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![Page 1: Applications of Satellite-Based Microwave Data to Tropical Cyclone Analysis (Microwave Imagery and Scatterometer) by Roger T. Edson Science and Operations.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012916/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8ff3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Applications of Satellite-Based Applications of Satellite-Based Microwave Data to Tropical Cyclone Microwave Data to Tropical Cyclone
AnalysisAnalysis(Microwave Imagery and Scatterometer)(Microwave Imagery and Scatterometer)
byby
Roger T. EdsonRoger T. EdsonScience and Operations Officer Science and Operations Officer
NOAA/NWS WFO GuamNOAA/NWS WFO Guam
11stst TC-TRCG Technical Workshop , Jeju Island, ROK , May2009 TC-TRCG Technical Workshop , Jeju Island, ROK , May2009
![Page 2: Applications of Satellite-Based Microwave Data to Tropical Cyclone Analysis (Microwave Imagery and Scatterometer) by Roger T. Edson Science and Operations.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012916/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8ff3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• Microwave Microwave Data in the TropicsData in the Tropics
• Passive (SSMI) vs Active (‘Scat’) Passive (SSMI) vs Active (‘Scat’)
• Characteristics of MI imagery Characteristics of MI imagery patternspatterns
• QuikSCAT ScatterometerQuikSCAT Scatterometer
• Examples of uses in the Tropics Examples of uses in the Tropics and Mid-Latitudesand Mid-Latitudes
• Combined or Integrated UsesCombined or Integrated Uses
------OPTIONAL ------OPTIONAL (in back)(in back)--------------• (Suggested QuikSCAT Procedures)(Suggested QuikSCAT Procedures)
• TC Life Cycle in Microwave ImageryTC Life Cycle in Microwave Imagery
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Passive MicrowavePassive Microwave(SSMI/AMSR-E/CloudSAT/WindSAT/AMSU/TR(SSMI/AMSR-E/CloudSAT/WindSAT/AMSU/TR
MM)MM)
Information given by naturallyOccurring Microwave radiation
![Page 4: Applications of Satellite-Based Microwave Data to Tropical Cyclone Analysis (Microwave Imagery and Scatterometer) by Roger T. Edson Science and Operations.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012916/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8ff3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why Use Microwave Data?Why Use Microwave Data?
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Three views of Super Typhoon Podul125-140kts
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Positioning in Microwave ImageryPositioning in Microwave Imagery
37 Ghz color 85 Ghz color
Try to position in the rain-free dry area—out of the convection
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Positioning, Intensify and Genesis of a Positioning, Intensify and Genesis of a Tropical Cyclone: All from Microwave Tropical Cyclone: All from Microwave
Data!Data!37 Ghz color 85 Ghz color
Circular‘blue region’Weak Rain/CU lines Vis
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Dvorak IR
Where’s the Center? Help with Dvorak IR
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IR Center
Dvorak IR
Where’s the Center? Unenhanced IR
IR Center
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85 Center
Where’s the Center? TRMM 85h GHz
85 Center
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Visible Center
85 Center
Now, where’s the Center? TMI 37 GHz**
Dvorak IR
IR Center
**Actually, COMBINEDReconnaissance gives the highest degree of Confidence**
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ADVANTAGES OF USING 85 GHz AND 37 GHz ADVANTAGES OF USING 85 GHz AND 37 GHz Microwave ImageryMicrowave Imagery
• ‘‘Sees’ through cloudsSees’ through clouds• Positioning of TCs in difficult situations Positioning of TCs in difficult situations
(especially in EARLY stages of development)(especially in EARLY stages of development)– ‘‘try’ animation of multiple 37GHz polar passestry’ animation of multiple 37GHz polar passes
• View of convective rain bands is more View of convective rain bands is more DIRECTLY related to intensification of the TCDIRECTLY related to intensification of the TC
