Applications of Pay-As-You-Thro · Source: Einzmann, Turk, Fricke in Müll & Abfall 8/2001 40% 22%...
Transcript of Applications of Pay-As-You-Thro · Source: Einzmann, Turk, Fricke in Müll & Abfall 8/2001 40% 22%...
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement1
Applications of Pay-As-You-Throw
in Germany –Saxony and the City of Dresden
as Good Practice Examples
Jan Reichenbach
VIII Workshop on Municipal Waste Prevention
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Profession: Dipl.-Ing. (M.Sc.) Dresden University of Technology
Carreer history: since 1998 INTECUS GmbH2001-2006 and again since 08/2009 parallel job assignment at Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated SiteTreatment at Dresden University of Technology(FP5-project “PAYT“ and LIFE+ project “HEC-PAYT“)
Current position: Senior consultant natural resources and waste management
Established: since 1991 in DresdenManagement: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil h.c. Bilitewski / Grad. Eng. WagnerProfile: Consulting, planning support and research activities
with the focus on Waste and Environmental ManagementWork record: more than 400 projects in about 20 countries
INTECUS GmbH
Personal introduction
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
HEC-PAYT – an ongoing initiative
visit: www.payt.gr
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Legislation as the entrance
European Law• Council Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC) Article 15
→ promulgating the ‘polluter pays’ principle
Federal Republic of Germany• Basic Law
→ Federalism, Self-Government of Communities→ financing public services from charges, rights to impose charges
A B CH CZ D DK F FIN GR I IRL L NL P S SP UK
Legislative basis
Charges mandated
PAYT stipulations
PAYT applications
Volume-tariffs ( )
Weight-tariffs
Chamber installat.
Free State of Saxony• Saxon Waste Management and Soil Protection Act • Municipal Code of Saxony• Local Rates Law
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
• each person produces waste and thus should be contributing to financing the waste management
• charges must be cost-covering to finance all waste management tasks
• no cross-financing of other community expenses and services shall take place(i.e. surplus revenues returned to citizens in form of charge reductions)
• charges should create incentives for avoidance, utilization or environmental friendly disposal of waste(Saxony with avant-garde, people-friendly legislation→ mandatory chargeable minimum as low as 4.6 ltr per capita*week→ other federal states >8-16 ltr per capita*week)
Principles of waste charging in Germany
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
PAYT vs. other ways to get waste services paid
Waste Management Legislation and Statutes
Individualaccountability
IndividualCharging
Identifica-tion
Measure-ment
Unitpricing
PAYT
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Schemes usingthe actual service
as a basis of accounting
26%(New federal states 58%)
Schemes using thelikely amount of
service as basis of accounting
69%
Source: Einzmann, Turk, Fricke in Müll & Abfall 8/2001
40%
22%
7%
15%
7%2% 2% 5%
Entirely service-determined (fixed service)Basic fee + service fee (conditionally variable) Fixed charge (flat rate)Basic fee + variable service fee (ident) Basic fee + token-systemBasic fee + tag-system Entirely service-dependent (ident-fully variable) Miscellaneous
Measuring basis in the waste charge models in Germany
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
SK Chemnitz
SK Plauen
SK Zwickau
LK Annaberg
LK Chemnitzer LandLK Freiberg
LK Vogtlandkreis
LK Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis
LK Mittweida
LK Stollberg
LK Aue-Schwarzenberg
LK Zwickauer Land
SK Dresden
SK Görlitz
SK Hoyerswerda
LK Bautzen
LK Meißen
LK Niederschles. Oberlausitzkreis
LK Riesa-Großenhain
LK Löbau-Zittau
LK Sächsische Schweiz
LK Weißeritzkreis
LK KamenzSK Leipzig
LK Delitzsch
LK DöbelnLK Leipziger Land
LK Muldentalkreis
LK Torgau-Oschatz
state 05/2002
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PAYT implementation in Saxony - 2002
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PAYT implementation in Saxony - 2009
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Why PAYT ? – The city’s view1. Saving of costs
i.e. reducing total waste and amount for final disposal
2. Award conscious performers
3. Harmonize collection across all spatial structures
Dwelling structure
Single house areas
Multi family house areasopen structure
Multi family house areas dense structure
Multistorey appartmentbuildings
Dresden total
Material fractions Rate of separate recovery in ‘95/’96
Packaging 62% 56% 12% 12%* 28%
Graphical paper 96% 86% 72% 55% 69%
Mixed paper/board 71% 53% 42% 25% 37%
Glass 80% 44% 33% 33% 40%
*estimate
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4. Increase revenuesi.e. making sure all households pay for received services
5. Today: Optimize collection
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
40 % biodegradable
20 % Residuals
40 % Recyclables
Why PAYT ? – The citizens view
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Costs for collection and transportCosts for landfilling
Size of waste container[l]
[€/emptying]
