to get established …
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… of formal apprenticeship differ by country …
Well established apprenticeship systems (i.e. Turkey, Ukraine,Croatia, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan)
Long-established apprenticeship programmes (i.e. Egypt,Israel)
Recent pilots on apprenticeship (i.e. Syria, Lebanon, Palestine,Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Kazakhstan)
Not at all apprenticeship (i.e. Serbia, Moldova, Taijkistan, Turkmenistan)
Development stages
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Type of AP Main challenge
Informal AP Upgrade and formalising
No AP at all
Recent pilots
To get started - how?
Integration in VET system and
scaling up
Long established
Well established
Growth and expansion
Quality
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Other challenges(ETF study on Middle East ad
North Africa, 2009)
Traditional manual trades and blue collar
seem to dominate (mainly bigger industry, crafts)
Limited impact upon service sector, white
collar, higher skill and qualification levels- Algeria a major exception (ICT, higher level qualifications)
- Egypt to a lesser extent (business, hospitality)
- Syria (telecommunications, nursing)
Nearly 30 formal programmes were identified
Structures differ a lot- Duration, period in workplace, curriculum etc.
- Titles are a poor indicator of key features(‘ Apprenticeship’ for example)
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Some examples of
programme structures
Programme
ALG Apprenticeship
EGY PVTD
EGY MOE
EGY MKI
ISR Apprenticeship
JOR Applied Secondary Education
LEB Dual system - apprenticeship
MOR Alternance
MOR Apprenticeship
SYR Apprenticeship
TUR Apprenticeship
TUR Internship
WBG GTZ apprenticeship
WBG Luterhan Training Centre
Key: Institution Alternating Workplace
Months
1-6 7-12 12-18 19-24 25-30 31-36
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Integrated or segmented
model ?
Model 1
Integrated
Model 2
Verticallysegmented
Model 3
Vertically andhorizontallysegmented
Key: General Institution-based vocational Work-based vocational
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Labor market needs
Source: GIZ 2010
Managers
Forementechnicians
Forementechnicians
Skilled workers
VET system outcome
LEBANON Attempt to better meeting LM demand
Skilled
Workers
Mana-
gers
Private sector not
directly involved in
the vocationaltraining
Public sector builds
the training on
education basis;focus : higher
education certificates
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LebanonRecent pilot
’Dual system’ introduced 15 years ago, becamepopular but remains small-scale (1,600 apprentices)
Legal status achieved / Vocational secondaryeducation certificate – only few occupational areas
Individual company approach as role of Employerorganisations in VET is still weak but developing
No financial incentives to companies and students
Meister ’ training latest initiative opening path forhigher positions (industrial mechanics, carmechatronics), 2 year course, 2-5 years experience
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New Initial VET pathway piloted by EU
project (‘Cooperative VET’)
- very recent initiative with enterprise involvement,training centres in enterprises
- 50-60% practice orientation (both school and
enterprise), out of which up to 70% in enterprises in
technical VET fields, up to 40% in economy and
administration, 25-30% in humanitarian VET areas
- amendment of Education Law made in 2011 which
included ‘Cooperative VET’ as a new VET pathway
KAZAKHSTAN‘Cooperative VET’
Recent pilot
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Different schemes (different ministries, private
sector) but no unified system / national framework
Mubarak-Kohl Initiative (MKI) modelled on
German dual system (since 1996, annually
15,000 participants, 0.6% of VET) becamerecognised secondary education programme
(50% went on to HE)
Key role of Egyptian Investors Association
MKI managed by RUDS – Regional Units ofDual System (i.e. selection trainees)
Intermediary body (Example of Federation of
Construction and Building Contractors in Egypt –
contracting out to employers)
EGYPTLong-established
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TURKEYWell-established
Long tradition (13th century, Ahi system)
Legal basis (since 1970s, Apprenticeship / VET Law,boom from 20,000 to 200,000 participants, 1990-2010)
Financing arrangements – insurance of apprenticesand payment of least 30% of minimum wage
Strong employer involvement (TESK – Chambersand Sector Federations – 2 mio. members trades- andcraftsmen
Strong partnership enterprises + VTCs
Workplace investigation and consultancy(Monitoring and Consulting Groups)
MoNE apprenticeships + TESK apprenticeships inoccuptational branches where MoNE does not offer
Apprentice – Journeyman – Master levels
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Morocco
AlgeriaWell-established
Financing apprenticeship
- combination of training wages, targeted public subsidies
and an apprenticeship tax (Algeria)
- encouragig businesses – accident / health insurance
covered; allowances excempted from training levy andincome tax (Morocco)
Ambitious policy initiatives to expand
apprenticeship
– Morocco: had 4,000 apprentices in 1999 and 30,000 in
2004; ambitious policy goal to reach 60,000 participants
by 2015 (at present mainly low-level qualifications, 1-2
years)
- Algeria: to change the balance in VET from 30% in
apprenticeship to 70%
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Ways
for
development
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Anything goes…?
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… or mission impossible … ?
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Possible … ?
… to identify
Apprentice-able countries
Factors / systemic constituencies
that must be in place
Translate into practical self
assessment tool ?
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Do RESEARCH incl. sector needsanalysis, feasibility studies
Make a proper INSTITUTIONAL
set-up
Context specific
Employer- or state-driven,
Intermediary bodies
Get EMPLOYERS / SOCIALPARTNERS commitment and true
partnership
Awareness raising /
capacity building
Political dialogue
Alliances / FrameworkSupport and incentives
Consider CONTEXT seriouslyEconomy, labour market
Education-VET system
Socio-cultural
Training culture
Step by step
1
2
3
4
Part of innovation
Demand – PotentialSpecific labour market &
learning needs
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Careful with INCENTIVES
Introduce CAREER GUIDANCE priorto VET
Eye-opening and change
agent function
Transitioning
Don’t forget to PROMOTEPromotion campaign forVET, occupations
Create an open ARCHITECTUREAccess to higher skills
levels/white collar - VET
/ education
Attractive pathway
Avoiding stigmatisation
Step by step
5
6
7
8
Avoid distortionsDeadweight effects
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ools to develop
apprenticeship
Apprenticeship
Legislation(plus resource allocation)
Pilot projects(M & E, up-scaling)
Timing / Patience(tends to last much longer
than expected / longer than
cycle of elections)
Learn from failures
as well(not only success factors)
Make clever use of funds(Range of EU funds, other donors )
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We need them:
They need us
Morocco, Casablanca
ETF 2009
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In any case,
and hopefully soon …
Welcome to visit the ETF
and the city of Turin (Italy) !