• Less delay in seeing Less delay in seeing changeschanges in intensification in intensification• Lower altitude of Lower altitude of TRMM/AMSR-E/WindSAT TRMM/AMSR-E/WindSAT has has
increased resolution in BOTH 85 and 37 GHz increased resolution in BOTH 85 and 37 GHz • Can still use in conjunction with existing Can still use in conjunction with existing
techniquestechniques
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Sourcesof
Microwave ImageryFor
Tropical Cyclone Analysis
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Tropical Cyclone LifecycleTropical Cyclone Lifecyclein Microwave Imageryin Microwave Imagery
(see optional section in back)(see optional section in back)
I.I. TC Genesis Stage TC Genesis Stage ~~25-30kt25-30kt
II.II. Early Intensification and Early Intensification and Development Development~~30-45kt30-45kt
III.III. Continued Intensification and Mature Continued Intensification and Mature Stage Stage
IV.IV. Peaking and Initial Weakening Stage Peaking and Initial Weakening Stage
V.V. Dissipation and Extratropical Dissipation and Extratropical Transition Transition
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EVALUATIONS OF CAT5/SUPER TYPHOONS EVALUATIONS OF CAT5/SUPER TYPHOONS (85h) VIEWS: Double eyes (red inner (85h) VIEWS: Double eyes (red inner eye)eye)
STY Saomai 140kt STY Billis 135kt STY Ivan 155kt STY Shanshan 125kt
TC Paul 125kt STY Bart 140kt
All cyclones in this categoryare going in or out of eye cycle.Intensification is near max. Anychange dependent upon red inouter eye. Red in inner eye most important for evaluatingcurrent intensity.
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Physics and Interpretation
of
Microwave Imagery
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Storm Convection or Exposed Ocean? (85 Storm Convection or Exposed Ocean? (85 GHz)GHz)
Convection ??
Sea Surface ?
or
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85 GHz PCT Correction 85 GHz PCT Correction (color)(color)
Ambiguity ResolvedAmbiguity Resolved
Convection
Sea Surface
Lower levelRain Bands
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Some times the 87 GHz Imagery is not enough: Where’s the Eye of the Storm?
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Another case for Using the 37 GHz: Eye Revealed
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SSM/I Resolution and FootprintsSSM/I Resolution and Footprints
Channel Frequency FOV ResolutionChannel Frequency FOV Resolution (GHz)/Polarization (GHz)/Polarization km x km)km x km)19.35 V,H19.35 V,H 69 x 4369 x 4322.235 V22.235 V 60 x 4060 x 4037.0 V,H37.0 V,H 37 x 2937 x 29
85.5 V,H (highest resolution)15 x 1385.5 V,H (highest resolution)15 x 13
85 GHz37 GHz
22 GHz
19 GHz
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Microwave Physical CharacteristicszMicrowave Physical Characteristicsz85GHz vs 37GH85GHz vs 37GH
RAIN RATE mm/h
Exti
ncti
on
Ice Extinctionis relatively low in
37GHz(rain is larger)
85GHz is VERY sensitive
toIce Extinction
(rain is smaller)85GHz more
Sensitive to BOTH rain and ice rates
than 37GHz
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Properties of Microwaves Properties of Microwaves Imagery for Tropical Imagery for Tropical
Cyclones Cyclones • 85 GHz85 GHz
THINGS THAT APPEAR THINGS THAT APPEAR COLDCOLD::
- Sea Surface and High portions of - Sea Surface and High portions of deep convection with where there are deep convection with where there are large ice phase precip (e.g., snow)large ice phase precip (e.g., snow)
THINGS THAT APPEAR THINGS THAT APPEAR WARMWARM::
- Land and Low-cloud fields- Land and Low-cloud fields
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Properties of Microwave Properties of Microwave Imagery for Tropical Imagery for Tropical
CyclonesCyclones• 37 GHz37 GHzTHINGS THAT APPEAR THINGS THAT APPEAR COLDCOLD:: - Sea Surface, but not deep - Sea Surface, but not deep
convection: 37 GHz signal largely passes convection: 37 GHz signal largely passes through ice (except when exceptionally through ice (except when exceptionally dense).dense).
THINGS THAT APPEAR THINGS THAT APPEAR WARMWARM:: - Land and rain at low level (rain very - Land and rain at low level (rain very
warm due to absorption versus 85 GHz).warm due to absorption versus 85 GHz).