Dis
posa
l cos
ts
Container costsTotal costs incurring
2. Equity of treatmentexpense per unit of generated waste is not the same !
3. Transparent billing
1. Offers to reduce financial burdeni.e. Fair charging
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
• ~500,000 inhabitants, 85 % MURBs, 15 % single family house dwellings• Changeover to bin identification system (transponder) in 1994/95• Participation in test series of chamber systems in 1996/1997• Charging degressive system, i.e. price per unit emptied decreasespolicy: as size of the waste bin goes up
(80-ltr. bin: 0.046 EUR/ltr ; 1.100-ltr. container: 0.02EUR/ltr)
• Charge volume-based, two-tieredcalculation: (Basic fee + Service fee on a per-litre basis, Service fee
calculated over the bin size and frequency of pick-ups [individuallyvariable] incl. a minimum of one pick-up per bin and quarter
The Dresden experience
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Saxon-wide testing of chamber systems
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Charges – for what?• mixed municipal waste (basic fee [number, size of dustbins] + service fee* [emptying])*degressive rate pricing model
• biowaste (monthly charge [bin-related flat rate])• charges for other services on request→ extra fee for longer dustbin transport distances→ bulky waste and large household appliances→ disposal of green waste
and amandatory minimum of chargeable service[one emptying per each quarter]
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Dresden charge model
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement14
Dresden - technical realization of PAYT
Graphic source: MOBA AG, Dresden
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
++
Collection settings to achieve accountability
+ +-+-
++ +-
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
BeforePAYT intro-duction
After PAYT intro-duction
Résumé: More waste diverted from conventional disposal to recycling
Reactions to new charging system (Results from pilot tests)
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Collection rates for separate recycling systems in the different city settings
Separate collection system
situation before PAYT collectively used containers, flat rate individual bins, flat r.
light weigth packaging, green dot 12% 34% 62%waste paper 25% 48% 71%
67.5% 67.3% 71.9%51.6% 47.8% 46.4%
multi-unit residential building
attached building structure
detached buildings
collectively used containers, charging per solidarity unit
individual bins, individual charge
light weigth packaging, green dotbiodegradable waste (new system)
situation after PAYT introduction
Collection rates for separate recycling systems in the different city settings
Separate collection system
situation before PAYT collectively used containers, flat rate individual bins, flat r.
light weigth packaging, green dot 12% 34% 62%waste paper 25% 48% 71%
67.5% 67.3% 71.9%51.6% 47.8% 46.4%
multi-unit residential building
attached building structure
detached buildings
collectively used containers, charging per solidarity unit
individual bins, individual charge
light weigth packaging, green dotbiodegradable waste (new system)
situation after PAYT introduction
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Reactions to new charging system (Results from pilot tests)
Résumé: In terms of waste diversion, people start behaving in the same way regardless of the local settings
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Dresden – the system’s pay-off
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Over the years adjustments in the charge structure were still necessary to eventually ensure the schemes sustainability !
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
050
100150200250
300
350
400
450
kg/in
habi
tant
*a
Residual waste Old textiles
Electronic scrapHazardous wasteGreen waste
Bulky waste itemsKitchen waste Packaging wasteWaste paper19
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9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
02
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
050
100150200250
300
350
400
450
kg/in
habi
tant
*a
Residual waste Old textiles
Electronic scrapHazardous wasteGreen waste
Bulky waste itemsKitchen waste Packaging wasteWaste paper
Overall waste generation in the city since theintroduction of PAYT
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
143 kg per capita residual waste generation in 2008 as compared to 305 kg per capita in 1994
Does the trend hold?
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whilst incomes and consumption are on a steady increase !
The level of charges per bin and unit of collected residual waste has remained constant since 2003 and belongs to the lowest in Germany
Graphic source: City of Dresden
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Amount of collected residual waste
137
170
90-130
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
average Germany in 2002 State of Saxony in 2003 Municipalities withPAYT system in place
[kg/
(E*a
)]The issue looked at from waste statistics
Can waste generation indeed be linked to PAYT?
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Sachsen Hessen Baden-Württemberg
Application of different PAYT solutions
Wertmarkensystem Identsystem Ident-Wägesystem
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
[kg/
(E*a
)]
Aggregated amounts of municipal waste fractions 2002
Restabfall Sperrmüll DSD-LVP Bio- und Grünabfall
…and by linking application intensity of PAYT and waste generation
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INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Dresden’s SWM performance from the European perspectiveMSW in order of increasing intensity of separate collection
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100,0
200,0
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Municipal waste excl. constr. a. demol. waste [kg/cap.y] Total of separately collected wastes
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Graphic source: L.Schanne; LCA-IWM Project result
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement23
People benefit directly
Graphic source: State of Saxony , SMUL
Graphic source: City of Dresden
• Stable charges despite generally rising cost levels
Graphic source: DMB
• Comparatively low charges
Development of average waste charge in Saxony
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
Résumé: PAYT helps to achieve critical SWM goals - but success lives from support!
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• PAYT has to be a piece of environmentally oriented policy package
• Success comes from a bundle of measures e.g. education/information
structure redesign social acceptanceintensive, user-friendly separate collection offers
Graphic source: City of Dresden
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
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ThankThank youyou forforattentionattention
www.payt.netwww.payt.gr
INTECUS INTECUS -- Waste Management and Waste Management and EnvironmentEnvironment--IntegratingIntegrating ManagementManagement
PAYT =(accountability to the waste generator thru)
User identification Bin identification
Volume basedaccounting
Weight basedaccounting
Volume basedaccounting
Weight basedaccounting
Chamber system(volume chamber)
Chamber systemwith weighing
Ident-weighingsystem
Pre-paid system
Individuallyassigned bin
Collectivelyassigned bin
Ident systemindividual systemroutine system
tag or stickerpre-paid bag
Approaches for the technical realization of PAYT
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