Applied Design

Objectives for this lesson Study the origins of gemstones and minerals

Discover how the periodic table contributes to gemstone and mineral creation

Use knowledge of gemstone and mineral creation to grow jewelry crystals

Understand how knowledge of Earth and other terrestrial planet minerals relate to art 

The Periodic Table of Elements Follow along on your periodic tables

Make notes of each group’s properties as we discuss the elements

Highlight materials with which you are familiar

Keep your notes for our next project

The Periodic Table of Elements Nine major sections based on atomic

number and elemental properties Create near-perfect rows based on

chemical properties Table lists atomic symbol, number,

weight, and chemical name Indicate natural state (solid, liquid, or

gas) Indicate whether it is manmade or

synthetic

Alkali Metals

Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Rubidium (Rb) Cesium (Cs) Francium (Fr)

Alkali Metals

One electron in outer shell

Highly reactive with water

Hydrogen found naturally as a gas

All other elements found as solids

No synthetics in this group

Alkaline Earth Metals

Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Strontium (St) Barium (Ba) Radium (Ra)

Alkaline Earth Metals

Two electrons in outer shell

Also reactive but not as reactive as the Alkali Metals

Radium is radioactive

All elements found as solids

No synthetics in this group

Boron Group

Boron (B) Aluminum (Al) Gallium (Ga) Indium (In) Thallium (Tl) Element 113 has not yet been

discovered

Boron Group

Three electrons in outer shell

All found solid in nature

Boron considered a metalloid

All others considered metals

Carbon Group

Carbon (C) Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb) Element 114 (Uuq)

Carbon Group

Four electron in the outer shell

Become increasingly more metallic as you go down the column

All are found as solids except element 114

Element 114 is synthetic

Nitrogen Group

Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Arsenic (As) Antimony (Sb) Bismuth (Bi)

Nitrogen Group

Five electrons in outer shell

Most people recognize more elements in this group than any other

Nitrogen found as a gas and makes up about 78% of the earth’s atmosphere

All other elements found as solids

Oxygen Group

Oxygen (O) Sulfur (S) Selenium (Se) Tellurium (Te) Polonium (Po)

Oxygen Group

Six electrons in the outer shell

Oxygen makes up about 20% of the Earth’s atmosphere (many people think it’s most of our air)

All are found as solids except Oxygen

Halogens (or Fluorine Group) Fluorine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I) Astatine (At)

Halogens (or Fluorine Group) Seven electrons in the outer shell

Fluorine and Chlorine found as gases

Bromine found as a liquid

Iodine and Astatine found as solids

Noble Gases

Helium (He) Neon (Ne) Argon (Ar) Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe) Radon (Rn)

Noble Gases

Eight electrons in the outer shell, or full valence shells

Do not create compounds easily since their valence shells are full

Were originally thought to be inert

All are found naturally as gases

Transition Metals

Consists of 68 different elements

Some elements include Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Silver (Ag), Cadmium (Cd), Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), and Uranium (U)

Element 101 (Mendelevium) was named after Dmitri Mendeleev-the creator of the first periodic table

Transition Metals

Properties vary between transition metals, hence the name

Most are found as solids

Mercury is found as a liquid

Elements 43, 61, and 93-114 are synthetics

Activity

Use this time to familiarize yourself with the periodic table

In 5 minutes we will have a quiz game over the periodic table

Project

Create a periodic table of elements using paint samples

Use the colors to show the different properties of each elemental group

Label each group and element

Periodic table example

Gemstones and Minerals

Formed when elements combine chemically

Some mineral combinations form attractive qualities and are labeled as precious or semi-precious

Most gemstones used in jewelry are silicates

Most minerals and metals are either natural elements or silicates

Gemstones

Crystalline Quartz (including rose quartz, blue quartz, citrine, tiger's eye, amethyst, smoky quartz and milky quartz)

 Cryptocrystalline Quartz (including agate, jasper, onyx, and flint)

Opal (common opal, hyalite, geyserite, and tripolite)

Gemstones

Diamond Aquamarine Emerald Jade (amphiboles and

pyroxenes) Hematite Garnet Magnetite

Minerals

Potassium Feldspar

Silver

Copper

Gold