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Microwave ImageryMicrowave ImageryViewing Interpretation--Viewing Interpretation--OceansOceans
85h 37v(IR)
OCEAN
ColdCool WarmWarm
Cold
Cold
Cool
Cool
*Oceans Appears Cool in 85h
*Oceans Appears Cold in 37v
Cold
Dry Moist
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Raindrops
Ice Crystals EffectiveLevel of
hydrometeors
85 GHz Parallax
Hail/Graupel
Freezing level
X Y
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Raindrops
Ice CrystalsEffectiveLevel of
hydrometeorsHail/Graupel
Freezing level
X Y
37 GHz Parallax
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85 GHz
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37 GHz
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Advantages of 85 GHzAdvantages of 85 GHz1. Identify peripheral low-level cloud bands, giving
information about center of circulation.2. Distinguish deep (cold) convection (heavy
precipitation) from lightly-raining (warm) low cloud features.
3. Identify cirrus-covered eyes.4. High Spatial Resolution
Limitations of 85 GHzLimitations of 85 GHz1. Cold Ocean may “look like” deep convection: Use 85 GHz Color Composite as a correction.2. Parallax Error (10-20 km).3. Saturates (no detail) in storm cores, misses
structure.
![Page 31: Applications of Satellite-Based Microwave Data to Tropical Cyclone Analysis (Microwave Imagery and Scatterometer) by Roger T. Edson Science and Operations.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012916/5697bfc91a28abf838ca8ff3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Advantages of 37 GHzAdvantages of 37 GHz1. Identify cirrus-covered eyes.2. Resolve detail within the storm core missed by 85
GHz, sometimes can see eyes missed by 85 GHz.3. Shows regions of low-level clouds/rain.4. Little Parallax error compared to 85 GHz.
Limitations of 37 GHzLimitations of 37 GHz
1. Does not show distinguish convection from low clouds bands. Eyes are sometimes poorly defined or not detectable. False eyes are common*.
2. Suffers from poor spatial resolution on SSM/I, SSM/IS, better on TMI, WindSAT and AMSR-E
3. Not available on AMSU-B
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Active MicrowaveActive Microwave(Scatterometer)(Scatterometer)
Return pulse gives information
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ADVANTAGES OF USING Microwave DataADVANTAGES OF USING Microwave Data
• ‘‘Sees’ through clouds (Sees’ through clouds (passive and activepassive and active))• View of convective rain bands is more DIRECTLY View of convective rain bands is more DIRECTLY
related to intensification of the TCrelated to intensification of the TC• Positioning of TCs in difficult situations (especially in Positioning of TCs in difficult situations (especially in
EARLY and LATE stages of development)EARLY and LATE stages of development)• Less delay in seeing Less delay in seeing changeschanges in intensification in intensification• Lower altitude of TRMM/AMSR-E has increased Lower altitude of TRMM/AMSR-E has increased
resolution in BOTH 85 and 37 GHz Imagery resolution in BOTH 85 and 37 GHz Imagery
• Can still use in conjunction with existing Can still use in conjunction with existing techniques (active and passive)techniques (active and passive)
• Can detect winds on the ocean surface Can detect winds on the ocean surface (active)***(active)***
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Passive MI Wind Measurements
WindSAT SSM/I
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RECENT/FUTURE SCATTEROMETERS
SENSOR/SAT SCAT NSCAT SEAWINDS SEAWINDS ASCAT ERS 1 / 2 ADEOS1 QUICKSCAT ADEOS2 METOP1AGENCY ESA JPL JPL JPL ESA LAUNCH May 91 Aug 96 Jun 99 Late 2002 Jun 2006 /Apr 95
SWATH (KM) 500 2x600 1800 1800 2x550 GAP (KM) N/A 320 0 0 600 ANT 3 6 CIRCU CIRCU 6 RESOLUTION(KM) 50 (25) 25 25 (12.5) 25 25km SPEED (KT)/ 6-40 5-60 5-80 5-80 5-60? ACCURACY(rms) 4 OR 10% 2 OR 10% 2 or 10% 2 or 10% 2 or 10% DIRECTION (rms) 360 +/- 20 360 +/- 15 360 +/- 15 360 +/- 15 360 +/- 15 FREQ (GHZ) 5.3 (C-BAND) 14.0 (Ku-BAND) 13.4 13.4 5.6 COVRG (90%) ~4 Days ~2 Days ~1 Day ~1 Day ~2 Days
ASND NODE (LST) 10PM 10PM 6AM 6AM 10PM
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Sourcesof
Scatterometer Data
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NOAA/NESDIS Storm Page (3-views)
Wind Vectors
Ambiguity Solutions
o V-pol forward
NRCS
(2 deg grid)
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Build time?
