Appositives An appositive provides a supplementary explanation of another sentence element. Ali, the...
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Transcript of Appositives An appositive provides a supplementary explanation of another sentence element. Ali, the...
• Appositives
An appositive provides a supplementary explanation
of another sentence element.
Ali, the salesman, is my friend.
Frankfurt, the capitol, is a beautiful city.Ali and Frankfurt are the antecedents of the appositives.
Forms of the appositive
-usually the appositive and the antecedent are nouns
The student, Ahmad, came late.- the appositive and the antecedent may differ in form
He discovered a new pastime, skiing. (noun, gerund)
You, the customer, should pay less. (pronoun, noun)
- it functions as a noun
• Function of the appositive
1. Dual function (modifier and substantive)
- it modifies the antecedent and gives specific information:
My car, jeep, is a good car.
- it functions as a substantive and can substitute the
antecedent: jeep is a good car.
Pure modifiers cannot substitute the antecedent noun as in:
Ali, nervous, went home.
2. Restrictive appositive
the appositive provides necessary information for the proper
identification of the noun: My son Ahmad won the prize.
3. Non- Restrictive appositive
The appositive adds unnecessary information that set off by
commas: My son, Ahmad, won the prize.- if the non-restrictive appositive is parenthetical اعتراضية جملة
then it is set off by parentheses: The boy- who hit me apologized. - if the non-restrictive appos. is at the end, it may be set off
by a dash
or a colon: We beat the team- the Tigers.- if the non-restrictive appos. contains commas, it is set off
by dashes
or parentheses: The three students- Ali, Ahmad, and Hamad,
finished the job.
Patterns
- S-Appos.- V- O- Appos.
(non-restrictive) (non-restrictive)
Mod.- Noun
Ali, a good loser, congratulated Ahmad, the winner.- mod.- S - Appos.- V- O
(restrictive)
My friend Ali visited me.
-S- V- Mod - O - Compound Appos(Noun and Noun)
He found two clues- a gun and a knife.
Introductory words (or, such as, specifically, that is, for example, namely, e.g)
- non-restrictive appos. Introduced by these words is set off by
commas:
Ali, or the winner, took the prize.
Arab countries, such as Egypt and Syria, have rich resources
-if the appositive has internal commas, it is set off by dashes
or commas: Sports- such as jogging, swimming, and soccer
requires high physical fitness.