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ASCAT(NOAA/NESDIS site)
Which are the correct pair?
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Physical Processes of Scatterometery
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Gravity-capillary waves-Wavelength in centimeters-Respond almost instantaneously to the strength of the local wind-Microwave (Bragg) Scattering strongly depends on the amplitude-Caps of these waves tend to align perpendicular to the local wind dir-Sharp shape of leeward side of the capillary wave results in a different ocean radar return upwind (more) than in downwind (less) direction
Wind Direction(downwind example)
MoreLess
Bragg Scattering--NOT ocean waves!
= I (incidence angle)
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QuikSCAT:QuikSCAT: SeaWinds MeasurementsSeaWinds Measurements
From Dr. M. Freilich, Oregon State University
V-pol H-pol
i = 54 degi = 46 deg
i = Incidence Angle
zz
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SeaWinds: Swath Geometry (3-views)SeaWinds: Swath Geometry (3-views)
From Dr. M. Freilich, Oregon State University
Red = V-pol
Blue = H-pol
Edge View (2 solns) V-pol only
Subtrack View (4 solns,but small angle var)
Ideal View(4 solns, 90 deg var)
Forward Look
Backward Look
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Towards Cross Away Cross (from sensor)
o
(Relative View Angle)
Wind Speed(less)
(approx equal)
More towards More towards the sensorthe sensor
15 m/s
05 m/s
10 m/s
(cause of rain orientation)
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Ambiguity Probability Solution
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Wind Retrieval ProcessWind Retrieval Process(Inverse of Radar Cross-Section Equation)(Inverse of Radar Cross-Section Equation)
4- View ‘possible’ Solutions4- View ‘possible’ Solutions
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QUIKSCAT RANKING SELECTION(FROM A.C. VOORRIPS, DEC, 1999: QUIKSCAT PROGRESS REPORT,ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE)
1
1
RANKS
RANKS
# SOLUTIONS IN 5 ORBITS (solid line)
# SOLUTIONS CLOSEST TO NWP WIND VELOCITY
(dashed line)
RATIO
* Top #1 Rank dominates solution selection
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Normalized Radar Cross-Section (NRCS)
--Thank you, Dr David Long (BYU)
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Towards Cross Away Cross (from sensor)
o
(Relative View Angle)
Wind Speed(less)
(approx equal)
More towards More towards the sensorthe sensor
15 m/s
05 m/s
10 m/s
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Large Eye/Eyewall CycleLarge Eye/Eyewall Cycle
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Some Problem AreasSome Problem Areas (But….most can (have been) solved!)(But….most can (have been) solved!)
--Very High and Very Low winds--Very High and Very Low winds
--Rain Areas--Rain Areas
--Direction Confusion --Direction Confusion (i.e. Ambiguity Selection – not the (i.e. Ambiguity Selection – not the instrument!)instrument!)
**MUST be Examined before Discarding!****MUST be Examined before Discarding!**
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6161
QuikSCAT and TC Maximum WindsQuikSCAT and TC Maximum Winds• Comparison of QuikSCAT maximum wind to best track and Comparison of QuikSCAT maximum wind to best track and
Dvorak intensity estimates shows limited skillDvorak intensity estimates shows limited skill– Lowest bias/MAE in tropical storms and weak hurricanesLowest bias/MAE in tropical storms and weak hurricanes– Some low bias values due to cancellation errors of opposite Some low bias values due to cancellation errors of opposite
signsign
• Large positive bias in TD stage likely due to rain enhanced Large positive bias in TD stage likely due to rain enhanced backscatterbackscatter– Weak winds at surface overwhelmed by effects of rainWeak winds at surface overwhelmed by effects of rain
• Negative bias at high winds due to attenuation from rain, Negative bias at high winds due to attenuation from rain, saturation of signal and limited resolutionsaturation of signal and limited resolution
• QuikSCAT winds QuikSCAT winds mustmust be used with care for intensity be used with care for intensity analysis analysis – Interpretation ambiguous at bestInterpretation ambiguous at best– Lack of co-located rain rate information Lack of co-located rain rate information – TRMM PR (or 37Ghz) can be used occasionally to get rain rate TRMM PR (or 37Ghz) can be used occasionally to get rain rate
infoinfo
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Edge of Swath Retrievals- Edge of Swath Retrievals- comparisoncomparison
Pass over TD9 at 0842 UTC 28 September
Typical edge of swath
retrieval in current
algorithm
Improved wind
direction and
circulation better
resolved in new retrieval
Correct ambiguities
chosen
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1) The radar signal is attenuated by the rain as it travels to and from the Earth’s surface σ0
2) The radar signal is scattered by the raindrops. Some of this scattered energy returns to the instrument σ0
3) The roughness of the sea surface is increased because of the splashing due to raindrops σ0
3 Rain Effects3 Rain Effects
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Rain-enhanced (Light) WindsRain-enhanced (Light) Winds--Always check up and --Always check up and
downstreamdownstream
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RAIN EFFECTS-Direction selection RAIN EFFECTS-Direction selection problemproblem(Rain Blocks--Perpendicular to Swath)(Rain Blocks--Perpendicular to Swath)
Bad direction selection—Speeds are ‘good’.
The “Rain Block”
Swath Orientation
Watch out for“False Center”!
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Rain-enhanced (Light Wind) Directions
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Rain-enhanced (Heavy Wind) Directions --not so bad
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Ambiguity Format
Ambiguity Solutions
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RAIN EFFECTSRAIN EFFECTS(Wind and ambiguity solutions perpendicular to (Wind and ambiguity solutions perpendicular to
swath)swath)
Wind field discontinuity
Wind field perpendicular to swath angle
2-solution (some 3-) ambiguities perpendicular to swath (usually ‘rain-flagged’)
Note: ‘True’ rain-affected area smaller than indicated in wind vector field
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Uses of QuikSCAT data for Tropical Cyclone Analysis
• Positioning and Motion• Minimum (at least) maximum wind• Structure and Structure Change (Wind Radii)
• Genesis and (Surface) Genesis processes• Extratropical Transition and Dissipation
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Where is the center of this tropical Where is the center of this tropical storm?storm?
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Where is the center now?Where is the center now?
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Major Changes (since Major Changes (since 2007**) 2007**)
• Refinement of model function Refinement of model function (backscatter-wind relationship—higher (backscatter-wind relationship—higher wind speeds!)wind speeds!)
• Retrieval algorithm modificationRetrieval algorithm modification
• Development of new rain impact flag Development of new rain impact flag
• Improved edge of swath retrievalsImproved edge of swath retrievals
• Reduced land mask for 12.5-km Reduced land mask for 12.5-km retrievalretrieval
**Seen in ‘Test’ mode, as of Sept 2007
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Ultra Hi-Res Wentz Ultra Hi-Res
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Diagnostic of NWP initial Diagnostic of NWP initial conditionsconditions
GFS – 3 hour forecast of wind speed 12.5 km QuikSCAT
Maximum Wind speed 20 knots Maximum Wind speed 40 knots
A GALE warning was issued!
kts
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Extratropical Transition Extratropical Transition IntensityIntensity
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Ex-Typhoon Bavi14Oct2002
Scatterometer Winds over the Ocean (up to 100 kt!)
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Hurricane Force Extratropical Hurricane Force Extratropical CycloneCyclone
Intense, non-tropical cyclones with hurricane force winds
Feb 09, 2007, North Atlantic
kts
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Hurricane Force Extratropical Cyclones ObservedHurricane Force Extratropical Cyclones ObservedData from the NOAA/NWS Ocean Prediction CenterData from the NOAA/NWS Ocean Prediction Center
119
23
14
24 23
15
22
37
33 3134
64
51
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Num
ber o
f eve
nts
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Sep through May 2000-07 (except Dec through April 2000-01)Atlantic
Pacific
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Combined or IntegratedAnalysis of Microwave Imagery
andScatterometer Data
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Hur Fabian(10 L)
~17.5N 49.9W105kt
Streamlines shifted westward 31Aug0214 IR
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Scatterometer Winds over the Ocean-Contribution to theOcean wave model-Determining Swell
Typhoon Sonca
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Wind overlay over NRCS and 37Ghz data--Look for low wind and low rain region
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OverlayOverlay QuikSCAT winds and QuikSCAT winds and ambiguities over MI - 37Ghz ambiguities over MI - 37Ghz
imageryimagery
X
35kt
35kt
50kt
65kt+
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Questions?
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PROCEDURES TO
EVALUATE
QUIKSCAT SOLUTIONS(extra)
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Scatterometer Procedures Guidefor Tropical Cyclone
Reconnaissance(JTWC guide)
• TASK 1: Evaluation of Potential Suspect Area and Meteorological
Environment (Preliminary Steps)
• TASK 2: Use Scatterometer Wind and Ambiguity Data to Obtain a TC Position
• TASK 3: Use Normalized Radar Cross-Section (NRCS) Image to
Refine TC Position
• TASK 4: Comparison with Microwave and other Remote Sensing
Data
• TASK 5: Reconciliation of Positions and Possible Re-Evaluation
• TASK 6: Determine Strongest Wind Speed(s) from Scatterometer Data
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Scatterometer Procedures Guidefor Tropical Cyclone
Reconnaissance
• TASK 7: Obtain TC Outer Wind Radii from Scatterometer Data
• TASK 8: Determining Scatterometer Fix Position Accuracy
• TASK 9: Complete Scatterometer Worksheet and Include
Fix into ATCF
5 Appendices
A. Points of Contacts and Reference Web Sites
B. QuikSCAT Problem Areas and Solutions
C. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Terminology
D. Scatterometer Worksheet
E. Example
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Step 4: Perform a wind speed (isotach) analysis in the region determined above.
- Look for a potential center in the lightest winds that are in close proximity to the highest winds in the analysis (may not exist for very small circulation centers).
-- Avoid wind speeds that appear excessively enhanced by rain.
- For very small circulation centers, a minimum wind speed vector may not exist. In this case look for the area within the highest wind speeds that best fits the cyclonic flow.
- In large asymmetric and in sheared situations, the strongest winds may be on one side of the center. In this case, look for a center along the cyclonic side of the highest wind speeds (versus in the geometric center).
- Trough Axis Solution. In weaker systems (circulation less developed) look for a position in the lighter winds (usually within or near a trough axis) that could be considered on the cyclonic side of the highest wind speeds.
-- Especially important to avoid wind speeds that appear excessively
enhanced by rain
Isotach Solution
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“ISOTACH SOLUTION”
Center found inlocal ‘min’ ofisotach ring.
DMSP “Color”02 Mar 1728Z
Eye
This is NOT used in sheared situations. A center can often be found within a local minimum inside the highest isotach. Use in conjunction with available satellite imagery
40kt
60kt
50kt
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“Trough-Axis” No (or incorrect) circulation
center Trough Axis Solution. In weaker systems, look in lighter winds (near a trough axis), on the cyclonic side of the highest wind speeds. Avoid wind speeds that appear excessively enhanced by rain .
This situation occurs in small systems or when the equatorial westerlies are weak, or when the NWP mistakes the equatorial trough axis for the TC circulation center common in Atlantic and South Indian Oceans.
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Ambiguity Streamline Strategy
Step 5:Perform a streamline analysis with the ambiguity plots.
- Use the higher confidence, 2-direction (line) solutions to assist with the correct environmental wind flow away from the center.
- Use the 3-direction, “Y-shaped”, solutions (assisted by common color- coded wind speeds with similar directions) and the 2-direction, with curved orientation, to follow the flow into the center.
- Try to streamline without using the lowest confidence areas; however for a rain-affected wvc, try to use the alternate 3rd and 4th choice when possible especially if these choices show a bias from one side of the circulation to the other.
- Adjust center to best fit with the position identified by the
isotach analysis
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Ambiguity Plotting Convention
Ambiguity plotting convention: 1-4 possible wind directions are plotted from the center of the wind vector cell (wvc) OUTWARDS and towards the direction of the flow (this is opposite of conventional meteorological wind vector plotting routines).
(SH Circulation)
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High confidence (2-way) solutions primarily away from the center
Step 5:Step 5:
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“Key” 2- and 3- way solutions near center
Step 5:Step 5:
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Primary Steps – Obtain corresponding NRCS image from NOAA/NESDIS QuikSCAT Storm Page. Check date/time/grid/orbital path. Look for NRCS patterns. If reliable center found, try to verify this position with previous position found with the wind and ambiguity data.
Task 3
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Steps, continued: Overlay scatterometer winds and ambiguities on to the NRCS image. Do all positions coincide? Check for position of dark band with respect to the radial extent into the suspect area center region (almost all the way: wind directions and speeds are reliable in this area—over 35kt). See alternate solutions (circled).
Task 3(b)
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Tropical Cyclone LifecycleTropical Cyclone Lifecyclein Microwave Imageryin Microwave Imagery
I.I. TC Genesis Stage TC Genesis Stage ~~25-30kt25-30kt
II.II. Early Intensification and Early Intensification and Development Development~~30-45kt30-45kt
III.III. Continued Intensification and Mature Continued Intensification and Mature Stage Stage
IV.IV. Peaking and Initial Weakening Stage Peaking and Initial Weakening Stage
V.V. Dissipation and Extratropical Dissipation and Extratropical Transition Transition
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TC LIFE CYCLE IN MICROWAVE IMAGERY TC LIFE CYCLE IN MICROWAVE IMAGERY
MI STAGES 1 2 3(pre-stage 0)
Developmental patterns in Dvorak as compared Developmental patterns in Dvorak as compared with the first 3 Stages of MI developmentwith the first 3 Stages of MI development ..
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The Beginning?….no The Beginning?….no classificationclassification
TRMM 37 color TRMM 85h
IR
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Stage 1Stage 1(Pre-Typhoon Francesco-(Pre-Typhoon Francesco-25kts25kts))18 Sep 120018 Sep 1200
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Tropical Storm Erin (06L) 45kts-- Stage 203Sep1200
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STY Mitag (02W) (Mar 2002)STY Mitag (02W) (Mar 2002)---MI Stages 0 – 3---MI Stages 0 – 3 (85 GHz H) (85 GHz H)
Stage 0 – Pre-genesis
Stage 1 – Genesis
Stage 2 -Early Intensification
and Development
25 Feb 1046Z
**Initial development in low level cloud structure and (blue) moisture increase, deep banding
structure not well defined.
Stage 3 -BandingStructure
26 Feb 1001Z 25kt
27 Feb 0947Z 35kt
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Signs for Rapid Intensification‘PLUS’
Ring hasFormed!
37GHz
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EVALUATIONS OF CAT5/SUPER TYPHOONS EVALUATIONS OF CAT5/SUPER TYPHOONS (85h) VIEWS: Double eyes (red inner (85h) VIEWS: Double eyes (red inner eye)eye)
STY Saomai 140kt STY Billis 135kt STY Ivan 155kt STY Shanshan 125kt
TC Paul 125kt STY Bart 140kt
All cyclones in this categoryare going in or out of eye cycle.Intensification is near max. Anychange dependent upon red inouter eye. Red in inner eye most important for evaluatingcurrent intensity.
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EVALUATIONS OF CAT5/SUPER TYPHOONS EVALUATIONS OF CAT5/SUPER TYPHOONS (85h) VIEWS: Time changes in red inner (85h) VIEWS: Time changes in red inner
eyeseyes
TC Susan 70kt -26hr TC Susan 95kt -13hr TC Susan 120kt -06hr
STY Zeb 95kt -24hr STY Zeb 140kt -00hr
‘PLUS’
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TC Dianne-Jery (21S)
07Apr230065kt
09Apr0753 90kt11Apr0000
60kt
85 GHz
Peaking and Initial Weakening StagePeaking and Initial Weakening Stage
‘MINUS’
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Ex- TYPHOON KATE (04W) Weakening Stage
TRMM 37V
TRMM 85H
Sample T/ST#sT3.0/4.0
T2.0/2.0 ?T1.5/2.5T2.5/3.5
TRMM 37v